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After embracing his Jewish heritage, former far-right party leader is focused on fighting anti-Semitism.
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Review: Agata Bielik-Robson Erros: Mesjański witalizm i filozofia [Erros: Messianic Vitalism and Philosophy], Universitas, Cracow 2012
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The Nazi looting of works of art and cultural goods during 1933–1945 is usually divided into organised and unauthorised. The former was conducted by special organisations and authorities, while the former, widespread mostly in the east, amounted to private looting conducted by many Germans on their own account. The author suggests introducing a separate category of qualiied looting encompassing those who engaged in looting with premeditation – on their own account and/or on commission – and whose competence included evaluation of the sought artistic goods and knowledge of where and in whose possession they could be found. In the Reich and in occupied France and Holland there were many such qualiied robbers, while in Poland their number remained small after the initial wave of oficial coniscations, with the exception of the Dutchman, Pieter Nicolaas Menten (1899–1987), who after the war was one of the wealthiest citizens of Holland and owner of a collection of works of art unavailable to the public. The scope, character, and methods of the looting conducted by Menten for his private use in Cracow and Lvov during the German occupation between early 1940 and the end of 1942 make him an exceptional case in the history of Nazi looting. These aspects are analysed on the basis of extensive archival materials and evidence collected in Holland and Poland during the investigations and trials against Menten (the irst one took place in 1948 and was followed by next ones in the late 1970s), who was accused, for instance, of collaboration with the Germans and the massacre of Jewish inhabitants of the Galician villages of Urycz and Podhorodce in the summer of 1941. Menten was never sentenced for the looting of works of art in Cracow, where he was an appointed administrator of four Jewish artistic salons, and in Lvov, where he appropriated the collections from the homes of several Lvov professors murdered on 4 July 1941. He was never found guilty even though when in January 1943 he left the General Government and went to Holland he took – with Himmler’s special permission – four wagons of works of art, gold ware and silverware, antique furniture, and Oriental rugs. The collection of works of art in his possession has become dispersed.
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The article explores the concept of generation within the frame of autobiographical and autofictional writing on th Shoah by children of Shoah survivors. The study traces the history of the term „second generation” that has been coined in the 1980s and the implications of this concept for the autobiographical texts. The article states that the term is not only a way to configure (literary) history but also linked to a certain poetics of writing. The author then provides an analysis of the distinctive features of „second generation” texts by Eva Hoffman, Bożena Keff, Magdalena Tulli, and Agata Tuszyńska, highlighting typifications and domains of relevance.
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This article outlines research on narratives on ‘żydokomuna’ [Judeocommunism] as constructed and disseminated by individuals identified as Jewish Communists or family members of ‘commie Jews’. Zawadzka studies the similarities and differences in the description, interpretation and evaluation of Jewish Communists as found in their own narratives, or the narratives of their children and grandchildren. Characteristic nodes in these narratives are: the interpellation of the collective subject that the speaking subject wishes to represent; abstraction from the social and political context; unwillingness to address anti-Semitism; admissions to a feeling of responsibility and guilt, repentance. In the context of the strong presence, in Poland, of both anti-Semitism and anti-Communism, Zawadzka reads these narrations as ‘exams in subordination’ to the majority status quo to which Jews are subjected in Poland.
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W artykule sformułowano twierdzenie, że Stary Testament niesie podwójne przesłanie – autorytetu (despotyzmu) i przymierza, z których każde staje się(na skutek wyborów dokonywanych przez jednostki) podstawą odmiennego porządku moralnego, kulturowego i politycznego. W szczególności tożsamość europejska jest rezultatem wyboru między związanym z chrześcijaństwem wyborem autorytetu i związana z tradycją grecką oraz nowożytną walką o demokrację i wolność, wyborem przymierza, zwanego we współczesnej myśli polityczne j umową społeczną.
