Дуализмът между структура и действие. Скица на една веберианска изследователска програма

Author(s): Wolfgang Schluchter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

In my book Foundations in Sociology, I depicted Max Weber’s approach as an alternative to Marx and Durkheim on the one hand, Parsons, Mead, Habermas and Luhmann on the other. I tried to demonstrate that Weber has provided us with a viable research program which merits further elaboration. In this essay, I want to spell out the outline of such a Weberian research program. It can be regarded as a third sociology, overcoming the opposition between methodological individualism and holism. It is based on methodological relationism and on a two-sided and multi-level explanatory model, employing the notion of the duality of structure and action. Its analytical power is illustrated with reference to Weber’s study on ascetic Protestantism and on the economic ethic of the world religions.

Макс Вебер по света. Рецепцията и значението на един класик във времена на прелом

Author(s): Edith Hanke / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Max Weber (1864–1920) is one of the great classics of the German-language social and cultural sciences. His works were translated while he was still alive and are available today in nearly all world languages. The author examines the worldwide distribution under the aspect of the transfer of knowledge and culture. The first step of this transfer into another language and culture is always translation, which can be visualized by graphics and title pages. A decisive role in the transfer of Weber’s works and thoughts is played by intellectuals as translators and mediators. The central thesis of this article is that Max Weber has played a major role in profound socio-economic and political transformative processes, and continues to do so to the present. This is shown by selected examples: in Russia, Poland, and the GDR during the transformation into post-communist societies, and in China during the debates on reform in the mid-1980s.

Центрирането около пуританството в Стопанската етика на световните религии на Макс Вебер върху примера на Китай

Author(s): Rongfen Wang / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/2015

Laut Webers Bemerkung zu Die Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen wurden die “Einleitung” und “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” 1913 niedergeschrieben. Bis zu dieser Zeit waren in China wichtige Reformen und Revolution in Richtung Kapitalismus vor sich gegangen, darunter die Bewegung zur Okzidentalisierung zwischen den 60er und den 90er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts, die 100 Tage Reform vom Juni–September 1898 und die Bürgerrevolution im Oktober 1911. Der Grund der fehlenden Behandlung dieser zeitgenössischen Ereignisse könnte im angesetzten Ziel der Chinastudie liegen. Es geht Weber mehr um Religionsvergleich als um Entstehung des Kapitalismus. Nach Weber fehlt dem Konfuzianismus im Vergleich zum Puritanismus das Jenseits: „jede transzendente Verankerung der Ethik, jede Spannung zwischen Geboten eines überweltlichen Gottes und einer kreatürlichen Welt, jede Ausgerichtetheit auf ein jenseitiges Ziel und jede Konzeption eines radikal Bösen“ (Weber 1986: 514). Die drei zeitgenössischen Ereignisse bezeugen gerade das Gegenteil: die führende Kraft der Okzidentalisierung waren Literaten, die der 100 Reform waren Konfuzianer, die fünf Grundethiken des Konfuzianismus sind bis heute die grundlegende Lebensführung der bereits 102 Jahre bestehenden Republik China. Eine Behandlung dieser Ereignisse hätte die Struktur der ganzen Chinastudie umstürzten können. So bleibt “Konfuzianismus und Taoismus” wie ein idealistisches Meisterwerk, wie die armlose Venus.

Zmagania metodologa z empirią. Pozytywistyczna socjologia Jakuba Karpińskiego

Author(s): Jakub Bazyli Motrenko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2015

Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) był znakomitym polskim metodologiem socjologii, prowadzącym badania z zakresu epistemologii nauk społecznych w ramach paradygmatu lwowsko-warszawskiej szkoły filozofii. Jednocześnie stał się jednym z pierwszych i najważniejszych historyków i socjologów systemu komunistycznego w Polsce. Jego socjologiczne opus magnum w badaniach nad komunizmem stanowi książka Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie projektu socjologii zrekonstruowanego na podstawie tego dzieła w wymiarze retoryki, epistemologii i ontologii. Ukazane zostają racje społeczne i kognitywne, które sprawiły, że program Karpińskiego nigdy nie stał się postępowy w sensie Imrego Lakatosa. Autor stawia pytanie o paradoks: dlaczego świetny metodolog nie stał się równie wybitnym empirykiem?Jakub Karpiński (1945–2003) was an outstanding Polish methodologist, conducting research in the field of epistemology of the social sciences within the paradigm of the lvov-warsaw school of philosophy. At the same time he became one of the first historians and sociologists of the communist system in Poland. His book Ustrój komunistyczny w Polsce (The Communist Regime in Poland) was his sociological opus magnum. The aim of this paper is to explore his sociology project which has been divided into three aspects: rhetoric, epistemology and ontology. It examines the social and cognitive reasons for the fact that Karpiński’s research programme never became progressive in accordance with Imre Lakatos’s seminal concept. The author raises the question: why didn’t brilliant methodologist become an equally bright empirical researcher?

