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The article explores the relationship between conflict in the family of origin and an individual’s wellbeing in adulthood. It examines to what extent the negative effects of a childhood spent in a conflict-ridden family can be explained by economic deprivation in childhood, a disrupted life course, and a person’s sociodemographic situation in adulthood. Empirical analyses are conducted on data from the 7th wave of the ESS from 2014 and three indicators of personal wellbeing are used: a depression scale, self-reported happiness, and life satisfaction. The analyses show that spending childhood in a conflict-ridden family affects mainly the emotional side of personal wellbeing (happiness, depressive symptoms). The relationship between the cognitive side of personal wellbeing (satisfaction with life) and a high-conflict environment in childhood can be explained by sociodemographic factors.
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The article examines the intergenerational transmission of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among Czechs. Data from the Czech Household Panel Survey are used to compare levels of generalised trust and willingness to take risks among parents and their offspring between the ages of 15 and 26. The analyses confirm a similarity of attitudes between parents and children, but indicate differences according to the parent’s sex. While a statistically significant similarity is observed between mothers and their children, fathers form a more heterogeneous group. The analyses also find a higher level of trust among children from Catholic families, but no connection is observed between generalised trust and a parent’s level of education, sex, or the child’s age. Conversely, the level of willingness to take risks is much greater among boys and older children but shows no link to what religion parents belong to.
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Despite typical physiological risks of regular physical activity such as injuries or overtraining, particularly excessive exercise can have psychological side effects and become obsessive. This obsessiveness is often associated with symptoms of addiction (i.e., reduction of other activities, lack of control, withdrawal symptoms). However, the underlying process of developing an exercise addiction is not yet fully understood. Besides the physiological approach, there are several psychological and socio-theoretical models focusing on personal and situational factors. The aim of this research was to explore the role of psycho-social aspects and their influence on symptoms of exercise addiction. 501 participants were asked to record their current sport regarding type, intensity, frequency, and competitive activity. Furthermore, the participants were asked about the motives to exercise as well as their inspiration to start with their current sport. Addictive symptoms were assessed using the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS). It was expected, that inspiration, competitive activity, as well as the motives achievement striving and catharsis have an influence on the EDS score. The results showed that athletes rating the motives achievement striving, catharsis and enjoyment of movement as important or very important showed significantly higher scores in the EDS. No significant differences were found for inspiration, but competitive activity. The findings suggest an important role of intrinsic motivation on the development of exercise addition, particularly the motive enjoyment of movement. However, the interaction of personal and situational factors needs to be explored further.
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The presented research was intended to explore the connection between the levels of marriage and family satisfaction with different interpersonal communication styles. The objective here was to find out whether the experienced level of marriage and family satisfaction will differentiate according to partner`s interpersonal relationship style (authoritarian, egoistic, aggressive, suspicious, submissive, dependent, friendly and altruistic styles). A pilot study was conducted with one hundred participants comprised of males (N = 23; 23%) and females (N = 77; 77%) that completed three questionnaires made up of Leary`s (1957) scale that measured Interpersonal Relationships, Family Satisfaction by Adjectives Scale and Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Participants were within the age of 26 to 64 years (M = 43.6; SD = 9). The obtained results pointed out that there were significant differences between examined persons with different interpersonal relationships upon their levels of family and marital satisfaction.
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Nowadays the problems of obsessive-compulsive disorders and hypochondriasis have become quite urgent. The disorders are often encountered both in mental institutions and in general medicine clinics. They are resistant to treatment and there is always a menace of them transforming into a chronic mental illness. So, it’s important to deal with the issue of the psychiatric rehabilitation (reintegration into the social environment) of those suffering from said disorders. To achieve good results psycho-social treatment and rehabilitation measures should be taken beginning from the earliest mental treatment stages. However, there are still many unclear and misunderstood points both in design and application of the rehabilitation program. In this study during the years 2012-2016 based on the previous work we have developed the programs for the group of 80 patients with said disorders. The results of the evaluation of the patient’s basic functioning after application of the programs are presented in the paper.