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The article deals with the most famous novel written by an American author, Chaim Potok. “The Chosen” (1967) became the first “Jewish” book in American literature; it represents an encyclopedia of Jewish life in the USA. The conflict of the novel is based on the contradictions within the closed community of religious Jews living in New York. The attitude towards Judaism and the problems of integration into American life are presented through the eyes of the narrator and protagonist. The author follows the national tradition of American literature and portrays the evolution of the characters of teenagers on their way to adulthood against a background of important historical events, such as the end of the Second World War, the Holocaust and the foundation of the State of Israel.
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This essay addresses the instable meaning of the term catastrophe over the course of history. The first part takes leave of the “the tiny fissures” in the continuous catastrophe noted by Walter Benjamin to develop a philology of the cata/strophe. This philology does not only register a given meaning (for instance, of the catastrophe), but intervenes actively as disruption. It insists on the strophe in the catastrophe, transforming catastrophe into cata/strophe that, in fatal situations, permits the poetic potential to become a dynamic force that can, at least on the linguistic level, open toward other dimensions without denying the catastrophe itself. The second part is dedicated to a reading of Jorge Semprún’s autobiographical novel L’écriture ou la vie from the perspective of this philological concept. It seeks to show how Semprún’s citing and reciting of Baudelaire’s strophes in the putrid atmosphere of the Buchenwald concentration camp literally produce, on the level of the signifiers, fresh air to breathe.
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This article is a presentation of the general condition of Jews in Croatia after World War II in the crucial post-war period, 1945 (with reference to previous developments) until the beginning of 1948. The main characteristic of the position of Jews in Croatia was the restoration of the Federation of Jewish communities in Belgrade and Jewish communities in Croatia, renewal of their membership in international Jewish organizations, as well at the assistance and relief provided by international Jewish organizations to the few surviving Jews in Croatia. Particular attention is given to property issues, relating both to personal property and the property of Jewish communities and organizations in Croatia. This article shows the direct link between repatriation/citizenship with the right of property restitution,as well as the series of laws which, together with penalty clauses, mandated consequential measures involving the seizure of property. Having first identified the pre-war ownership of the property, the new Yugoslav legal system created a framework to nationalize Jewish property, thus changing the property structure of the new Yugoslavia.
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GLEJTEK, MIROSLAV. HERALDIKA: ÚVOD DO ŠTÚDIA ERBOV. HOŘEJŠ, MILOŠ – KŘÍŽEK, JIŘÍ ET AL. AUTOMOBILISMUS A ŠLECHTA V ČESKÝCH ZEMÍCH 1894 – 1945. HOŘEJŠ, MILOŠ. PROTEKTORÁTNÍ PRAHA JAKO NĚMECKÉ MĚSTO : NACISTICKÝ URBANISMUS A PLÁNOVACÍ KOMISE PRO HLAVNÍ MĚSTO PRAHU. KEMPNÁ, LUCIE. ŠKODOVKY DO CELÉHO SVĚTA: EXPORT AUTOMOBILŮ L&K A ŠKODA V LETECH 1905 – 1991. BEDNÁROVÁ, MARCELA. SYMBOLY A MÝTY CHORVÁTSKEHO NÁRODNÉHO HNUTIA: FENOMÉN ILYRIZMU. VARGA, LAJOS. HÁBORÚ, FORRADALOM, SZOCIÁLDEMOKRÁCIA MAGYARORSZÁGON 1914. JÚLIUS – 1919. MÁRCIUS. [VOJNA, REVOLÚCIA, SOCIÁLNA DEMOKRACIA V UHORSKU. JÚL 1914 – MAREC 1919].
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The discovery of a fresco painting cycle in the Dura-Europos synagogue raised many questions among researchers: for what reason was the Second Commandment broken here? What are the stylistic and iconographic sources of the Dura-Europos paintings? What influence might this painting cycle have exerted on later Jewish and Christian art? The paper attempts to answer these and a number of other questions. The existence of Jewish visual art is considered in the context of the revision of the general outline of Jewish history in the Mishnah’s period.