Евристичен поглед върху историята

Author(s): Vyara Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

Refleksyjny podmiot w świecie społecznym. O paradygmacie i założeniach socjologii interpretacyjnej

Author(s): Elżbieta Hałas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article analyses the use of Thomas Kuhn’s concept of paradigm in sociology, presented in the 20th century as a multiparadigm science. The unity of the so-called interpretive paradigm is questioned and the transformation of the interpretive orientations in sociology under the influence of postmodernism and critical praxis theory is analysed. The problems of the subject’s reflexivity and the intersubjectivity of the life-world, which have their roots in pragmatism and phenomenology, are discussed on the backdrop of new attempts to reconstruct systematic sociology.

Учебно-познавателните задачи по химия и опазване на околната среда за формиране на рефлексивни умения

Author(s): Magdalena Shekerliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2016

Reflexive skills are part of students’ scientific literacy and competence.Educational and cognitive skills are an essential means of the teaching process in Chemistry and Environmental Protection and are part of the processing method that models and develops different skills. Using these tasks in educational and cognitive activities students are initiated to actively participate in the teaching process and their reflexive skills are formed. The article offers several options of applying educational and cognitive tasks in modeling, mental experiment and reflection.

Обособяване на изкуството

Author(s): Niklas Luhmann / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

In the following two texts, Niklas Luhmann discusses the emergence and the differentiation of art as a social system. This process begins during the Renaissance and reaches its full-scale development with Romanticism, around the end of the 18th century. Of central importance is Luhmann’s account of communication, understood as behavior coordinated by symbolically generalized social codes. The German sociologist analyzes how the system of art functions today and criticizes the meaning that the concepts of “artist” and “spectator” have acquired in the Modern Age.

SOCIOLOŠKA I FILOZOFSKA TEMELJENJA ETNOGRAFSKOG ISTRAŽIVANJA

Author(s): Renata Relja / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2009

The basic aim of this paper is to provide insight into the sociological and philosophical bases of contemporary ethnographic research. Accordingly, we start from a discussion of the appropriateness and inappropriateness of qualitative and quantitative approaches.The paper provides a discussion of naturalism and sociological positivism, which argues for the idea of the unity of the natural and social sciences. The application of relativism is recorded, which reflects the influence of the phenomenology of the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. The anti-realist “rebirth” has also made a significant impact on ethnography, and its consequences are contained in the process of the acceptance of constructivist perspectives within the research process. This paper also examines the traditions of creative and interpretive sociology, whereas in the context of the relationship between poststructuralism and ethnography emphasis is placed on an individual interpretation of social reality and an individual position in the social world. The influence of phenomenology can be read within an emphasis on full participation in certain social or cultural groups with the aim of discovering its key ideas. Interactionist ethnography derives directly from organized assumptions of symbolic interactionism, whereas the contact point of ethnomethodology and ethnography is summarized in their overlapping perspectives which are aimed at interpretative traditions based on the life-world, which have similar views on the role of social actors and which avoid the typical quantitative theoretical approach to reality.

Przychylność rzeźnika. Wizja ładu stowarzyszeniowego Edwarda Abramowskiego

Author(s): Andrzej Waśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

This article presents Edward Abramowski’s vision of an order based on associations such as cooperative businesses and self-help friendship unions. Abramowski imagined the new, grassroots-derived order to be the answer to the permanent disorder produced by capitalism and state coercion. Cooperatives are necessarily guided by the aim of economic profit, but that profit is divided equally among the cooperative members; friendship unions are guided by empathy and rely on reciprocity. Voluntary associations can provide nearly everything society needs in order to function. They can thus replace the state, including the socialist state, in which the institution of coercion – even if democratic – is inscribed. Abramowski thought that partitioned Poland could be reborn in this form, even while the nation remained formally under the sovereignty of the Russian tsar. The author of the article describes Abramowski’s vision of a reborn Republic as part of the current of “a-capitalist” utopias which derive from the Aristotelian concept of utility-based friendship. In the form of the sharing economy this current reappeared after the economic crisis of 2008.

