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Hana Arent se ponekad smatra važnim izvorom ili nadahnućem savremene komunitarne političke misli. U tom shvatanju postoji izvesna mera istine, ali misliti o njenoj političkoj teoriji kao izrazito komunitarnoj više je nego pogrešno. Jer, ono što karakteriše komunitarizam kao filosofsko osporavanje liberalizma jeste njegovo naglašavanje toga kako se sopstvo konstituiše kroz kolektivni ili grupni identitet, kao i argument da nedovoljna pažnja prema snazi zajedničkih identiteta obeležava središnji nedostatak liberalno-individualističkih koncepcija političke zajednice.
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This book made for the seventieth birthday of Gábor Székely, Professor at the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest, contains 51 studies. His colleagues wish him Happy Birthday.
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The Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences honors with this collective monograph the 70th jubilee of the one of its outstanding colleagues and friends – PhDr. Ivan Kamenec, CSc. Although Mr. Kamenec studies and interprets the modern Slovak history of the 20th century in its complexity, his lifelong scientific interest belongs to the Slovak Republic during World War II, especially its political history and personalities. He is to be counted to the top rated Slovak historians in this field. But in the first place his name in the history of the Slovak historical science is connected with the pioneer role in researching the Holocaust in Slovakia. Before 1989 he had been the first to open this taboo theme and the years later his research results inspired the whole group of new historians and brought Dr. Kamenec the international respect among Holocaust specialists. The collective monograph From the History of the Democratic and Totalitarian Regime in the 20th Century Slovakia and Czechoslovakia deals with not yet fully researched areas of the history of Slovakia and the Slovaks and its international context and relations. The texts are aimed at some historical events in the period of the first, interwar Czechoslovak Republic, at the phenomena in the history of the Slovakia during WWII and at the development before and after communist takeover after the war. All the chapters are written by outstanding specialists in the given themes, coming from the Institute of History of SAS, from the other history institutions and universities of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The book begins with the two texts dealing with the professional life and the scientific work of Ivan Kamenec. In the first one Herta Tkadlečková – the former university teacher of I. Kamenec – remembers in an essay like form “how has become the modest student a reputable historian”. Taking as an example the birth and its circumstances of the Kamenec’s books, she depicts the complicated lot of a historian dealing with the modern history. The second text written by Nina Paulovičová compares the crucial “Holocaust” book of Ivan Kamenec On the Trail of the Tragedy with some same topic books published in abroad. Showing various aspects of the author’s interpretation of the Jewish fate in war time Slovakia she prizes not only the scientific value of this monograph, but also its social and moral importance. The next part of the book already speaks about some aspects of the (Czecho-) Slovak history in the time between the two world wars. Milan Zemko analyzes the political system of the first Czechoslovak Republic from the point of view of the political parties acting in the National assembly. He shows the changing picture of their antagonisms and cooperation, being more and more based upon nationalism and resulting in the hard confrontation between “Czechoslovak” (Czech and Slovak) political parties and the political representative bodies of the national minorities – German and Hungarian. Ľubica Kázmerová has aimed her attention at the development of the Slovak educational system in the given period. Comparing the differences and common features of the Slovakia and Czech lands, she presents how at the beginning the disastrous educational situation in Slovakia positively changed in the first two decades of the existence of the Czechoslovak Republic. The third text of this part of the book written by Peter Švorc is a sound into the regional and local history of the small Spiš town – Spišská Belá. The author deals with the local political life represented by leftist and right wing political groupings and concentrates in the case of Jewish inhabitance on the interethnic relations. Wartime Slovak state, Jewish question and the Slovak uprising are the main subjects of the second part of the monograph. Eduard Nižňanský states that the anti-Semitic politics was characteristic not only for the wartime Slovak Republic (from March the 14th, 1939), but its basic features had developed already in the last phase of the Czecho-Slovakia’s existence – in the period of the Slovak autonomy. This statement author documents on the case of the Anti-Jewish pogrom in Piešťany in early March 1939. The term “Jew” and its place in the law system of the wartime Slovak state examines in her text Katarína Zavacká. Analyzing the corresponding legal acts, she shows the parallel between depriving the Jews of their civil rights and the decay of democratic system. On the contrary to the Jews, who were not acknowledged as a minority, in the Slovak Republic existed three officially declared national minorities – German, Hungarian and Ruthenian. At the problem of their legal status in the political system of the wartime Slovak Republic is aimed the text of Ondrej Podolec. From the point of view of international context the historians deal in the given period with the two aspects – first there are the international relations of the Slovak Republic, and second aspect are the activities of the Slovak Pro-Allied exile. The less known events in the official relations between Slovak republic and U.S.S.R. examines Dagmar Čierna-Lantayová. Based upon the archival research in Moscow the text shows the development of the diplomatic relations from their beginning to the time, when the Slovak army entered the war against Russia. The exile problem represents the writing of Vilém Prečan. It comments four here-published documents, which show the unknown facts and the chain of circumstances of the detention of Vladimír Clementis – the prominent Slovak communist – during his stay in France in 1939. About the French attitude to the Slovakia and Slovak question writes also Pavol Petruf. In the text he concentrates on the given problem at first till the defeat of the France in 1940 and then on the attitude of the Vichy and the de Gaulle’s Free France to the Slovak Republic and in the same time to the Slovak exile. The last block of this part of the book pays attention to the various, less known aspects of the Slovak National Uprising in 1944. It begins with the first research results on the anti-resistance propaganda in the uprising and on the uprising, including the German official media. The military campaigns of rising are not perceived here as an object of research, but as case of escalation of the social conflict, widely covered by printed media. The author – Marína Zavacká widely analyses and interprets the vocabulary of this propaganda. The print-media are the subject also of the text of Jan Rychlík. In this case the author in details documents, how the official newspapers in Protectorate reflected the course of the uprising and how they used it for their own propaganda. The closing text crosses the chronological line of this part. It looks at the uprising from the point of view of historical memory. Its author – Elena Mannová – using the social-historical and cultural-historical approach is searching for various interpretations of the rising and their reflection in the collective memory from 1945 to the end of the century. Mannová’s text leads the reader to the part of the monograph dealing with the post-war period before and after the communist takeover. In the first text Michal Barnovský gives the brief characteristics of the function, structure and the activities of the National Front in Slovakia in 1945- 1948. After analyzing them the author states that although the monopoly of power of the NF made the communist takeover in February 1948 easier, its existence had not been the necessary condition for it. The communist coup d’etat had been victorious because of using the material power and the Soviet pressure. The second text dealing with the given period is from Edita Ivaničková. She tries to document the foreign policy interests of the Slovaks in 1944-1948, shows their possibilities, limits and their outcomes. Being concentrated on the solution of the Slovak question within the post-war republic, the Slovak politicians paid less attention to the foreign policy and loosing their fight for democracy they also lost the opportunity to develop their foreign policy interests. Another text dealing with the international aspects has written Slavomír Michálek. He depicts the case – known in its time in the West as “the freedom flight” – when the three Czechoslovak citizens trying to escape the communist regime highjacked in 1953 the airplane and landed in the U.S. occupation zone of Germany. The following diplomatic incident between United States and Czechoslovakia was the only constructive solved matter in that period of the fully frozen bi-lateral relations. Being Michálek’s text based upon the archival research, the next one – by Jozef Leikert – is an interesting combination of Oral History and the study of the contemporary material. It shows one period of the life of the well-known Slovak writer and journalist Ladislav Mňačko, when he was as a young communist working in the daily paper Pravda and supporting the Stalinist regime in Czechoslovakia. The next text written by Vladimír Goněc concentrates on another personality, this time from the camp of the communist opponents. He analyses the activities and above all the ideas of the one of the leaders of the émigré organization – the Council of Free Czechoslovakia – Hubert Ripka. The reader may get acquainted with his opinion in the second half of the 50-ties not only on the development in the Central Europe, but on the global policy as well. With the text of Jan Pešek the book turns back to the inner development of Slovakia within the Czechoslovak state. The author describes one fragment in the history of the Slovak communist party with long reaching consequences – the changes in its leading positions in 1962-1964. It means the fall of the old functionaries connected with K. Gottwald and A. Novotný and the coming of a new guard of communist leaders (e.g. A. Dubček) not directly burdened by the unlawfulness of the past. The next text by Miroslav Londák follows up chronologically with the previous chapter. The author analyzes the Czechoslovak economic reform in the 60-ties and its break down after the invasion in August 1968. He