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KONFERENCIA BITKA PRI ROZHANOVCIACH V KONTEXTE SLOVENSKÝCH A UHORSKÝCH DEJÍN. KONFERENCIA SLOVENSKO V ROKOCH NESLOBODY 1938 – 1989 II. OSOBNOSTI ZNÁME – NEZNÁME. PÄŤ MESIACOV AUTONÓMIE. (VÝCHODNÉ) SLOVENSKO MEDZI 6. OKTÓBROM A 14. MARCOM. DISKUSNÝ VEČER ÚSTAVU PAMÄTI NÁRODA. ZASADNUTIE NEMECKO-ČESKEJ A NEMECKO-SLOVENSKEJ KOMISIE HISTORIKOV – DOKTORANDSKÝ WORKSHOP. KOŠICE – INŠTITUCIONÁLNA ZÁKLADŇA KULTÚRY, ŠKOLSTVA A VEDY (K 140. VÝROČIU ZALOŽENIA VÝCHODOSLOVENSKÉHO MÚZEA V KOŠICIACH). PREZENTÁCIE MEDZINÁRODNÉHO PROJEKTU ALTERNATÍVNY SPRIEVODCA HISTÓRIOU KOŠÍC 2013. STRETNUTIE MLADÝCH HISTORIKOV II. PRIESEČNÍKY SPOLOČNEJ HISTÓRIE ŠTÁTOV V4.
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Jewish Legends and old rabbinical Traditions could be find in the Hystoriography of the Carmelite Order. In its Beginnings in Europe the Legends served to defend the biblical Identity of the Order. The Article deals with a Study about two Examples of Jewish Legends: 1. Jonah as the Son of the Widow, 2. Elijahs Water-Miracle (10 Springs Gushing from his Fingers).
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The author addresses an important subject matter of raising the young generation ina spirit of tolerance, respect for the other person’s right to being other. She indicates how a Polish langugage class can teach dialogue and open young people to other cultures, and prepare them to live an active and effective life in multicultural reality. In her view, Polish‑Jewish relations, reflected in literary works of Polish, Polish‑Jewish and Jewish writers, can provide a valuable teaching material. She notices that Polish literature is not a source of exclusively negative stereotypes. On the contrary, Jewish people are portrayed in a warm, sympathetic and oftentimes friendly manner. Yet, as the author emphasizes, the Polish literary tradition will not help familiarize the Jewish culture. Therefore, she suggests including in Polish language and literature classes texts of such authors as for instance Isaac Bashevis Singer and proposes specific didactic solutions (working on Singer’s texts by flipped clasroom method).
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The study is devoted to French anti-Semitism from the time of its very emergence. It presents the main stages through which it passed, the factors that influenced its development until the late 19th century, when the definition “violent” anti-Semitism became justified and the period between the two world wars that could be characterized as a prelude to Vichy, the regime under which the Jews were subjected to genocide. It also presents the biblical and patristic grounds for its emergence and their use in later times by different churches and political forces, and in the “canonization” of anti-Semitism as one of the characteristics of the ideology of the National Revolution.
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The present paper deals with the ways in which Jewish communities in the Ottoman Empire handled cases of extramarital relations (fornication) among Jewish men (married or unmarried) and unmarried women. The present study covers a wide range of Jewish legal sources from the beginning of the 16th century to the last decade of the 19th century. As we have seen, the occurrence of sexual relations out of wedlock for married men, or unmarried men and unmarried women, was an extant feature of Jewish society; it was almost certainly much more widespread than adultery. Particularly common were relations between the betrothed, usually leading to marriage. Similarly, cases were common of unmarried women, often maidservants in Jewish homes, who had sexual liaisons with different men. Most of the surviving sources deal with women’s pregnancy and their demands that the men marry them, or at least acknowledge their paternity and pay child support for the babies. Jewish society stood guard over its sexual morality, deliberating about cases of extramarital pregnancy within the confines of the local legal court. The communities’ supervision of sexual morality led to the enactment of new decrees in some places and in rare cases, the offenders involved would be punished by lashes. We learn that Jewish society attempted to conceal sexual offenses from the eyes of the Muslim rulers.