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Perceived occupational attractiveness could be due to many factors and relationships in the workplace are among them. The questionnaire “Attractiveness of the profession” created by Ivanov (1999) was used to study how relationships in the workplace were related to perceptions of occupational attractiveness among students, teachers and rangers-sportsmen participating in special missions abroad. In 2012 and 2013, 46 secondary school teachers, 40 students in pedagogical specialties, and 27 sportsmen-rangers participating in special missions abroad were studied in Bulgaria. The results indicated that the students and the rangers were more satisfied with their work than the teachers were. The interpersonal relationships influenced mainly the students’ and rangers’ perceptions of occupational attractiveness. The rangers were more influenced by the relationships with the colleagues. The psycho-climate in the workplace was considered as more important by the rangers. The students were more influenced by the interpersonal communication at the workplace and their heads’ expertise. Some moderators of interpersonal relationships in the workplace were found – such as the tasks in the work, the prestige of occupation, the interaction between occupation and rewards, and the psycho-climate in the workplace.
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In this research the theoretical principles of psychological analysis of group project activity of students in the process of learning foreign language are defined on the basis of subject-activity, socio-psychological and cognitive paradigms. The approaches of different authors to the understanding of the concept of project and in particular group project activity are considered. The difficulties of the theoretical analysis of this specific notion are indicated due to the considerable variety of subjects, types and forms of the pedagogical activity, academic disciplines regarding which the researches are being carried out. Not disclosed aspects of organizing the group project activity of students are being determined, among them is a project group as an autonomous subject of joint activity for the realization students’ project activity while learning a foreign language; forming psychological readiness of teacher and student to use project method; the role of metacognitive aspect in the surrounding, where the project activity is being carried out; group functioning through the project work as a subject of group examination. It has been indicated that the analysis of project activity as an innovative technology must include its assessment as a condition of student’s developing as a subject of learning activity, his personal, socio-psychological, intellectual and professional self-perfection. Three levels of subjectivity in group project activity are being distinguished: teacher; each particular student; and student project group. Interaction between teacher and student is based on subject-subject relations. An organization of a project activity while learning a foreign language is considered as the one in which the student is moving in order to get the manager position and to master the basis of expert knowledge. Hereby, the main stress is on the group role as a subject of group examination, and also on metacognitive character of the surrounding. On the basis of conducted theoretical analysis, the new understanding of the notion of a group project activity is proposed. It is claimed, that the effectiveness of a group project activity is determined by the level of psychological readiness of students and teachers to implement it.
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The perceived stress of the adolescents in their daily lives gives valuable information regarding their attitude when encountering difficulties. Similarly, it provides insights on their level of contentment with their own lives. In this particular context, an array of resources which would allow them to cope with new situations that are inevitably caused by their development, becomes crucial. This current research analyses the extent to which attitudes of self-efficacy and optimism influence teenagers’ thoughts and coping methods with the unpredicted and stressful events that life can bring to their daily routine (Jerusalem & Mittag, 1995). In order to get an understanding in depth of the research topic, a sample of 525 Romanian students including 186 boys (35,4%) and 339 girls (64,6%) aged between 15 to 18 years old (average age = 16; SD = 1,04) were selected for the purpose of this study. The researcher’s hypothesis was based on the assumption that participants who demonstrate high levels of self-efficacy and optimism tend to evaluate problems as being less stressful while compared to those who scored lower percentages on these two attitudes. A quantitative methodology has been chosen to collect the data through the use of questionnaires including: the Problem Questionnaire (PQ), developed by Inge Seiffge-Krenke, the General Self- Efficacy Scale (GSE) by Jerusalem and Schwartzer (1992) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised developed by Carver and Scheier. The results show that self-efficacy, the optimism level and resilience have a positive impact on how tasks are dealt with. Teenagers with strong attitudes of self-efficacy perceive themselves as being more capable of overcoming difficulties. They have a more optimistic perspective of situations, and they also tend to interpret life obstacles as challenges rather than threats, therefore focusing more on opportunities. On the other side, teenagers who scored low percentages on the self-efficacy and optimism analysis, seem to worry more and feel less proficient and capable when facing various tasks or stressful situations.
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The study of sibling impact upon later-life decisions can expand family research by connecting it with intergenerational studies, with insights into cognitive structuring and into socializing by sibling dynamics, but also into lifelong individual development. In the present study the number of older siblings has been shown to be an effective positive predictor for the number of children with former romantic partners; and the number of younger siblings has been proven to add positive prediction power for the number of children with the current romantic partner; for the longest time that the person has stayed in a romantic relationship; and for the current romantic relationship duration; in each case adding their respective prediction power to either the person’s age(in the case of older siblings) or the different attachment style scores (in the case of younger siblings), which have been shown in previous studies to predict romantic decisions. The present paper aims to further show how two simple indicators of family structure, along with seven manners in which they can result in new nominal or numeric computed variables, can overcome the dominating view that family systems are hard to maneuver into research methodology. Two simple introductory questions regarding participants’ older and younger siblings have been used again, together with variables computed based on them, in order to significantly predict romantic relationship decisions above and beyond the classical predictors pertaining to attachment styles.
