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This article aims to present in summary form the problem of the specific features and expressions of fear in childhood. The object of this article are the psychological characteristics of fear, its manifestations – what causes and what prevents the fear, fear mechanisms and opportunities to overcome it.
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The acticle traces the aspects of structure and proceedings of the residential social service Family centre for children and youth and analyzes basic strategy documents relevant to its methodological justification. The current discourse presents systematical categorization of the basic theory concepts and parallels to the currently exsisting social and pedagogical institutions for children that are about to be gradually terminated and deinstitutionalized and the author presents her position concerning the completed changes within the Child protection system. The emphasis is set concerning the individual care aspects that is implemented within the new social service Family centre for children and youth.
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Psychological features of vocational training of social workers are analyzed. The presented psychology and pedagogical model of development of professionalism of the social worker in the conditions of modern higher education institution allows to analyses more deeply and comprehensively this phenomenon and to present a peculiar standard of model that will help to solve numerous personal and professional problems of the social worker, including a choice of strategy of self-realization in professional activity. Model as logical construct, opening professionalism development, gives an idea of structure, the contents, the purpose, means, result of this process; about the functions displaying professionalism of the social worker; clears up and predicts future condition of professionalism of the expert.
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Childhood aggression is an important focus for educatures and parents owing to its relative stability over time and consistent link to a variety of negative outcomes later in adolescence including delinquency,substance use, conduct problems,poor adjustment and academic diffiuculties. In addition verbaland physical aggression often are the first signs,as well as later desining symptoms,of several childhood phychiartie disorders. By adolescence, this developmental course results in a hightened risk of substance use, delinqnent acts, and school failure.
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The ongoing process of globalization has entailed growth of inequalities and injustice worldwide. Neoliberalism cannot be an adequate strategy in this process. As a development strategy it is unable to ensure normal functioning of a social system and just relationships between people. The neoliberal values claim to be an universal therapy for all economic and social diseases. But they are utopia that were scattered because of the mismatch between the social interests of the elites and the underprivileged people around the world. The outliving of the nation states, the free media, the neoliberal economic slogans and the global democracy are utopian projects that collapsed in the world today. Formulation and acceptance of new social values on the basis of communitarianism is a road leading to the finding of a way out of permanent crises and regional conflicts, to boosting up economic and social development.
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The author is an expert in the problems of criminal rehabilitation. In the paper are considered some philosophical, psychological, ethical and legal dimensions of the integration of former criminals.
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People, in their everyday activities, are faced with multiple choices, decision making and problem solving when aiming at more effective adaptation, goal setting and goal attainment as well as efficient psychic energy expenditure and social integration. The present study aims at the elucidation of the cognitive processes that participate in decision making. It comments on fundamental conceptions in relation to the phenomenon, the stages in the process of decision making, the structure of the problems and the most common decision making mistakes.
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Art arises and there is a basis of spiritual culture, which imposes rules for the creation and development of values. It reflects the relationship between artist and reality, and involves a spiritual communication, allows for self-expression. Important for art is always public. In the context of today’s modern and active functioning of the country, it becomes a consumer. Cultural industries underpins the consumer society in which we live. The only possible way to tackle these problems is the intellectual rebellion. Whoever finds its essence in the process of creativity. Who can deal with the mediocrity and the devaluation of values through the freedom of personal choice in the search for truth.
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The model presents an experimental research project to study the influence of blind chess on cognitive functions - memory, thinking and spatial imagination of sighted and blind persons in middle school age on some aspects of personality (esteem and social resonance).
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The current report makes an attempt at examining the interrelationship between the personal dispositions and the factors predisposing to Internet addiction. The empirical verification of the theoretical concepts forms a structural model of Internet-Addiction among male university students with excellent statistical validity. Internet addicted students have proved to have comparatively higher psychoticism and negative social resonance.
