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Filozoficzne aspekty widzialności

Author(s): Edyta Stawowczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2002

The development of new digital technologies has resulted in a cultural revolution unlike any other that has taken place so far. Digital interfaces make it possible to visualise hitherto unseen and unimaginable things and processes. The possibility of creating hitherto unseen and unimaginable images, of visualising events, of recording non-visual data and of the unlimited transformations connected with the binary form of recording data - all these make theorists of culture describe our times as the era of „drifting images" or "visionics". The proliferation of images makes us reflect on the technocultural conditions of seeing, and, in consequence, on the philosophical contexts of the new media images. All that contributes to the popularisation of the notion of visibility. Relying on Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology as well as on other philosophical conceptions (developed by Foucault, Virilio, Baudrillard and Bohm), the author seeks to describe the epistemological and ontological consequences of the media revolution.

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Po stopách kognitívnej estetiky vnímania

Author(s): Roman Mikuláš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2015

The article investigates the research on the formal realization of psychological representations of percepts in the literary environment. It attempts to reconstruct conceptualizations of perception and the possibility of their anchoring in related theories. With regard to this aspect, the author does not ponder upon the origin of the contents of perception as effects of biophysical processes. On the contrary, the focus lies within the functional aspect of perception and how it can be revealed on a linguistic level where complexity, variability and multi-layeredness represent the key impulses of art and literature. The origin or emergence of perceptual meanings is not analysed since it falls under the competence of cognitive psychology, which approaches the issue with the relevant logic and on the basis of existing experimental methodological instruments. This indeed is not a reason not to reflect its arguments and results in further deliberation, e.g. on aesthetic communication. Therefore, the author’s elaboration on literary representation/communication of perceptual meanings is grounded in the term perception as defined by the minimal consensus of the cognitive sciences, e.g. in works by Wolf Singer, Francisco Varela and Humberto R. Maturana or in other disciplines as in the case of Gerhard Roth, Siegfried J. Schmidt, Gebhard Rusch and others. Such consensus is at the same time explicitly present in constructivist and systems-theory-oriented literary studies. This epistemological-methodological paradigm of literary studies however is not the only one that provides the possibility to reflect perception. Phenomenology and hermeneutics introduce other basal literary theories which can provide another perspective on the phenomenon of sensual experience.

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МЕТАКОГНИЦИЈА: КОНЦЕПТУАЛНА И МЕТОДОЛОШКА РАЗМАТРАЊА

Author(s): Veljko R. Banđur,Biljana Bošnjak / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

This paper presents an overview of the most famous definition of metacognition, under which it generally involves cognition about cognition, but this definition provides only the basic identification of metacognition. As an illustration, a tabular framework of metacognition was shown which emphasizes its multidimensionality and includes a whole range of relevant components. The intention of the author was to draw attention to the importance of studying the phenomenon of metacognition, but also to the conceptual and methodological obstacles that stand in the way of improving knowledge in this area. It needs time and there are tasks for metacognitive paradigm to be conceived, realized, and finally to confirm its great explanatory potential.

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Indirektna percepcija i situirana kognicija

Author(s): Mustafa Šuvalija / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 08/2015

Since the theory of situated cognition is mostly positioned as a critique of the standard cognitive model, the critiques of the situationist thesis mostly deal with issues of contention between situationism and the standard model. A critical review of situationism can be expanded if attention is drawn to issues that are normally not the subject of these discussion, such as the issue of the nature of perception. Reinterpretation of the situatedness thesis in the light of the theory of indirect perception provides important insights that can form the basis for the modification of the basic tenets of situationism. The most important of these conclusions is that the indirect nature of perception, the fact that the observer is never directly aware of the observed object but only of the sense-data related to that object, undermines the possibility of situating the cognition in the external situation. Other than providing specific guidelines for the redefinition of situationism, these insights underline the importance of analyzing the role of perception in future research on situated cognition.

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Kognitivni trening kod starijih osoba: utječe li kognitivna vježba na neke osobine ličnosti i subjektivnu dobrobit?