states that the base and the scope of the reform plans had been incompatible with the given socialist system in Czechoslovakia and it undermined its fundaments. The new democratic Czechoslovakia and its break down is the theme examined by Jozef Žatkuliak. He goes through the discussions about the new relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks in a federal republic after 1989, follows the proceedings of various political groupings and their leaders up to the end of the Czechoslovakia and the birth of the independent Slovak state in 1993. The last part of this collective monograph deals with the themes of democracy, individual and collective ideological consciousness in the 20th century Slovakia. Dušan Kováč writes about democracy, political culture and the heritage of totalitarianism in the historical process. He states among others that in Central European countries is the experience with the life in democracy very limited. Czechoslovak republic in the inter-war period was only a single country with the real parliamentary democracy. Introduction of the general suffrage and the plural political party system was not without danger in Central Europe and in other post-communist countries. Functioning democracy needs a relative high level of political culture. Without this could democracy shrink to the electoral machinery connected with populism and with the growth of nationalism. Roman Holec returns back into the end of the 19th and the first half of 20th centuries and introduces the “forgotten Slovak leftist intellectual” – Hugo Matzner. He follows his life from his youth up to the death in 1948. Through Matzner’s activities in the social-democratic party and his leftist intellectual maturity the author indirectly shows the development in Slovakia from the last period of Austria-Hungary till the communist take over in 1948. Another portrait of the well-known Slovak personality Alexander Matuška – the best representative of the Slovak literary criticque and essay in the 20th century – closes the summarized monograph. Vlasta Jaksicsová in her text goes though the key moments of his life and writings, where he presents himself as an original and severe critic of the Slovak past and present and the commentator on the Slovak characteristic features. And she underlines, that Matuška is a favorite author also for Ivan Kamenec and that the writer and the historian have many common features.
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Zasadniczym celem badania była próba opisu i ewolucji modelu polityki oświatowej państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości narodowych i etnicznych w badanym okresie. W odniesieniu do koncepcji polityki oświatowej państwa polskiego wobec mniejszości narodowych podjęta została próba określenia i zastosowania autorskiej periodyzacji. Wyróżniono następujące etapy polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości: od polityki akceptacji do polityki restrykcji (1944–1948), okres polityki unifikacji (1949–1955), okres polityki aktywizacji (1956–1960), okres polityki marginalizacji (1961–1966). Analiza zebranych danych źródłowych pozwoliła stwierdzić, że mniejszości narodowe stanowiły istotny problem w polityce oświatowej państwa polskiego w latach 1944–1966. W szczególności dotyczyło to mniejszości słowackiej, żydowskiej, niemieckiej, białoruskiej, litewskiej i ukraińskiej, czyli grup, które od przełomu lat 40. i 50. XX w. objęte zostały jednolitym modelem kształcenia, na wzór radziecki, w państwowych szkołach z niepolskim językiem nauczania. Centralnym punktem analizy uczyniono szkolnictwo dla mniejszości narodowych jako główny przedmiot polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości. W tym zakresie analizowano sytuację decyzyjną, tj. główne uwarunkowania i czynniki polityki oświatowej, treść decyzji i dyrektyw wykonawczych (założenia organizacyjne i wychowawczo-programowe szkolnictwa dla mniejszości), proces implementacji tych decyzji (polityka w zakresie sieci szkolnej) oraz jej efekty – w aspekcie ilościowym (struktura szkolnictwa) i jakościowym (stan szkolnictwa). W badaniach nad podjętą problematyką przyjęto rozumienie polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości jako działalność władz państwowych regulujących sytuację tych grup w dziedzinie oświaty poprzez akty normatywne i decyzje stanowiące uprawnionych organów. Należy przy tym wskazać na dwa przeciwstawne wymiary polityki oświatowej wobec mniejszości: restrykcyjny – negujący prawo tych grup do oświaty w języku ojczystym oraz kompensacyjny – afirmujący prawo do oświaty w języku ojczystym jako wartość autoteliczną lub tylko je akceptujący jako wartość instrumentalną dla osiągnięcia określonych celów politycznych. W pierwszej połowie lat 50. XX w. PZPR, zawłaszczając podmiotowość polityczną ogółu społeczeństwa, w tym mniejszości narodowych, zdecydowała o kształcie systemu oświaty. Głównym celem polityki oświatowej stała się indoktrynacja społeczeństwa. W tej sytuacji ojczysty język nauczania stanowił tylko środek do osiągnięcia tego celu, nie zaś do podtrzymania tożsamości narodowej członków tych grup.
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This book presents 27 portraits from Central Europe of 20th century. What is Central Europe? It's not easy to determine it. This region was always in the crossfire of dispute. Central Europe resembles Egyptian dying and rising gods, but the region exists and it has given many distinguished personalities to Europe and the World. The book presents this richness.
