Stan badań nad kobietami w miastach późnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich

Author(s): Piotr Łozowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article contains a review of Polish scientific literature concerning the history of women in the towns in Polish lands in the late Middle Ages. The article fulfils two main objectives: to present the state of development and directions of the analyses, and to outline new research possibilities, especially the ones offered by urban judicial records. The present scientific output of Polish medievalists proves that they are not too much interested in the role of women in the urban communities. In addition to just a few articles that deal with that problem seriously (briefly presenting many spheres of how women functioned in towns), there is a group of studies that treat the subject in a more sophisticated way. At present, the question best analysed is the legal situation of female inhabitants of towns and the problems taking place in the marital relations; the two things are closely related. The question of the professional life of women in the form of their participation in the guilds and retail trade has also been touched on. A lot of space has been devoted to the religious life of townswomen expressed in numerous pilgrimages and donations to ecclesiastical institutions. Undoubtedly, the least investigated sphere is the economic activities of women such as their participation in the credit market, the real estate turnover and commerce.The basic statistical analyses of the material that has been available in the judicial books of Warsaw, Cracow and Wąwolnica has proved their enormous research value. The urban sources (depending on the size of the town in question) offer to researchers hundreds or even thousands of mentions and records that are testimony of women’s participation in various spheres of urban life. Therefore, it is becoming possible to get an insight not only into the women’s activities in credit and real estate markets, but also into the meanders of their family life (inheritance and the like), lawsuits concerning unpaid debts and links with the criminal world. Regrettably, the urban books are still rarely explored and in most cases the quantitative methods are not used.

Opieka nad nieletnimi w rodzinach szlacheckich w Koronie w XVII wieku. Zarys problematyki i perspektywy badawcze

Author(s): Jacek Pielas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article outlines the problems and research prospects of one of the most common legal institution that was typical of the old-Polish gentry families – the guardianship of minors, which has not been researched in the historical literature so far. The author reminds that in the ancient Polish law there were four ways of establishing the guardianship of minors, which were called: paternal, natural, official and autocratic. Each one of the four might commence only when the previous one had ceased. The author presents the most important findings made by law historians and underlines that they treat with the practical functioning of the guardianship in the reality of the 17th-century gentry of the Crown only superficially. We might familiarise with that practice thanks to other than normative sources, massive in character, namely the old-Polish last wills. In addition to establishing the guardianship, they contain many hints on how to educate and bring up minors.Undoubtedly, the most interesting question is what the guardians were actually doing. And here the essential question is whether their guardianship was good enough, whether they took care of the child (upkeep, upbringing, education) and of the child’s property. One of the objectives of the author of this article will be to present the most common activities undertaken by guardians, that is to say the ‘model’ behaviour of guardians. At the same time – wherever it is possible – it is worth attempting to present the reaction of the children to their guardians’ actions. In this context, there appears a fundamental problem of the scale and kinds of the abuses committed by the guardians, first of all concerning the minors’ land properties, including delaying the people they were in charge of entering into marriage in order to extend the period of their running their land property. An exceptionally important function of the institution of guardianship in the life of the gentry family combined with the research possibilities included in the 17th-century sources offer optimistic prospects for a comprehensive study, which would present the guardianship in gentry families and facilitate a better understanding of how the gentry family functioned in the Crown in the modern times.

Komputerowa mikrosymulacja sieci krewniaczej a wzorce współmieszkania: rzecz o demograficznych uwarunkowaniach rodziny chłopskiej w okresie staropolskim