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Objective: The objective of this article is to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial social identities (Darwinian, missionary, and communitarian) on nascent entrepreneurial behaviour with the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Research Design & Methods: The study is based on a research sample of 455 students from public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan. The survey questionnaire was developed along with PLS-SEM partial least squares structural equation modelling technique to examine the research model and hypotheses. Findings: The findings indicate that (Darwinian, missionary, and communitarian) social identities are positively and significantly related to nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. The results also show that entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a key mediator that affects the relationship between social identities and nascent entrepreneurial behaviour. Implications & Recommendations: The findings have important practical and academic implications for both universities and policymakers to foster student’s entrepreneurial social identities and develop an entrepreneurial nascent behaviour to become an entrepreneur. Contribution & Value Added: This study is the first attempt that contributes to the field of social psychology and entrepreneurship by taking the entrepreneurial self-efficacy as a mediator and investigates the influence of entrepreneurial social identities (Darwinian, missionary, communitarian) on nascent entrepreneurial behaviour among students in Pakistan.
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This study was planned and organized to find out the symptomatic influences of using facebook for individuals. Nowadays it is known from the experienced social life activities well how the common social influence of social sharing sites are effective and widespread. It has been followed from some news published in written and visual media that it causes very important psychological and traumatic damages for individuals. It is not possible for people to limit using time and necessity of facebook but it forces their borders and capacity. General acceptance and refusing areas were mixed and not having sharing dominant effects. The limitlesness of social deterioration were supported by the social sharing sites. But on the other hand it mustn’t be thought that the social sgaring sites have only negative influences but also it may have some positive influences too. For example, these sites encourage for everybody to develop the conscious of democracy and human rights and to have more freedom. But the problem is when and the more important one where to stop. One of the most important influences of social sharing sites for people to serve not only their expectations but also their nonexpectations. The basing influence is not related to the accepted expectations it depends on nonaccepted not waited expectations. The data of this study were collected by a short symptom scanning scala and the data collected by the scale were evaluated and commended by eligible statistical methods. In the first chapter of the study the area study was done and given some conceptual and theorical information by means of scanning model. In the second chapter, the aim of the study, problem position, the importance of study, limitations, conjectures, problem question, research method, research world and sampling group were explained and given information about. In the third chapter, the data handed in accordance with the variables of gender, education position, age, using nikname, facebook count amount, facebook friend amount, communication form were analyzed by using necessary statistical methods. In the last chapter, some important and necessary comments and suggestions were given and presented depending on the data of the research.
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This study builds on a long-standing interest in (social) psychological outcomes of adolescent attachment styles and attachment patterns with parents. One of the outcomes I explored is in-group identification and in-group attachment, which are especially salient in the divided society of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The present cross-sectional study involved a stratified convenience sample of 735 participants (51.7 % female), aged 16 to 21 years (M= 18.72, SD=1.54). A significant positive correlation was found between current attachment style and in-group identification (r=.17, p<.01 for ethnic, and r=.13, p<.05 for religious). The present study points to further investigations and subsequent cross-field theoretical advancements regarding the possible effects of attachment on group identification and group attachment.
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The aim of this paper was to evaluate the understanding of partner violence from the perspective of female victims. This study addresses intimate partner violence from a qualitative paradigm and a social constructivist approach. Data was collected from interviews with 15 female victims of violence, which was used as the basis for thematic analysis. In the contents of the subjects’ narratives, four core themes and eight sub-themes stood out. The core themes were: incident-based violence, life in the world of the perpetrator, causes of the violent behavior and justification for it, and victims taking responsibility for the violence. The results of the analysis showed that the violence experienced by these victims could not be reduced to isolated incidents. Still, it was a process that included situations and behaviors that were not subject to punishment, which kept the victim in constant fear, controlled her behavior, and made her a subordinate perpetrator. In contrast, most explanations given (by the victims) for the violent behavior had the function of justifying the perpetrators’ behavior and attributing responsibility to other agents – alcohol, mental illness, problems in the family of origin, or an external source of frustration. In certain cases, the women felt that they could be responsible for their own victimization as victims of violence. The results of the research indicate that intimate partner violence should be considered as a crime against identity and freedom, and that persons working with victims of violence should aim to deconstruct the beliefs that lead victims to find excuses for violent partner behavior, as well as to deconstruct beliefs that lead them to feel responsible for their victimization.