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U kontekstu naglog uspona fašizma u Evropi i njegove pobede u pojedinim zemljama, jedno od pitanja koje se postavljalo u beogradskoj javnosti, odnosilo se na mogućnosti njegove pojave i u Jugoslaviji, i u skladu sa tim, na analize uslova koji u zemlji postoje za eventualni razmah fašističkih ideja. Nasuprot dominantnom stavu da u zemlji nema fašističkih pokreta, levičari su registrovali njihovo prisustvo, posebno izraženo u rasističkim obeležjima. Demokratskoliberalno stanovište je odbacivalo ove teze sa obrazloženjem da se fašizam uglavnom javlja u gradovima, a da u zemlji seljaka fašističke ideje mogu da nastanu samo kao plod kafanskih razgovora. Po mišljenju intelektualaca ove struje, socijalni uslovi u Jugoslaviji nisu bili pogodni za njegov razvoj, a ideje pojedinih pokreta koje su „ličile“ na fašizam, uglavnom su ocenjivali kao marginalne i potpuno bezopasne. Minimizujući fašističku opasnost u zemlji, liberalno stanovište ni u Ljotićevom pokretu nije videlo sklonost ka fašizmu, već samo njegove „primese“, „loš surogat“ i „neozbiljna oponašanja fantasta“, sklonijih diktaturi nego temeljima ove ideologije. Ambivalencija konzervativnih krugova ispoljavala se i u ovom pitanju. Fašističke ideje su odbacivane kao i teze da su prisutne u zemlji, ali su se istovremeno za Jugoslaviju tražila rešenja koja su uzor pronalazila upravo u njima. Desničari su odricali da su i sami nosioci fašističkih ideja, ali ne zato što se sa njima nisu slagali, već što su verovali da su „novi nacionalizmi“ – fašizam i nacionalsocijalizam – specifično italijanski i nemački produkt, dok je ideologija Zbora, iako sastavni deo globalne pojave „novog nacionalizma“, autentična domaća tvorevina.
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Describing the Jewish communities in the multi-religious history of Iraq can only take place from a historical perspective, simply because they no longer exist. Apart from a few individuals, there is no future perspective at this point in time.
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The Karaites are one of the religious communities erased from the memory of Iraq. Today hardly anybody in Iraq remembers this centuries-old religious community rooted in the Abrahamic faith of Islam, Christianity and mainstream Judaism. Multiple marginalisations resulted in nobody ever telling the story of the last Karaites in Iraq. The isolated and rural community in the town of Hīt in Anbar did not have any intellectuals to document their history. Later, Karaite Jews became a minority among the rabbinic Jews in Israel and the Iraqi Karaites were even a tiny minority within the minority of the Karaites of Israel. Without anyone interested in their history, even the second generation in Israel did not think that the stories of their parents and grandparents would be worth recording and telling.
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The publication serves as a support for secondary school teachers for the development of activation teaching in history.
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Se židovskou tematikou se setkáváme v našich zemích již od 10. století, kdy do českých zemí přicházeli první Židé. Od té doby se Židé opakovaně stávali cílem útoku ostatních, často přicházeli nejen o svůj majetek, ale i o své životy. Vše vyvrcholilo druhou světovou válkou a holocaustem. Historie židovského obyvatelstva i jeho každodenního života je bohužel v rámci středoškolského vyučování opomíjena – převážně z časových důvodů. Proto je velmi důležité i v dnešní době, kdy antisemitismus není výjimkou, aby se studenti o židovské tematice dozvěděli a společně o ní diskutovali. Díky níže popsaným programovým blokům se se studenty můžeme dotknout nejen perzekucí židovské komunity, transportů a poválečné situace, ale také židovských tradic a zvyků.