Author(s): Mikołaj Szołtysek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Resuming the threads that appeared in the book recently published Rethinking East-Central Europe: Family Systems and Co-Residence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Bern et al., Peter Lang, 2015) the author of this article presents the application of a computer micro-simulation of kin sets in the research on the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-residence in the old-Polish era for the first time in the Polish literature. The first part of the article contains a review of the methods concerning the demographic determinants of the structure of the residential family and the patterns of co-habitation, and the essence of the experiment of demographic simulation, as well as some selected examples of its application in historical demography. For some time now this question has been widely discussed abroad (Laslett, Ruggles, Oeppen), but in the Polish literature there is no a single study dealing with that.The second part presents the source basis of the article; it is the database of the nominative censuses of 26,652 peasant households from the territories of the Crown, Lithuania and Ukraine from the end of the 18th century (CEURFAMFORM Database). The methodology of the applied micro-simulation model has also been discussed. A lot of space has been devoted to the question of the choice of outside parameters and the validation of the model, as a way to a better structuralisation of regional research on the old-Polish demography. It would be quite useful if the efforts of researchers might concentrate on fixing the necessary minimum programme for future analyses in microscale family reconstitution, so that their results would have a wider applicability in research of a higher rank (not only the one in which simulation modelling is used), and so that they would satisfy the basic requirements of comparative analysis.The third part deals with the applicability potential of the used methodology to analyse the influence of demographic factors on the co-residence patterns for old-Polish populations taken from the database CEURFAMFORM. The problem has been illustrated by presenting two current questions that are essential for historical demography of the family: the process of leaving the family house and co-habitation of various generations. The analysis shows how the combined impact of fertility, mortality and the generational overlap in their regional configurations, determining the number and category of the relatives in a given population, shaped the dominant patterns of co-habitation in the territories that have been researched. The conclusions should be treated as innovative, yet future investigations might verify that. For the time being they constitute a convenient map that indicates directions for further investigations, both quantitative and qualitative in nature.

Badania nad rodziną w miastach zaboru pruskiego w XIX i na początku XX wieku. Stan obecny i perspektywy badawcze

Author(s): Agnieszka Zielińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article deals with the problem of demographic changes that take place in thefamilies living in towns of the Prussian partition in the 19th century and at the beginningof the 20th. The most important populational parameters have been presented; on the basisof these parameters it is possible to observe trends and the directions of changes, whichare part of a much wider, pan-European process of demographic transformation. Theresearch has been carried out on the basis of the information concerning a few towns ofthe Prussian partition (Toruń, Poznań, Gdańsk, Elbląg, Starogard, Chojnice, Chełmża).A special attention has been paid to a decreasing age of newlyweds, disappearing barriersfor mixed (interfaith) marriages, loosening of social and professional requirements, andweakening of the territorial barrier while choosing the spouse. The fact worth noticing isthat the interval between the day of birth and the day of baptism was longer than before.Other facts that are of interest are: a decrease of the rate of birth/mortality, as well asof the coefficient of births and deaths at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Anothersphere that has been researched is the value of infant mortality, quite high in the 19thcentury and slowly diminishing afterwards. A combination of civilisational processes,mental changes of human beings and changes in their customs had a decisive impact onthe shape and size of the family. It was the beginning of essential transformations, whichare still taking place now and keep influencing the demographic situation of the population.The article also contains a proposal of further demographic research on the Jewishfamily in the towns of the Prussian partition, because that subject is often omitted. In theend, some new directions of research have been suggested and an introductory literaturehas been given, too.

Umieralność niemowląt w „polskich” rejencjach Prus na początku XX wieku

Author(s): Dariusz K. Chojecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