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Omer Hamzić - Adnan Jahić, Vrijeme izazova, Bošnjaci u prvoj polovini 20. Vijeka, Bošnjačka nacionalna zajednica za Grad Zagreb i Zagrebačku županiju, Zagreb, Bošnjački institut – Fondacija Adila Zulfikarpašića, Sarajevo, 2014.; Izet Šabotić - Prof. dr. Senahid Hadžić, Bosna i Hercegovina u vrijeme pojave (veliko)nacionalnih ideja, JU Arhiv Tuzlanskog kantona, Društvo arhivskih zaposlenika Tuzlanskog kantona; Eli Tauber - Benjamina Londrc, Pravni položaj jevrejske zajednice u BiH od 1918. do 1945. godine, Izdavačka kuća “Monos” Gračanica i Udruženje “Hagada”, Sarajevo, 2016.; Zenita Fazlić, Saneta Adrović - Ddr. Azem Kožar, Edicija “Arhivistika u teoriji i praksi” (knjiga 1, 2, 3 i 4), Arhiv Tuzlanskog kantona, Društvo arhivskih zaposlenika TK i Društva historičara, Tuzla, 1995, 2005, 2011. i 2016.; Amer Maslo - Irena R. Cvijanović (ur.), Spomenica dr. Tibora Živkovića, Istorijski institut Beograd, Beograd, 2016, 377 str.; Alma Hasukić - Halid Kadrić, Kobno Raspuće (historijski roman), “Bosanska riječ”, Sarajevo 2015.; Safet Berbić - Senahid Kahrimanović, Kuća moje majke (roman), Bosanski kulturni centar Gračanica, 2016.; Fatima Bećarević - Sabina Hodžić Mehmedović “Mom srebreničkom heroju”, Fondacija “F.H. …i ja sam iz Srebrenice” Sarajevo, 2016.; Safet Berbić - Andrej Nikolaidis, Mađarska rečenica (roman), Buybook Sarajevo i OKF Cetinje 2016.;
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This article analyses the links between landscape and memory as they appear in the Polish writer Henryk Grynberg poetic works, where the main point of reference is the experience of the Holocaust. Koprowska aims to fill a gap in Grynberg’s reception, which has focused on his prose works, while also pointing out specific readings based on the theory of the cultural landscape. Building on her interpretation of selected poems, Koprowska describes various aspects of the notion of ‘the landscape of memory’ – a notion rooted in the interactive relationship of landscape, subject and memory marked by traumatic experience.
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The interbellum was a period when the spontaneous popularity of Jewish music was born. Its expansion in the area of general culture coincided with the rise of a strong institutional and media backing for the musical activities (which means that this music had to have a market value), and on the other hand—with the revival of the national Jewish movement in its various ideological forms, all of which acknowledged a significant role for fostering their own culture. At that time, Prague was the third most important (after Vienna and Berlin) center of Jewish culture in Central Europe, and it strongly influenced the neighboring centers such as Bratislava, Budapest, or—the closest to the author of this abstract—Warsaw. In this paper, various aspects of the Jewish music’s presence in the general musical life of the interwar Prague are being discussed, namely: the open musical activity of Jewish organizations and synagogues, Jewish instrumental and choral music, as well as Jewish songs (synagogal, folk and artistic) performed in the concert halls of Prague, the activity of the group of young Jewish composers (among others: Walter Süskind, Mieczysław Kolinski, Berthold Kobias, Hermann Weiss and Frank Pollak) who formed the so-called “New Jewish School” in music, and finally, writing about Jewish music.
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Głowacka’s article presents the writer and Holocaust survivor H. G. Adler, author of the first monograph on Theresienstadt concentration camp. The focus is on the early novels Panorama [Panorama] and Podróż [The Journey] – two fictional accounts of the writer’s experience at the Nazi camps to which he and his family were deported. Głowacka reads these novels through Walter Benjamin’s conceptualization of history as well as Jean-Luc Nancy’s reflections on the representability of the Holocaust. She compares Adler’s idiosyncratic use of visual representation to the painterly techniques of artists such as Fritta, Kien and Fleischmann, Adler’s fellow inmates at Theresienstadt.
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