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On October 12-13, 2021 in Jindřichův Hradec, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Museum of Jindřichohradecko, hosted the eighth meeting of archivists, historians, Hebraists, and regional museum workers focused on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. Nineteen speakers discussed the historical development and legal status of Jewish religious communities from the 18th century to World War II, highlighting significant Jewish personalities. The seminar also covered the evaluation of archival sources on Jewish history preserved in Czech archives, with contributions on the Holocaust period, especially the fate of Jews from border areas, regional topics, and documentation of Jewish cemeteries. Additionally, a study based on NKVD documents was included. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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It was perhaps as early as the first half of the 17th century that the first Jewish families settled in the village of Útvina (Uitwa) in the south-eastern part of the Karlovy Vary region. The local Jewish community, which consisted of only a few families throughout the period under study, also had its own synagogue from the beginning of the 18th century. Its houses and synagogue were often damaged by flooding and fire. After the middle of the 19th century, the Jews gradually left the village for larger settlements. By 1900 there were no longer any Jews living in the village. The Jewish community in Útvina owned a cemetery, which today is one of the few reminders of its former existence. The oldest tombstone to have been found dates back to 1782. The cemetery was badly damaged during the Second World War. In the following years, the tombstones were used for construction purposes and the cemetery area gradually became wooded over. The theft of tombstones has continued until the present day. In connection with the discovery of broken tombstones during excavation work on a plot of land in the nearby village of Přílezy in 2020, it was subsequently decided, for safety reasons, to move the two remaining tombstones from Útvina to the Jewish cemetery in Karlovy Vary.
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On October, the 24.-25. 2018, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the State Regional Archive in Třeboň, hosted the seventh meeting of archivists, historians, Hebraists, and regional museum workers focused on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. The event covered the organization and legal status of Jewish religious communities from the mid-19th century to World War II, the evaluation of archival sources on Jewish history preserved in Czech and foreign archives, and included studies on the Holocaust, especially the fate of Jews from border areas. Regional topics and documentation of Jewish cemeteries were also discussed, along with a contribution on Jewish sigillography. Not all presented contributions were included in the proceedings, but efforts were made to publish them in a planned eighth issue. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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On October 1-2, 2014 in Teplice, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Regional Museum in Teplice, hosted the fifth meeting of archivists, historians, and regional museum workers focused on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. The seminar emphasized analyzing sources that trace the fate of Jews from border areas after Nazi Germany's occupation, leading to the creation of databases documenting Jewish populations from the 1930s to the end of World War II. Contributions also covered the role of Jews in trade and business development, along with other regional topics. An evening program was dedicated to documenting immovable monuments. The next seminar was planned for autumn 2016 in Kadaň, with a focus on post-1945 Jewish history in the Czech Republic. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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On October 6-7, 2010 in Tachov, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Museum of Český Les in Tachov and the State District Archive in Tachov, hosted the third seminar on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, focusing on modern issues and the history of Jews in border regions. The seminar included discussions on archival sources for Jewish history, demographic records, and the role of Jews in industrial and business development. Topics also covered the Aryanization of Jewish property and post-World War II restitution issues. Not all contributions were included in the proceedings, but efforts were made to publish them in a planned fourth issue. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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On September 24-25, 2008 in Nýrsko, the Museum of Královský hvozd in Nýrsko, in collaboration with the Jewish Museum in Prague, hosted the second seminar on Jewish history in Bohemia, focusing on modern issues and the history of Jews in border regions. The seminar included discussions on the stay of Galician refugees in Bohemia during World War I, the contribution of Jews to industrial business development, and Czech-German relations post-1945. Regional topics included the history of Jews in specific localities, activities inspired by the "Lost Neighbors" project, and the documentation of Jewish cemeteries. Not all contributions were included in the proceedings, but efforts were made to publish them in a planned third issue. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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The document discusses the plight of Jewish refugees from Galicia and Bukovina during World War I, who were forced to flee their homes due to the conflict between Russian and Austro-Hungarian armies. These refugees traveled in large numbers to the interior of the Habsburg monarchy, primarily to Vienna and various regions in the Czech lands. They faced numerous hardships, including long journeys on foot or in overcrowded trains, and were often housed in inadequate conditions. The state and charitable organizations provided some support, including food, clothing, and medical care. Refugees were also subjected to health inspections and quarantines to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Despite these efforts, many refugees suffered from poor living conditions and high mortality rates. The document highlights the significant impact of these refugees on local communities, both positive and negative, and the ongoing challenges they faced even after the war ended.
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On November 24-25, 2006 in Liberec, the North Bohemian Museum in Liberec, in collaboration with the Jewish Museum in Prague, hosted a seminar for researchers focused on Jewish history in Bohemia, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. This event aimed to establish a tradition of regular meetings, addressing the history of Jewish communities in areas occupied by Nazi Germany in October 1938 and the broader history of Jews in 20th-century Bohemia. Contributions included master's and doctoral theses, broader projects, and regional museum research, covering topics from World War I to the 1950s. The seminar highlighted the need for such gatherings and their focus on contemporary issues and border regions. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.
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