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The author identifies the main stages in the formation of behaviorist approach, and now dominates research among foreign political motivation, especially electoral. Analysis of Freud's achievements, D. Watson, K.-H. Jung, R. Lane, G. Lassaulla, O. Chizhevsky, J. Habermas and others. researchers.
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In the article are examined the modes of human existence: pessimism and optimism; are specified their qualities and dynamics in modern society. The above categories reflect destructive and constructive ways of perception of the world, outlooks and indicate not only constructive mood of a person but also his/her inveterate stand in life which is formed according to the personal choice: to live and realize one's mental forces and resources to the limit or to be an opponent to the world in despair and live in an exploitative manner. This problem is examined in terms of Erich Fromm's psychoanalytical theory and the attention is paid to the priority and possibility of optimism by example of the life experience of the philosopher.
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The following will attempt to stage such an encounter through the mediation of narratology. It examines the ‘case study’, a genre which is both a (hi)story and a type of (inter)disciplinary (auto)biography, in which the analyst engages in critical self-reflection while being involved in a broader consideration of the epistemology of human life and behavior. Freud’s study of ‘Dora’ in ‘Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria’ (1905) is considered alongside a study of ‘Thelma’ in ‘Love’s Executioner’ (1989), one of a collection of ten ‘true stories’ by Irvin D. Yalom (b.1931), each of which is intended as an exemplary representation of the theory and practice of an offshoot of psychoanalysis, existential psychotherapy. A narratological analysis is used to demonstrate how, in the process of conceptualizing their objects,objectives, and methodologies, the case studies undermine the reliability and applicability of the same through their own self-reflexiveness, which, ultimately,exposes the instability of the boundaries which demarcate science from science fiction.
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In the Dokuzuncu Hariciye Koğuşu novel by Peyami Safa, the individual analyzes the soul in various ways. In novel, attention is paid to the effects of the events on the individual and they are brought down to the depths of the human soul and the subconscious desires are tried to be brought out to the minds. An analytical novelist Peyami Safa, looks at the event and the material with a psychological care. The consciousness of the characters are formed by the unconscious. In doing so, he uses the contemporary accounts of the psychoanalysis. Especially the free association that Sigmund Freud finds has an important place in the novel. It is quite striking that at a time when the Turkish novel is about political and social affairs, Peyami Safa succeeds in a way that reflects a person’s inner world. Peyami Safa in this novel reflects the character’s inner world in various associations with the reader. The most important of these associations are the books. The literary narratives are the arrows of the doors of different worlds of meaning. The reader, actively participates in this reading act. The text leads to a new formation, with every reading and interpretation of the act. In this context, the reader is, as Akşit Göktürk points out, the partner of every summer work. This study aimed at examining with the contemporary methods of psychoanalysis that the literary work contained the world of multi-layered meanings, the issue held in the frontline became "work".
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In this study, we aim to introduce the work and criticism domains of Frankfurt School and make a criticism of modernism within the general scope of the School. In the study are there the birth of Frankfurt School, the thinkers and general critical approaches. These include criticism of enlightenment, corruption of the mind, positivism, mass industry, capitalism and totalitarianism. The starting point of all criticism is the approaches of the members of the School. Although the study mainly focuses upon criticism of modernism by Frankfurt School, the ideas of Adorno and Horkheimer, the leading figures of the School, are discussed and outlined extensively.
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The aim of the present study was to further clarify the basic mechanism through which maladaptive perfectionism leads to depression, using the rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) framework. Previous studies have shown that depression is not associated with high personal standards, but rather with the tendency to evaluate one’s self-worth based on the attainment of these standards, i.e. conditional self-acceptance. The goal of this study was to investigate for the first time the mediating role of frustration intolerance beliefs in this relationship, beyond and above the contribution of unconditional self-acceptance (USA) beliefs. The sample consisted of 321 undergraduate students. Consistent with REBT theory, the structural equation modeling showed that both frustration intolerance and USA mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and dysphoria, with frustration intolerance beliefs being the stronger mediator. There was no evidence that maladaptive perfectionism influenced dysphoria independently of its effect on frustration intolerance and USA.