Моменти от историята на Амбулаторното досие у нас

Author(s): Petar Tzonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2019

In this material an attempt is made to look from the side, both in the creation and development of the Ambulatory file in our country in historical terms - since 1950, and for management, stagnation or inaction in the maintenance of the personal health passport. The ambulatory file and the records in it, the archiving and the document circulation of this important document reflect in dynamics the health needs of the individual and the health care provided for him. The ambulatory file as a whole gives an idea of the professional and managerial culture. In addition, it is a source of important medical records used as a primary source for important medical, statistical and management information.

URBANA SOCIOLOGIJA U RADOVIMA KLASIČNE NJEMAČKE I ČIKAŠKE SOCIOLOGIJE

Author(s): Alisabri Šabani / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1-2/2014

The paper discusses the contributions of German classical sociologist to urban sociology at the beginning of the last century, with particular emphasis on the work of Georg Simmel. Highlights the fact that they much influenced to the work of R.E. Park and L. Wirth, as the central figure in the Chicago classical urban sociology. Despite the fact that the German and Chicago urban experience is different, the urban theory represents continuity in these traditions. Modern thinking on urban are unthinkable without reflection on these traditions.

The onset of national socialism. Germans of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941

Author(s): Saša S. Marković,Željko U. Vučković / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2021

The German community of the Yugoslav Kingdom was, for the most part, concentrated in the territory of today’s Vojvodina. Their centuries-long presence in this area indicates their readiness to live in a multinational environment, but also their ambition to live better than others, both in a cultural and economic sense. The attitude of this community towards the newly formed Yugoslav state was cautious, marked by concern and reserve, but it was not as negative as the one seen in the Hungarian community. The Germans intended to preserve their cultural identity through the organization of associations, and then to found a party. Their ambitions grew with the strengthening of the Third German Reich, when their political manifestation became more provocative and militant.

Pogled na društvenu zbilju modernoga i suvremenoga doba (Socio-filozofsko-antropološki svjetonazor)

Author(s): Zdravko Kordić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 115/2020

Prije nastanka sociologije u 19. stoljeću, u društvu se razmišljalo u okviru filozofije. Antička filozofija nije razlikovala pojmove društva i države. U 17. i 18. stoljeću nastaju teorije društvenog ugovora koje, polazeći od određene unaprijed dane koncepcije ljudske prirode, smatraju da društvo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRXGsPBUV5g (i država) nastaju sporazumom izoliranih pojedinaca. Francuski filozof Montesquieu i škotski filozof Adam Ferguson iz 18. stoljeća prethodnici su pravnoga sociološkog razmišljanja u društvu. Sociologija je moderna znanost koja izučava promjene koje donosi nastanak modernosti. Modernost znači novu organizaciju društva, različitu od one utemeljene na tradiciji. U modernosti se različita područja društvenoga života - ekonomija, politika, religija, umjetnost - izdvajaju kao posebne sfere s vlastitim zakonitostima.

Anton Golopenția și rostul „științelor sociale”. Sociologia etaticului și geopolitica etnicului în perioada interbelică

Author(s): Didă Diana / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2011

Anton Golopentia was an important member of Romanian Sociological School of Bucharest led by Dimitrie Gusti. With A. Golopentia`s texts, we could dismount two errors often done in interwar period regarding sociology and geopolitics sciences in Romania. Concretely, first of them was considered to have an narrow ethnic or nationalist character; second, on the contrary, was seen as concerning only good functioning of state, so that ignoring the ethnic factor. With Golopentia`s texts we reached the conclusion that sociology and geopolitics are complementary social sciences. Sociology is both an ethnic and state-concerning science and it does not ignore the state as institution. Also, geopolitics is about the state, but in the same time it gives a big importance to the ethnic factor. This double and almost equal focus to the state and to the ethnic factor was facilitated by the national-state character of our country. Sociological research on internal medium of a state and geopolitical research on external medium of it are, both, national kind.