The article presents the causes and spatial differences of infant mortality in eastern Prussia densely populated by the Polish, and the changes that phenomenon was subject to. The research has been carried out mainly on the numeric data juxtaposed and published by Dr Behr-Pinnow, on official statistical material (Preußische Statistik, Statistikdes Deutschen Reichs, Veröffentlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamts) and on unpublished archival material, first of all reports of Regierungsbezirk presidents. Infant mortality has been analysed at three levels of data aggregation: provinces, Regierungsbezirke, counties (Kreise). In the research the following devices have been used: coefficients, averaging of several years, (dis)similarity rates of structures (the reference standard – Regierungsbezirk Aurich), weighted linear regression, cartograms (grouping based on median absolute deviation). The article depicts the tendency for infant mortality in the ‘Polish’ Regierungsbezirke of Prussia, which deteriorated at the beginning of the 20th century, and a significant spatial diversification of the phenomenon in question, which was related to the way of farming (especially in the region of Żuławy Wiślane and the Vistula valley); however, the research has not provided any conclusive evidence of a link between a high infant mortality rate in the area in question and the socio-professional structure, the level of affluence or the infrastructure. On the other hand, thanks to linear regression models it has been proved that the intensity of infant mortality in counties depended on the ethnic composition to a significant degree (the faith did notplay any role). Parallel to an increase of the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations (those populations – it is worth mentioning – usually enjoyed lower socio-economic status compared to their German-speaking neighbours) the infant mortality rate was generally decreasing. It was at the lowest level in Greater Poland, in the counties of Kościan, Gostyn and Śmigiel (where the dominant population was Polish, Catholic and rural). All in all, it is justified to say that the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations that were less advanced in demographic transformation compared to their German-speaking neighbours, even before institutionalising social welfare, provided better care for babies and guaranteed a lower infant mortality rate, first of all thanks to the general and longer breastfeeding.

Rola Instytutu Mikołowskiego w upowszechnianiu przekładów literatury słoweńskiej w Polsce w ostatnich latach

Author(s): Monika Gawlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

This article focuses on the dissemination of Slovenian literature in Polish by the Rafał Wojaczek’s Institute in Mikołów between 2012 and 2015. The author approaches the role of publishers in promoting literatures that are viewed from the Polish perspective as marginal using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social fields. She points to the mechanisms and motivations of both the publisher and the translators, addresses issues related to graphic design, and examines the impact of paratextuality.

Sploty

Author(s): Przemysław Czapliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Czapliński presents new research in the humanities of the last decade, identifying general deficiencies (mostly methodological ones) and general functions (the intertwining of researcher and subject, of the humanities with science, of science with society).

Nowa humanistyka w Polsce: wstępne koniektury i refutacje

Author(s): Ryszard Nycz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Nycz outlines the main trends in the New Humanities in the world – digital humanities, engaged humanities, cognitive humanities, posthumanism, art based research, as well as the main debates and misunderstandings that have emerged in the Polish context over the last decade. The evolution of ways of thinking and research is exemplified in literary-cultural studies, CTL. This acronym stands for various notions from cultural theory of literature to cultural-textual literacy.

Etnografia i eksperymenty artystyczne. O powstawaniu nowych pól poznawczych we współczesnej antropologii

Author(s): Tomasz Rakowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

To what extent is it possible, in the humanities, to frame research in terms of pre-textual and non-textual ways of reading? Following the textual turn, which is mostly associated with semiotics as well as descriptive and interpretive orientations, ethnography is returning to more source-based and immediate endeavours. This is, however, a return to very demanding and uncertain methods, which are only now being examined, unearthed and tested. They emerged against the backdrop of the ontological turn in contemporary anthropology and the practical and action-based turn in the social sciences. In the research team that I direct, we are developing a definition of a creative ethnography that has the potential to create openings; although linked to the anthropology of art, it is also able to propose new languages and ways of grasping cultural facts. Thus I aim to outline a possible path for anthropology, where its unique ‘developmental cycle’ parallels the ontological turn and the action-based turn. A particularly important role in this development falls to the artistic experiment as a way of creating a new field of research and of reaching towards unforeseeable research situations.

W sprawie polityczności polskiej humanistyki

Author(s): Michał Kuziak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

How political are the humanities in Poland today? Kuziak examines the possibilities and limitations of this question in the discourse of humanities scholars. He focuses on the formula ‘reading Poland’ that reappears in these discourses, but also on projects of possible otherness and rescue history. The humanities’ political nature is shown to legitimize scholarly discourses in that it connects them to history and society.