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Some authors state that one of the functions of explicit homophobia is defensive, and that it has roots in latent attraction towards same sex. Large body of evidence suggests that implicit techniques enable assessment of those cognitions hidden from conscious awareness. Sample of 277 heterosexuals completed several implicit (Implicit Association Test-IAT and Affective Priming-AP) and explicit measures of attitude (Test of homophobia and Connotative differential). Multi-group SEM analysis was done to investigate cross-sample stability of the model postulating influence of IAT and AP factors on latent explicit factor. Analyses suggest that both in males and females IAT latent factor predicts negative explicit attitude. Results revealed that explicit homophobia is related to implicit, negative attitude toward homosexuals and not to implicit attraction towards same sex.
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Psychoanalysts have suggested that a mentalization process is required for the transformation of drives and affects into mental representations of self and others. Meanwhile, neuroscientists suggest that episodic memory, through autonoetic consciousness, is crucially involved in the elaboration of the Self and subjective experience. This research empirically investigates the relationship between the quality of mentalization and the efficacy of autobiographical recall, and considers childhood trauma and psychopathology as possible related factors. Thirty participants presenting with either high or low mentalization profiles according to the Mental States Rating Systems (MSRS) were submitted to the TEMPau, a semi-structured interview designed to assess the quality of autobiographical recall from several criteria (episodicity, self-perspective and consciousness). Childhood trauma was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The Symptom Checklist (SCL– 90-R) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II) were used to assess global symptomatology and Axis-II disorders respectively. As expected, levels of mentalization are related to higher levels of childhood abuse (emotional, physical and sexual) and symptomatology (SCL–90-R Global Severity Index). However, contrary to our expectation, better autobiographical memory is associated with poor mentalization profiles, although spontaneity of recall is less efficient in those subjects. No significant relation was found between Axis-II disorders and traits, and other clinical variables.
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The aim of the study was to examine whether mentalization serves as a protective factor against aggressive behavior in adolescence in the context of early traumatization. We present data from a non-clinical sample of adolescents from Germany (n=97) and calculate a mediation model to test the link between early traumatic experiences and aggressive behavior with mentalizing skills as a mediator. Mentalization was assessed with the Reflective Functioning Scale on the Adult-Attachment-Interview and aggressive behavior was measured with the Reactive-Proactive-Aggression-Questionnaire. Traumatic experience was operationalized as physical and/or sexual abuse as reported in the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire. Results show a complete mediation for Reflective Functioning on the relationship between early abuse and aggressive behavior. Thus, the findings of the study support an understanding of mentalizing as a protective factor for the relationship between early abusive experience and the development of aggressive behavior. Clinical implications are discussed.
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The introduction of the concept of mentalizing into psychoanalytic discourse has provided researchers with an important tool for beginning to understand the mechanisms mediating the relationships between childhood experiences and later psychological functioning. Researchers have made strong statements regarding the strength of this mediational relationship in their movement toward the building of novel and efficacious intervention approaches. The goal of this systematic review was to critically examine the empirical evidence for these statements. Five unique studies were identified that assessed the relationships between the variables of attachment and/or childhood adversity, mentalizing and adult functioning. Some preliminary evidence for the role of mentalizing as an important mediator variable was identified. However, researchers were cautioned to continue to engage in further empirical study to ensure that theoretical explorations do not overstate or move too far beyond the empirical research findings.