Modernităţi fracturate: 1944-1989. 1990-2009. Elitele, România și „Europa”. Partea a II-a

Author(s): Radu Baltasiu,Ilie Bădescu,Ovidiana Bulumac,Lucian Dumitrescu,Adela Șerban / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2009

Sursa elitelor în România contemporană se află în dinamica sistemului comunist (instaurare, consolidare ca regim de ocupaţie, declin şi prăbuşire) chiar şi la 20 de ani de la căderea regimului comunist, în decembrie 1989. În acest sens, constituirea şi propagarea elitelor a căpătat un caracter dualist: elitele de ocupaţie au avut ca şi contrapondere tipuri de elite ale rezistenţei anticomuniste. Comunismul s-a instaurat ca sistem şi ca regim politic în România pe calea ocupaţiei militare şi politice a ţării, neavând nici o legătură cu tradiţiile culturale şi politice ale acestui spaţiu. Profilul elitelor de ocupaţie este dat de două tipologii: consilierii militari şi consilierii politici (comisarii politici). Pe cale de consecinţă, direcţia integrării în spiritualitatea europeană a fost asumată în spaţiul românesc de elitele rezistenţei. Problema modernităţii româneşti este că vizibilitate externă au avut în special elitele care au promovat reformarea sistemului comunist şi nu respingeai acestuia (vezi fenomenul dizidenţei civice).

On the changes in the Korean family institution in the past century

Author(s): Elena Buja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This small-scale study aims to trace the changes that have occurred in the Korean family institution in a time span of about one hundred years, more specifically, since the beginning of the 20th century, when Korea opened its borders to foreigners, until the present, as well as to identify the causes that have led to these changes. The theoretical framework I will employ is thematic analysis, defined by Berelson (1952, 18) as “a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication”. The data subjected to analysis come from a number of novels authored by Korean and Korean-American writers, such as H. Lee (1997) Still Life with Rice, S. Park (2011) This Burns My Heart, and NJ. Cho (2018) Kim Jiyoung, Born 1982, to mention just a few. The reason behind opting for literature as a source of information is that I consider it to be a cultural product of particular socio-cultural circumstances inextricably linked to history. The fragments from the novels have been analyzed in terms of some of the identified themes, such as the status roles created by marriage in the Korean culture, the involvement of men in the house chores and child-rearing, in-laws’ attitudes towards their daughters-in-law, and the chances of married women to keep their jobs, divorce, to mention just a few. The primary data is supplemented with information coming from the Korean society trend survey, conducted by Statistics Korea. The findings of the analysis will reveal a slow, though obvious change in the family institution, which could be attributed to factors such as the Western influence, the spread of Christianity in the peninsula, as well as the massive industrial, technological, and economic development of Korea.

Nici, pedologia, podologia. Justyny Bednarek opowieści o współdreptaniu

Author(s): Małgorzata Wójcik-Dudek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2022

The article is an attempt to describe selected books by Justyna Bednarek, a wellknown and award-winning children’s writer (Nowe przygody skarpetek (jeszcze bardziej niesamowite) [New adventures of socks (Even more amazing)], Basik Grysik i wrony [Basik Grysik and crows], Pan Stanisław odlatuje [Mr Stanisław flies away]). The researcher focuses primarily on problems related to the way Bednarek represents human relations with the world. Wójcik-Dudek proves that in Bednarek’s work, thread and its literal and symbolic meanings have the strongest frequency in presenting a man entangled in the world.

SUBMISSION - STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS?

Author(s): Marinela David / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2020

This paper aims to highlight the drama of total submission of a drifting society, while observing the immanence of the mechanisms of human nature in the face of general collapse. In order to achieve the content, it was approached systemically, based on the transdisciplinary methodology, as it can be intercepted in one of Michel Houellebecq's most publicized novels, Submission.

Cywilizacja jako proces część 2: Kryzys idei

Author(s): Wojciech Klimczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article presents the history of the notion of civilization at the stage of emerging civilizational pluralism. This presentation offers a critical reconstruction of civilizational essentialism, at least partially racist in character, which at the turn of the 20th century became the basic method for civilizational studies. In order to fully reveal the grounds upon which civilizational studies adopted “scientific” racism in the middle of the 19th century the text discusses the history of this research paradigm beginning from when the term “civilization” became prominent not only in moral but also historical and sociological analysis. On the one hand, this throws a clear light on the uncomfortable heritage of the discipline in terms of its mission to “civilize,” one that civilizational studies have faced until the present day. On the other, the article shows that the direction they chose in the times of social darwinism’s cultural triumph was not inevitable. In its shadow there have existed alternative civilizational studies with Norbert Elias as their early proponent. In order to develop them further one must not forget the history of the paradigm and hence this article is devoted to discovering the causes of the crisis in the colonial era of the Enlightenment idea of civilization, so important for Elias.