Author(s): Jadrana Bekavac,Andrea Vranić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

Evaluations of cognitive training programs for the elderly usually show marked improvement in cognitive abilities after the training and maintenance effects in a longer period after the training. Some studies find transfer effects to non-trained cognitive tasks. The effect of cognitive training has rarely been tested on non-cognitive variables. This study tested a 10-week memory training based on the hypothesis of metacognitive changes moderating the process of cognitive aging to investigate its effect on dispositional variables (optimism/pessimism, locus of control) and subjective well- -being. Retirement homes residents, randomly assigned to treatment (N = 21) or active control (N = 20) group, participated in this study. Measurement of training-related gains – i.e. changes in non-cognitive measures compared to pretest – was conducted after the training (posttest) and at the 6-month follow-up. Results revealed significant changes in some dispositional variables (optimism, external locus of control) and subjective well-being at the posttest. Although somewhat moderated, a similar pattern of results was found at the follow-up. These results suggest that cognitive training programs, combining strategy learning and metacognitive activities, can improve the quality of life in the elderly, i.e. improvement in optimism, internal locus and subjective well-being, and decline in pessimism and external locus.

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Learning from Errors

Author(s): Lendita Kryeziu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

»Errare humanum est«, a well-known and widespread Latin proverb which states that: to err is human, and that people make mistakes all the time. However, what counts is that people must learn from mistakes. On these grounds Steve Jobs stated: “Sometimes when you innovate, you make mistakes. It is best to admit them quickly, and get on with improving your other innovations.” Similarly, in learning new language, learners make mistakes, thus it is important to accept them, learn from them, discover the reason why they make them, improve and move on. The significance of studying errors is described by Corder as: “There have always been two justifi-cations proposed for the study of learners' errors: the pedagogical justification, namely that a good understanding of the nature of error is necessary before a systematic means of eradicating them could be found, and the theoretical justification, which claims that a study of learners' errors is part of the systematic study of the learners' language which is itself necessary to an understanding of the process of second language acquisition” (Corder, 1982; 1). Thus the importance and the aim of this paper is analyzing errors in the process of second language acquisition and the way we teach-ers can benefit from mistakes to help students improve themselves while giving the proper feed-back.

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Coping Strategies in War Veterans 20 Years After the Exposure to Extreme Stress

Author(s): Dino Krupić,Martina Knežević,Sandra Šućurović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Many soldiers encounter difficulties while transitioning from military to civilian life. Such severe traumatic events may also have long-term effects. Previous studies have shown a strong relationship between coping strategies and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate how veterans who were exposed to war trauma 20 years ago now deal with everyday life stressors, and how their current coping strategies relate to the four-factor model of PTSD. A total of 220 male Croatian Homeland War Veterans between the ages of 38 and 75 participated. Questionnaires included Combat Exposure Scale, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist – Military Version and Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Results showed positive association between dysphoria and escape-avoidance coping strategy and negative association between dysphoria and positive reappraisal coping strategy. Given that dysphoria symptoms are associated with the chronicity of PTSD and poorer response to PTSD therapy treatment in war veterans, our results underscore the importance of treating dysphoria symptoms and promoting engagement coping strategies for this population.

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ТЕОРИЈЕ О ФИРМАМА КОЈЕ СТВАРАЈУ ЗНАЊЕ: ПСИХОЛОШКА ПЕРСПЕКТИВА

Author(s): Mirosava Đurišić-Bojanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2016

The main topic of the paper is identification of the psychological mechanisms which explain dynamic capabilities of the firm. In the paper, conceptualization of the construct of dynamic capabilities as a central concept of the firms which create knowledge, is analyzed and discussed. The purpose of analysis was: (1) to identify the critical contributions of the traditional aproaches to new concepts of the knowledge-based organizations and knowledge-creating firm, (2) to identify the psychological mechanisms of the dynamic capabilities of the organizations, (3) to identify deeper psychological structure which supports dynamic capabilities of the firm. By theoretical and empirical argumentation in the paper, hypothesis that organizational strategic and cognitive flexibility represent basic psychological mechanisms which connect individual and organizational knowledge, routine and inovations are elaborated. Some practical implications of the results of the presented analysis are discussed.

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Psychologia poznawcza w testach wiedzy - co można zrobić, aby zwiększyć prawdopodobieństwo celnego strzału?

Author(s): Anna Starkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

This study describes the cognitive laws which guide people in compiling questions in knowledge tests, and the factors which increase the probability of guessing the correct answer. An analysis of recorded TV quizzes and driving tests showed that: in "true or false" questions the correct answer is often "true" (p <0.001, N = 235). In "A or B" questions the correct answer is often A (p <0.01, N = 274). In questions of a choice of three numbers, the median value is most commonly correct (p <0.01, N = 106). These results are justified by the right of human as a cognitive miser, primacy effects and heuristic anchoring.