Naukowiec czy artysta? Polskie interpretacje poglądów Marshalla McLuhana

Author(s): Kalina Kukiełko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2013

The main aim of this article is to present interpretations of Marshall McLuhan’s views made by Polish scholars and commentators. In Poland, long‐term discussion concerning McLuhan’s hypotheses has been reduced mainly to the question of their “artistic” or “scientific” character. Among Polish polemicists, the controversial Canadian has found scrupulous critics as well as ardent followers. Both were astonished by his extraordinary erudition and practically boundless areas of interests. However, there is still no certainty as regards whether we should see McLuhan’s texts as strict scientific publications or rather as a kind of attractive artistic commentary.

Osztály és társadalomszerkezet a magyar szociológiában

Author(s): Márk Áron Éber,Ágnes Gagyi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 21/2014

The article looks at research on social structure in Hungarian sociology from the perspective of class analysis. It follows the paradigms and institutional context of Hungarian sociology, as they have been formed by Hungary’s double dependence from Soviet and Western cores throughout the second part of the 20th century, and demonstrates that, as a result of those changes, the concept of class has gone absent from social research from the early 1970’s on. While thinking towards a possible reconstruction of 20th century Hungarian social formation in a class sensitive perspective embedded in the dynamics of the capitalist world system, we point at a typical effect of global hierarchies upon the description of local social structure: the tendency to identify a „double structure” in local society. „Doubling” places various characteristics of local society on two different onthological levels – Western vs. Eastern, future vs. past. We argue that in order to conceive local social formation as inherent part of an integrated, synchronic global history, this internalized effect of global hierarchies needs to be transcended.

Finspongský rukopis Jana Ámose Komenského – kontroverze a protichůdnosti kolem jeho tvorby

Author(s): Lubomír Hampl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

The Author of the present paper introduces a Polish reader to an anonymous manuscript discovered in a Swedish library in Norrköping. Author (originally, the matter was connected with Ludwik de Geer's private book collections from the library in his castle in Finspong). After a graphology analysis had been done by Arild Jägerskogh, it turned out that the described Finspongish manuscript, actually, has its author, the famous „teacher of the nations”, Jan Amos Komenský. It was the manuscript of the seventeenth century which is entitled De Rerum humanarum Emendatione CONSULTATIO CATHOLICA ad Genus Humanum. Ante alios vero Ad Eruditos Europae, consisting of an introduction Europae lumina – in Czech Světlům Evropy – (of 18 pages) and the so called, in Czech, Dedikace Nejmocnější trojici severských království v Evropě (of 2 pages). The manuscript was found by Blanka Karlsson, a Czech researcher of Komenský's works, at the end of the XXth century.

Парародителската грижа във фокуса на един социалнопедагогически анализ

Author(s): Trajan Popkochev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2018

Мултиекипност и синергизъм при работата на учителя с деца и младежи със специфични потребности

Author(s): Monika Bogdanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

The author argues that there is need for professional development of teachers working with children and youth with specific needs, not only because of the peculiarities of the work, but also because of the multidisciplinary field. The emphasis is put on the importance of supervision, personal experience and self-reflection, participation in professional groups and professional guilds.

Апориите на "простия" конструктивизъм: в търсене на един по-рефлексивен конструктивизъм

Author(s): Cyril Lemieux / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

From Common Meal via Acéphale to Unsacrificeable

Author(s): Bernard Harbaš / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2018

In this article, the author introduces several approaches to the concept of sacrifice. It begins with the classic sociological approach of Émile Durkheim who in sacrifice remarks forming, strengthening and maintaining of a community. In his anthropological conception, Georges Bataille demonstrates that the production and accumulation of wealth are wrong moral principles and suggests a new moral practice of giving oneself without asking anything in return, which represents the only way to realize a society of equals. Such a society, in which there would be no leader or a singular sovereignty, he calls Acéphale. For Jean-Luc Nancy, sacrifice is impossible. Starting from a standpoint that the Being is nothing and that there is nothing except this worldly plurality, Nancy considers sacrifice impossible since there is no higher principle for which the sacrifice would be performed. Beside the standpoints of the above-mentioned theoreticians, this article also offers a theory of discipline and sacrifice for achieving a socially expected perfect appearance. In all the mentioned theories, non-classic dimension of sacrifice is demonstrated. In them sacrifice is performed as activity for achieving social unity, greater equality, socially expected appearance and it is also presented as something impossible.