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The goal of this study was to explore personality-related determinants of recidivism, with recidivism being defined as a) the number of lawful sentences a person had (criminal-legal recidivism), and b) the number of prison sentences pronounced (penal recidivism). The study was carried out in two independent samples: a) convicts from the Correctional Institution of Belgrade – Penitentiary of Padinska Skela (N=113), and b) convicts from the Special Prison Hospital in Belgrade (N =112). The variables of the Five-Factor Model of Personality (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) were measured, together with two additional basic personality traits: Disintegration (a broad dimension of psychosis-proneness), and Amorality (three factors representing a disposition to amoral forms of behavior). In addition, psychopathy (Manipulative and Antisocial tendencies) – a psychological entity expected to most successfully predict criminal recidivism – was measured as well. The efficiency of prediction of the two criteria of recidivism was assessed separately in each of those two samples. The results revealed differences in the orchestration of predictors depending on the kind of recidivism as the criterion and the severity of offense. The most important predictors of both forms of recidivism in the sample of convicts with lower intensity of criminal behavior were psychopathic traits. However, in the sample of convicts with higher intensity and variety of criminal behavior, the most important predictors of the number of sentences were Antisociality and Amorality Induced by Frustration, while the most important predictors of the number of prison sanctions were Amorality Induced by Brutality and Disintegration.
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Through the concept of the “desire of the Other” we will try to explore \how parenting processes reveals in the case of a woman who becomes a mother. To understand the Other’s desire as a concept must first analyze the function of the Other in Freudian an Lacanian more generally in psychoanalytic terms Start from the paradigm, that one of the functions of the Other is imaginary representations that the subject have as reference. The Other interfere on the subject or, the other is viewed as a place where the subject speaks and addresses his complaint. After all, without the Other has no meanings. Concrete case to be presented will focus on the case study of a woman interviewed before and after pregnancy. The desire of the mother to have a baby boy goes so far as the mother denies the achievements of science by questioning the results of “gynecology echography». The mother has been told after having gynecology echography that her baby is a boy. Faced with dilemmas created by the Desire of the Other to have a boy and her position as mother she chooses to deny the truth offered by the technology and in place of it she choose to use another system that can give her hope to have a baby according to Other Desire – a boy and to give to her baby birth The question of this study is that we have a fundamental change in social discourse regarding how the woman construct and expresses her willingness/ desire and creates parenting confronting and living within the context of plurality of ideologies and system of values. Giving a birth to female child which does not consist with what is desired by the Other, brings confusion and denial to the mother. As the wife of man, the mother, refuses to accept child sexuality during pregnancy and wants to sacrifice herself to achieve the desire. As a mother, she lives in ambiguity, she wants to have this child with no condition on sexuality of the baby, but /and she likes to fulfill the Desire of the Other at the same time.
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Contemporary, there is a constant need of having therapeutic knowledge among pedagogues and other specialists who support the development of adults, children and adolescents. This process is accompanied by the increase of awareness of different phenomena in the therapies and popularisation of psychoanalytic terms in the pedagogic praxis and social filed. The article presents the way of the resistance understanding in the process of psychodynamic psychotherapy of adults, children and adolescents and possibility of working over resistance – from the resistance source to the application of therapeutic techniques and control analysis usage.
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The Authoritarian Personality is one of the most influential studies in social psychology, yet it has been subjected to different, often contradictory interpretations. This paper argues that the most important element of the authoritarian personality theory is the analysis of the psychological functionality of prejudice. Using psychoanalytic conceptual tools, the authors described the psychological logic behind apparently contradictory prejudices, and the function of prejudice in personal psychological ‘economy’. In this way, Adorno et al. ‘psychoanalyzed’ both prejudice and the prejudiced. The first part of the paper presents the original research, with the particular focus on the less familiar aspects. The second part reviews the reactions to the Authoritarian Personality, and analyzes some of the better known criticisms and objections. The paper ends with the review of recent research trends inspired by Adorno et al.’s theory.
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The Turkish critical class studies have sought to understand class identity and consciousness by merely focusing on structure or agency. Although evidences of those studies focusing on workplace and labour process are important in explaining class consciousness and identity, they have simply ignored psycho-social processes in the debates of class formation. As a preliminary conceptual work, this paper suggests a psychoanalytically-inflected psychosocial approach, in understanding and explaining the processes of habitus formation and crises of differing social classes. Certain cultural practices required by a class position ensue from the acquisition of dispositions that make possible very those practices and that may function to be a capital as to the field in which to be performed. The acquisition of disposition is both a psychic and social process. Without clinical psychoanalytical concepts such as affective investment, identification, projection, defence mechanism, the formation of dispositions belonging to definite classes cannot be well understood: The analysis of class would be inadequate. The British psychosocial class literature on the formation/crisis of class habitus tends to be quite seminal for the Turkish social class studies.