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Czym jest to, co zwiemy ucieleśnieniem?

Author(s): Tom Ziemke / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2-3/2015

Embodiment has become an important concept in many areas of cognitive science. There are, however, very different notions of exactly what embodiment is and what kind of body is required for what type of embodied cognition. Hence, while many nowadays would agree that humans are embodied cognizers, there is much less agreement on what kind of artifact could be considered embodied. This paper identifies and contrasts six different notions of embodiment which can roughly be characterized as (1) structural coupling between agent and environment, (2) historical embodiment as the result of a history of struct ural coupling, (3) physical embodiment, (4) organismoid embodiment, i.e. organism-like bodily form (e.g., humanoid robots), (5) organismic embodiment of autopoietic, living systems, and (6) social embodiment.

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Nihilistyczne próby demonizowania natury w twórczości Fiodora Dostojewskiego

Author(s): Eugeniusz Sadziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

The author of the article presents Fiodor Dostoyevski’s nihilistic vision of nature and the man’s place in it, with special emphasis placed on the writer’s attempts at demonizing nature. The paper is not meant to be a voice in the discussion concerning the notion of nihilism as such, neither does it discuss all aspects of nihilism in Dostoyevski’s writing. In their attempts at demonizing nature, the nihilist can go two ways. In the first case, the starting point is a mechanistic vision of nature and the acceptance of the absurdity of the situation of a conscious being in a world conceived this way; this causes a reaction of outrage and protest in the nihilist. This protest, in turn, generates a “funny” thought about the demonic character of nature. In the other case, the demonic character of nature is revealed to the nihilist in the act of direct observation; it awakens the feeling of aversion and an attitude of rejection. Such an image of nature is then subjected by the nihilist to rational processing, as a result of which it gains the value of validity and the allure of commonness and openness to the world. It shouldn’t be forgotten, however, that this image is not a product of the so-called natural cognitive powers of the nihilist but of the irrational layer of his personality. The author of the paper points at such attitudes in Dostoyevski’s characters and discusses consequences of adopting them.

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Lustro sumienia

Author(s): Zbigniew Nosowski,Andrzej Zoll / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Z Andrzejem Zollem rozmawia Zbigniew Nosowski

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Rachunek sumienia z prymatu sumienia

Author(s): Alfred Marek Wierzbicki,Zbigniew Nosowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 667/2017

Z ks. Alfredem Markiem Wierzbickim rozmawia Zbigniew Nosowski

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INSTITUTIONAL REPERTOIRES. A METHODOLOGICAL REASSESSMENT OF INTERVIEWS IN THE STUDY OF PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSES

Author(s): Cosmin Toth / Language(s): English Issue: 54/2016

The article puts forward a reassessment of the methodology employed in the interpretation of discourses elicited through the sociological interview technique, starting by examining the often taken for granted causal relationship between meaning and action. I start from discursive psychology theory and from some of the neo-institutionalism theories, arguing that there is no necessary link between people’s actions and a mental universe defined as stable and coherent. Interviews are often analysed in order to reconstruct coherent mental universes from the responses of the participants. As an alternative methodological stance, I formulate the hypothesis that interview statements might be seen as activated repertoires previously acquired in various interactional arenas in which the individual takes part. These discourses provide justifications and explanations, which, through reiteration, become consolidated as institutional discursive repertoires. I support this hypothesis with empirical evidence from a research based on double round interviews with twelve school counsellors from Bucharest. The first round focused on the professional theories of school counsellors, while the second one was centred on the ways in which they have dealt with difficult cases. The comparative analysis of discourses from the first and second rounds reveals a loose coupling between the theories and the actual actions of counsellors. I argue that the observed loose coupling is the result of employing different institutional repertoires in order to respond to the discursive challenges posed by the interviewer.

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BIASED RATIONALITY AND THE SYSTEMATIC THINKING ERRORS

Author(s): Lucia Ovidia Vreja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The problem of rationality as a faculty every human being should possess and the apparent irrationality of individuals manifested in numerous cognitive biases have been subjects of concern for specialists in different fields of study, such as philosophy, psychology, cognitive science, economic science, etc. Various authors have tried to offer different definitions of rationality and understand all the biases or judgement errors the human mind is systematically prone to. Individuals are equipped with a biased rationality, which does not mean or imply that they are unwise or injudicious. On the contrary, this biased rationality helps human beings make rapid, effortless, automatic, usually correct and beneficial decisions in vital situations, when they are confronted with a series of internal and external constraints. Although this biased rationality may not pass the test of logic, it seems to be good enough for humans' evolutionary goals.