SMELLING THE GHETTO

Author(s): Victoria Nizan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article deals with allusions to smells and odours in Ruben Ben Shem's diary, an extensive journal that was written in the Warsaw ghetto from November 1940 until April 1943. The paper attempts to define the nature of the gap between allusions to smells related to by the diary writer in contrast to our understanding of the information acquired through reading the diary. The difficulty of the attempt relates to elusiveness of odours which causes them to be difficult to imagine, especially if one wasn't exposed to them beforehand. (Katz 1997: 4)

Sandu Frunza, Fundamentalismul religios și noul conflict al ideologiilor, [Religious Fundamentalism and the New Conflict of Ideologies], the Second Edition, revised and enlarged, Cluj-Napoca, Școala Ardeleană Publishing, 2015, 429p

Author(s): Marcela Salagean / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

С. ЖИЖЕК О БЕССОЗНАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКАХ ИДЕОЛОГИИ

Author(s): Boris Dmitrievich Golovanov,Olga Volodymyrivna Frolova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

Problem setting: The meaning of ideology in modern society does not need any validation, but the question of its forming remains extremely relevant. XXI century realia pushes to find new interpretations in traditional approaches. Views of S. Zizek unconscious preconditions of ideology are worthy of special analysis.Recent achievents and publications analisys. The problem of correlation between conscious and unconscious in symbolic activity has been repeatedly brought up in the works of authors who chose postmodernism as a methodological paradigm in their research. Many of them had continually undertook attempts to deconstruct the ideology phenomenon. The originality of S. Zizek research is in the use of Lacan’s version of psychoanalysis as an instrument for his research.Paper objective. Main objective of the following paper is to uncover the possibilities of uncounscious in phenomenon of ideology realization.Paper main body. In the following paper the establishing and functioning of ideology in the perspective critical to Marxism ideology is examined. The use of psychoanalytical approach as a methodological guide becomes extremely popular in many fields of knowledge. The works of S. Zizek make readers see the problem of ideology from different viewpoint, constructively criticize the established approaches, and detect heuristic possibilities of psychoanalysis use in this field.As opposed to methodological orientation of postmodernism, Zizek in his analysis ensures consistency with Marxism and German classical philosophy; he even states the necessity to rehabilitate Hegel and his dialectics. He believes that psychoanalytical interpretation of ideology reestablishes the concept of thinking to be a real process, without concentration on the world of subjective individual. He sees Marxism as a teaching to study and explains fetishistic forms of consciousness, categorizing ideology as its intellectual variation. Ideology is something bigger than a false reflection of reality. In the case of ideology, reality distortion is possible only because human individuals in their practical work unconsciously create and cultivate this kind of distortion. The mere existence of social reality is based on the fact, that individuals to reproduce this reality are not fully aware of the content and consequences of their actions.Psychoanalytical interpretation of ideology studies social practices and socially sustained beliefs as something derivative from subjective inner appetence of an individual. The most important objective of psychoanalytical criticism of ideology is to bring the ideological consciousness to the point where it can distinguish distorted products of projective activity in its own life. Psychoanalytical criticism of ideology should answer the question of what the symbolic order should be. It should be social reality constituting to save body and spirit health of individuals creating this reality.Conclusions of the research. The psychoanalytic interpretation of the phenomenon of ideology reveals that the connection between the values postulated by a particular ideology and the scientific argumentation used to substantiate these values is purely formal and optional. Scientific constructions, which are used by ideology, only «hide the excess pleasure inherent in any ideological form». The ideological construction is intended to hide behind rational arguments a thought that is destructive for the entire social system, that the goal of ideology is ideology itself, that the purpose of authority is authority itself. All rationalizations are only a by-product of the ideology’s desire for self-sufficiency. The conclusion is absolutely obvious: it is senseless to approach the analysis of any ideology from the side of its content. There will always be a gap between the declared values and the nature of the ideological form, which cannot be overcome by any rational analysis.