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Teza. Celem artykułu jest zebranie i omówienie wiedzy z zakresu psychologii osobowości w sporcie oraz propozycja nowego wykorzystania dotychczasowych osiągnięć nauki w praktycznym treningu sportowym. Autor powołuje się na badania z zakresu osobowości, nawiązując szczególnie do teorii cech osobowości, postulując, że pomiędzy osobami, które uprawiają sport amatorsko i profesjonalnie, istnieją większe niż przeciętne, różnice indywidualne w natężeniu cech osobowości.Omówione koncepcje. Autor odwołał się do modeli osobowości PEN Eysencka, NEOAC Costy i McCrae, 16FP Cattella, koncepcji biologicznej Greya oraz do artykułów opisujących badania relacji osobowości z predyspozycjami i osiągnięciami sportowymi. Przedstawiono argumenty przemawiające za znaczeniem natężenia cech osobowości, takich jak neurotyczność czy ekstrawersja, w doborze metod treningowych (dobór rodzaju bodźców wzmacniających lub ćwiczeń).Wnioski. Współczesna literatura z zakresu psychologii sportu czerpie niewystarczająco z wiedzy z pozostałych gałęzi tej nauki, takich jak psychologia osobowości. Brakuje badań, które pozwoliłby skontrolować wpływ cech osobowości na sposób uprawiania sportu, szczególnie przez sportowców amatorskich.Ze względu na specyficzną konfigurację cech osobowości ludzie w specyficzny sposób reagują na bodźce: neurotycy silnie reagują na zagrożenie karą i ich zachowanie skupia się na unikaniu jej, podczas gdy ekstrawertycy kierują się potrzebą osiągnięć i nagród. Neurotycy charakteryzują się podwyższonym poziom lęku oraz mniejsza tolerancją bólu. Autor postuluje wykorzystanie tej wiedzy w praktyce trenerów sportu.
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We argue the ontological character of information, along with energy and substance, as well as the structural-phenomenological unity at all scales and levels of reality. We use an interdisciplinary, inductive-deductive methodology, within the broad framework of the naturalistic conception. We start from the current reality, which is the impact of information technology, information networks, virtual reality and artificial intelligence, insisting on the role of information in the gnosiological approach. The preponderance of the logical reductionist positivism in the scientific research and the exaggerated focus on the particle and high energy-physics, made possible that the problem of information be almost completely eluded. Even Shannon and Weaver’s information theory considers information only from a quantitative viewpoint, and only through its relation to entropy and the second law of Thermodynamics. The development in the nonlinear dynamics field of chaos theory, fractal geometry and topology, and especially the spectacular development of information technology in the last two decades, needs a systematic analysis, including the defining of information and its importance in the structuring of reality along with energy and substance. From this perspective, all our concepts, starting from physical reality to psychological imaginary reality, can be coherently understood through the same paradigms, irrespective of whether we are talking about the conservation law, the Euclidean dimension, fractal or topological dimension or the multidimensional processing mechanism through syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and hermeneutic processing of the human and artificial language and knowledge in general. This informational paradigm assumes the existence of a functional, phenomenological, potential background represented by information and which can be mathematically modeled through topology. The semantic emergent logic (semantic emergent topology when applied to the reality structuring) can help to elucidate the old mind-brain dualism, with solving other paradoxes, particularly the theory of emergence.
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Cerebral lateralization is associated with differences in brain organization and handedness is seen as its main marker. In order to verify the hypothesis that differences in brain organization tend to be associated with different patterns of interests and abilities, 379 normal left-handed subjects (221 women, aged 18 – 72 years) and 366 normal right-handed subjects (256 women, aged 18 – 72 years) were interviewed about their interests and special abilities. The following interests and special abilities were studied: singing, playing an instrument, dancing, painting, acting, foreign language skills, sports skills, and writing poetry. The results in the left-handers group showed that there is a significantly higher percentage of subjects with a pronounced interest in playing an instrument. In the group of right-handers, the study demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of subjects specifically interested in learning foreign languages. With respect to the abilities, a significantly higher incidence of participants with vocal, instrumental, sports, and foreign language skills was found in the left-handers’ group. Differences in functional cerebral organization between left- and right-handers were suggested as possible explanation for the relationship of handedness with special abilities.
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Review of: Roksana Zdunek - Magdalena Hodalska. Trauma dziennikarzy. Dziennikarstwo traumy. Kraków: Instytut Dziennikarstwa, Mediów i Komunikacji Społecznej Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego 2017.