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The aim of this study is to develop a measurement tool to elicit adult perceptions of the impacts and consequences of military coups, their knowledge on the causes of interventions, and attitudes towards military coups in general. This measurement tool called Military Coup Perception, Knowledge and Attitude Scale consists of three basic parts. In the first part, there are 27 items under the heading 'Expressions on the effects and consequences of military coups', 32 items under the heading 'Knowledge on the causes of military coups' in the second part and 23 items under the heading 'General attitudes towards military coups' it consists. The measurement tool is prepared with Likert scale of 5 (5-Totally agree, 4- Agree, 3- Neither agree nor disagree, 2-Disagree, 1-Completely Disagree). An internal consistency coefficient analysis was carried out to determine the reliability of the current study. It was found that Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for effects and consequences is .664; for knowledge of reasons is .893; and for general attitudes is .860. As a result, it was observed that psychometric features of our scale is within acceptable limits.
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A review is given from the beginning of psychoanalysis till our days. The main research projects till 1991. that had been conducted according to model of ‘unified science’ are reported. The major research contributions and shortcomings are given and Pfeffer methodology developed exclusively for psychoanalysis is specifically discussed. Further, two contemporary researches are reported that correct the shortcomings of earlier researches due to the use of model of ‘pluralism of science’ and some new methodological innovations (for example, ‘unfolded panel’ design). In addition, the main results of two contemporary researches are given.
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The article examines confidentiality principle from different perspectives: as the factor which plays a very important part in developing a productive therapist-client relationship, ethical and, in many countries, legal issue. Ways to maintain confidentiality in therapy are stated, as well as situations in which it is inevitably limited. Three dilemmas concerning confidentiality are explained and discussed. The first is when one should speak and when one should be silent and what we should do when we are in two minds. The second is whether the client should be informed about confidentiality limitations at the very beginning, or when the need arises during the treatment. The third is whether confidentiality limitation (when a client poses a threat to himself or to the society) should be legally regulated, as it is being done in many western countries.
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The first part of this paper reviews different notions of personality boundaries in dynamic psychology. Although the explicit treatment of this topic was scarce, three different approaches may be discerned. Paul Federn's introduction of the concept, the notion of boundaries in object relation theories, and various contemporary notions subsumed under the heading “relational theories.” In the second part, the author reviews both experimental and clinical research and theory regarding the emergence of personality boundaries during the first eight weeks of development. Special attention is paid to the importance of developmentally most primitive mental representations of skin experiences for this process.
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Causal attributions are affirmed as a cognitive element able to explain emotional and motivational aspects of behaviour of some categories of adult psychiatric patients, primarily depressive ones. Theoretical and practical success of cognitive ideas in explaining the origination of depressive disorders, and in the monitoring of depressive patient treatment has led to further development of theory, but also to the attempt to apply the learning about causal attributions to various problems. Characteristic attempts are those that the problems of child abuse, children’s depression, upbringing problems, school failure, hyperactivity, enuresis, and long-term effects of different child treatment, too, are analyzed from the point of view of causal attributions. By assessing parent causal attributions regarding child night urination, we wanted to establish to what extent specific attributions for child behaviour differentiate the parents of children having this problem from those parents whose children have established control. Parents were assessed in terms of four dimensions of causal attributions for child’s problem. Those are the dimensions of globality, counter-lability, internality, and the stability of the cause of child’s problem. The analysis of parent causal attributions show that mothers and fathers in both assessed groups similarly experience the cause of enuretic problems of their children. Enuresis is seen as caused by specific, internal, and instable causes. Such a system of dimensions could correspond to the belief that the main etiological factor of the enuresis is maturing. For more reliable verification of this attitude, longitudinal strategy in research is necessary, especially to comprehend whether parental attributions have been developed as an effect of persistent enuresis, or whether the enuresis is developed as an effect of parental attributions.
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