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Įvietinta Sėkmė Ir Galia: Rytų Sibiro Autochtonų Or Očėnų-Even Kų Posovietinio Kraštovaizdžio Patirtys

Author(s): Donatas Brandišauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 73/2012

This article is a continuation of previous publication elaborating on Orochen-Evenki notions of luck and power and showing the indigenous interactions with other humans and non-humans and taiga places. By ethnographic and comparative analysis, this article aims to investigate how reindeer herders and hunters of East Siberia percieve landscape in a post-Soviet environment. A previous article showed that ambivalent power interactions can be analyzed through indigenous knowledge, skills, empathy and various subsistence strategies. This article mainly analyzes how power and luck can be seen as an emplaced relation. It argues that this aspect is underepresented in worldwide ethnographic studies of landscape.

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METACOGNITIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Ioana Boghian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

When it comes to learning foreign languages, one can never say that he or she has reached perfection in learning it. Learning a foreign language is ever to be further improved, given the complexity of linguistic structures as well as the fact that languages evolve in time. The aim of our paper is to provide several examples of metacognitive learning strategies for teaching English as a foreign language and highlight the impact of their use upon the students’ ability to self-regulate learning, their achievement of learner autonomy, as well as their overall learning potential and learning motivation.

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The false dichotomy between causal realization and semantic computation

Author(s): Marcin Miłkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2017

In this paper, I show how semantic factors constrain the understanding of the computational phenomena to be explained so that they help build better mechanistic models. In particular, understanding what cognitive systems may refer to is important in building better models of cognitive processes. For that purpose, a recent study of some phenomena in rats that are capable of ‘entertaining’ future paths (Pfeiffer and Foster 2013) is analyzed. The case shows that the mechanistic account of physical computation may be complemented with semantic considerations, and in many cases, it actually should.

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Counterfactual Reasoning and Conceptual Blending in Political Discourse

Author(s): Jelena B. Babić-Antić,Dragana M. Spasić / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Conceptual integration and blending are deeply embedded within the human cognition. They are a part of everyday life common for infants and adults alike. Without these fundamental cognitive operations there would be no advancement in any of the aspects of human progress. One small part, a product of these mental operations is “counterfactual reasoning”. This ability of human beings to “undo” reality is remarkable and pervasive in every aspect of life. The ability to operate with the unreal by producing counterfactuals has been a subject of many research projects. Our goal in this paper is to examine the frequency of their appearance in the political discourse, as well as to establish what exactly their purpose is, once they are present in the political discourse.

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YÜRÜTÜCÜ İŞLEVLER ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Author(s): Ganime CAN GÜR,Fatma ÖZGÜN ÖZTÜRK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 63/2024

Introduction: Executive functions involve cognitive control processes such as organizing, regulating, and planning behaviors. Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct the validity and reliability study of the executive functions scale developed to evaluate executive functions. Method: Research data were collected using Google Forms via social media websites (Facebook and Instagram) and WhatsApp through a simple random sampling method. The sample group consisted of 338 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. A pilot study was conducted with a sample group of 50 people, and this data was not included in the main sample group. The study applied three stages: item pool development, content and face validity, and psychometric evaluation. The scale items were developed based on a comprehensive literature review and a content validity evaluation by six experts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to examine the factor structure of the scale. The scale was also evaluated for split-half reliability, composite reliability, and convergent validity. Results: The content validity index of the scale was found to be 0.93. The final version of the scale consists of 19 items, with two sub-dimensions. According to the CFA results, the model-data fit was found to be at a good level (χ2= 258.95, df=148, p=0.000, χ2/df=1.74, RMSEA: 0.04, RMR: 0.03, SRMR: 0.03, CFI: 0.99, NNFI: 0.99, NFI: 0.98, GFI: 0.93, AGFI: 0.90, IFI: 0.99, and RFI: 0.97). The Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficients were found to be 0.90 for “Factor 1,” 0.84 for “Factor 2,” and 0.93 for the entire scale. Correlation coefficients between the item scores of the subscales ranged from 0.35 to 0.80 for "Factor 1" and from 0.54 to 0.66 for "Factor 2." Conclusion: The Executive Functions Scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool that can be used to assess executive functions in adults.

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