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Two preregistered quasi-experiments disentangled the effects of selfish genes and selfish memes on participants’ self-reported willingness to help in hypothetical everyday-favor and life-or-death situations. Memes were operationalized as the perceived level of similarity in important attitudes and values between the person participating in the study and a selected target person, assessed and reported by the participant. In Study 1 (N = 761), altruism was highest for siblings, and then for cousins and nonkin; greater memetic similarity was also associated with greater altruism; and the interaction between the factors was not significant. In Study 2 (N = 841), conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, altruism was highest for siblings, but the same for cousins and nonkin; the effect of memetic similarity was replicated; and the interaction term remained insignificant. Both studies controlled for a range of demographic and social relationship characteristics, suggesting a potentially relevant role selfishness, meme selfishness can also bring about altruism: individuals would rather make a personal sacrifice to help memetically similar than dissimilar others because similar others have a higher chance of spreading the helper’s memes. of future contact probability and emotional closeness. We propose that, similarly to gene.
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This study used path analysis to evaluate the ability of the Theory of planned behaviour to predict professional help-seeking intentions in an adult community sample (N = 470, 51% female, age range: 18–64 years). The results showed that perceived behavioural control was the most significant antecedent of help-seeking intentions, positive attitudes increased the likelihood to seek professional help, however, their effect was small, while subjective norms were not relevant. Past help-seeking had a small direct effect on intentions, yet equally strong as the total indirect effect via attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Psychological distress affected intentions only indirectly. Difficulties with self-disclosure were the only barrier that had a partially mediated effect on intentions through perceived behavioural control. The findings are discussed with respect to the utility of the TPB model, as well as in the wider context of professional help-seeking and interventions to encourage the utilization of mental health services.
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This study explores differences between more and less competent peers in joint problem solving dialogues, related to opposite interaction outcomes of more competent students (progression/regression). Ten asymmetrical peer dyads were selected from 47 dyads participating in the previous study: five in which more competent (MC) student progressed the most, and five in which MC students regressed the most after a post-test. Ten dialogue characteristics were established in 50 conversations of these dyads. Cluster analysis revealed two dialogue types associated with different interaction outcomes of MC students. In the first one, MC students justified correct answers but behaved inconsistently with their higher competences. The second cluster characterizes domination-submissiveness pattern and MC students’ unwillingness to justify opinion. All regressing MC students participated in the first dialogue type and 56% of progressing MC students in the second. Qualitative analysis of the conversations typical for extracted clusters implies that although ready to provide arguments to their peers when they can, regressing MC students exhibit uncertainty, thereby losing from interaction. Progressing MC students seem to protect themselves against possible interaction disturbances by dominant attitude and withdrawal from communication.
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This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the relationship between intrateam learning behaviors and team performance in student project teams in terms of contribution conflict as an antecedent of the team shared mental model on team tasks. The data collected from a sample of 201 Romanian student teams show that only team shared mental model on team tasks totally mediates the relationship between intrateam learning behaviors and team performance. Moreover, contribution conflict and team shared mental model on team tasks taken together fully mediate the relationship between intrateam learning behaviors and team performance. We conclude our study by suggesting future research on the main topic of team learning and team effectiveness.
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The problem of suicide, one of the most honest human acts, is far from being fully solved, each individual suicide continuing to cause outrage and shock. Motivated by deep grief, the suicidal person voluntarily chooses to interrupt the natural course of their existence, thereby causing an irrevocable break with the contingent. The present article focuses on presenting and discussing theories regarding the determinants of self-suppression. Considering that the suicidal act is multilateral, with numerous valences, the factors that cause it cannot be exhaustively examined. Individuals end their lives for a variety of reasons, identified and presented by specialists, the suicidal behaviour requiring complex analysis.
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This work, inspired by the symbolic “centenary” of Polish psychology has been dedicated to the emergence and development of applied psychology. The main protagonist of applied psychology, and clinical psychology in particular, has been, in the author’s opinion, Lightner Witmer (1867–1956), an American psychologist promoting the clinical method of getting to know the patient through a direct contact of the psychologist with the maladjusted, including contact in their everyday environment. Witmer’s message, supported by the new ideas of the systems theory, environmental psychology and the spreading concepts of social psychology, can be all found in what is currently expected from psychologists. Applied psychology is not only a “bridge” between the theory of psychology and professional practice, but most of all, it remains a science directed towards practice, open to the contemporary challenges; a science that accepts the necessity to adjust the ethos of the profession and the new tasks of environmental work for the improvement of health and the quality of life.
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