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A novelty of this research is the study of early childhood abuse. The fight to eliminate physical abuse in the school environment must start from the first level of placing the child in this environment, respectively from the young school age. The important scientific problem solved lies in the change of the attitude of the parents and teachers towards the physically abused child, but also in the establishment of the psychotherapeutic methods of working with them. The causes of physical abuse are numerous because abuse is a complex phenomenon, and the literature mainly reveals the abnormal behaviors of parents, poor parent-child relationships and problematic families. Very often we meet children who belong to disorganized families and / or with a disadvantaged socio-economic level. Any attack on the child's health, physical abuse, regardless of its form, affects all areas of psychological functioning of the child (intellectual, emotional, volitional, interpersonal), not only causes physical damage, but also negatively affects the child's overall development, his relationships with other people, school performance.
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The article focuses on an envisaged crisis of humanity in one hundred years’ time, as it is presented in the novel 2121 (2013) by English neuroscientist and writer Susan Greenfield. Greenfield transfers her scientific expertise and pours into the mould of a dystopian view of the future her knowledge of the way in which technology has already, and will, potentially, change people’s brains and the entire course of mankind. The novel, having received mixed reviews, is a “translation”, a transfer or a carrying forward into (the world and language of) fiction of her studies and convictions from her scientific research. The article explores the depicted crisis caused mainly by the excessive and irrational use of technology, with its consequences at individual and collective levels and various types of associated loss and impairment connected to the imagined crisis: loss of measure, loss of control, loss of emotion, loss of the ability to interconnect, loss of environmental equilibrium and connection with nature, loss of purpose, loss of the ability to form mental processes and, subsequently, loss of a sense of identity.
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The second article focuses on dialectical logic, biological and spiritual determination, freedom of choice, consciousness and Self-consciousness, as well as on non-evolutionary development. A correlation analysis was carried out, on the one hand: between organic structures, neurophysiology, events of the bodily organism and, on the other hand, mental processes, states and formations, especially free will or creativity, as well as cognitive functions, consciousness and self-conscious Mind. Here consciousness can be a determinant, and information is a mediator between Mind and body.
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This article is focused on the differences between shame and guilt examined through a psychological perspective. The purpose of this analysis developed here is to attain conceptual clarity about what is distinctive about shame and guilt. We claim that shame is erroneously included in the category of “moral emotions” and that, paradoxically, there is nothing moral in it. To this end, we emphasize that shame is produced by the failure to achieve a certain minimum, which is social in its nature. It is therefore connected with low demands on one’s self and low self-esteem. Guilt, on the other hand, is based on the failure to achieve a subjective maximum and an ideal, so it tends to be observed in personalities that exhibit high demands upon themselves and a high self-esteem.
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The central idea of the present text is to show that in the formation of the students of tomorrow's world, a fundamental role belongs to the idea of curiosity. Scientific knowledge has recently become, thanks to technological development and the increasingly computerized era, a way of life in which the skills to understand and handle the applications and software increasingly present in everyday life have become inherent requirements of a life quality. Therefore, there is a need for education based on scientific knowledge to be much more present in the school curriculum of the students who will form tomorrow's society. Perhaps one of the most effective means by which students benefit from a science education is the systematic stimulation of native curiosity. We show some ethological and neurological foundations of curiosity that we consider sufficient for a reformulation of standard pedagogy.
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A complex phenomenon, the suicidal instinct is a challenging issue to discuss overtly. From a psychiatric perspective, in order to experience suicidal thoughts, one must also have underlying mental health conditions, a family history of suicide, suffer substance abuse, or encounter stressful life events resulting in trauma. As Shelly Kagan asserts in his book ”Death”, the act of contemplating suicide is, in general, considered evidence of being psychotic. Despite its devastating consequences, suicide ideation is particularly thought-provoking when observed through a philosophical lens. For this reason, Kagan takes this subject matter a step further and discusses if, when, and under which circumstances suicide could be an appropriate and justified thing to do. It is through literature that one may live multiple lives if one is not satisfied with one's own life. The only tools which are required are a narrative pattern, imagination, and reading skills. Imagine being a writer. You need not live vicariously through others. You can create your own story and dive right into it. You may shape whatever life you crave, thus waving goodbye to any suicidal feelings. As a writer, you would possess the ultimate weapon to do just that. But imagined life will never surpass actual life. Suicidal thoughts may haunt a writer's mind as well, and, as a matter of fact, they sometimes prevail. Therefore, my study explores the way in which particular word patterns, narrative structures and so on can expose the suicidal instinct which lingers in the writer's mind. Ultimately, my study aims to reveal the manner in which literature sheds light on its creator’s inner nature.
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