"Dashed Hopes and Good Intentions": A Bourdieuian Reading of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

Author(s): Ebrahim Salimi-Kouchi,Mohsen Rezaeian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Pierre Bourdieu's investigation into the mechanism of power relations in any given society emphasizes that culture is firmly embedded in social lives of agents. An agent engages in some social competitions, struggling with others and his or her own limits. Applying the metaphor of "game" to social life, Bourdieu believes that people, in order to accumulate more capitals, participate in intense social competitions. Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virgina Woolf raises some questions about the nature of power, language, and their intersection. The lives of the characters are not far removed from how they experience power relations in a college campus, a microcosm of American society. Putting into practice Bourdieu's theory of practice, this article analyzes the influence of the accumulation of capitals in the lives of George and Martha, the role of the imaginary child as a part of American dream and its significance to the couple's lives, and ultimately the use and abuse of language in their ways of communication.

"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

"Rabovačky" v závere prvej svetovej vojny a ich ohlas na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

In the last days of the First World War soldiers returning home, along with civilians, attacked representatives of the Hungarian state and wealthy individuals, especially Jews. They expelled them from their homes and looted them, or they simply destroyed their property. In some places regular Hungarian troops executed the leaders of these rioters. This study seeks to offer an alternative to the prevailing interpretation of the looting, which emphasize the social or ethnic motivations of the economically and nationally oppressed Slovak rioters. Instead, it examines the reversal of the perpetrators and victims that was carried out not only immediately after the looting had occurred, but repeatedly throughout the whole interwar period. This is to be seen as an expression of the growing anti-Semitism, because the Jews were ultimately accused of the murder of allegedly innocent Slovaks.

"Rasa drapieżców" w cyberświecie

Wstęp do analizy zjawiska

Author(s): Urszula Jarecka,Paweł Fortuna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2021

This essay considers how technologically based cultural transformations impact the shaping of individual and collective identities, including “digital identities.” The extension of the human cognitive system by means of the Internet and digital artefacts has produced the potential to shape multidimensional and dynamic identities (e.g., in the form of “communities” created ad hoc on the web), as well as artificial-intelligence “identity” processes accompanying commercial applications. In the context of these processes, the author discusses how the attitudes of “predatory” Internet users are formed, the problems of the victims of such activities, and the potential threats in relation to the development of AI. The author uses an interdisciplinary theoretical approach (sociology, psychology, research on AI) to analyse these phenomena. The research material consists of the content of media messages (including films and documentary series, Internet journalism on online behaviour and texts popularising AI, and content posted on social media).

(Ne)kultura sjećanja: uloga memorijala i komemorativnih praksi u post-konfliktnoj obnovi društva

Author(s): Tamara Banjeglav / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

U svakom post-konfliktnom društvu koje nastaje i razvija se nakon traumatičnih događaja, kao što su ratovi i drugi oblici nasilja, postoje pokušaji da se potisne sjećanje na te događaje kako bi se ‘krenulo dalje’ i kako bi se ‘prošlost ostavila iza nas’. Sjećanje je, međutim, instinktivno i ne može se samo tako potisnuti te će se neizbježno, ipak, pojaviti, isplivati na površinu, u jednom ili drugom obliku. Zbog toga smo, u pokušaju savladavanja nasilne prošlosti, često suočeni s izazovom kako najbolje upotiijebiti/iskoristiti sjećanje s ciljem učenja na prošlim događajima kako se oni više ne bi ponovili.

(Re)konstruowanie narracji – działanie w przestrzeni publicznej – edukacja. Postpamięć zagłady Żydów lubelskich: studium przypadku

Author(s): Marta Kubiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 65/2020

Although originally the term ‘post-memory’ referred to the experiences and memories of the survivors that influenced the biographies of their children, in the following years its meaning was extended and the concept started to be used to describe the processes of transmitting the memory of any traumatic experience within any group, not necessarily bound by blood. In the case of Lublin, where one third of the pre-war community consisted of Jews, most of whom were murdered during World War II, the position of non-Jewish vicarious witnesses seems to be particularly important. This article discusses some aspects of the Holocaust post-memory discourse referring to the cultural activities of the ‘Grodzka Gate – NN Theatre’ Centre. Research questions will concern the artistic language and means of expression of these projects as well as the aesthetic codes that are being used by vicarious witnesses.

(Un)culture of Remembrance: The Role of Memorials and Commemorative Practices in Post-Conflict Social Recovery

Author(s): Tamara Banjeglav / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In each post-conflict society which comes into existence and develops after traumatic events, such as wars and other forms of physical violence, there are attempts to suppress the memory of those events in order to “move on” and to “leave the past behind us”. However, memory is instinctive and cannot be suppressed just like that. It will, inevitably, occur, come to the surface in one form or another. For this reason, in an attempt to master the violent past, we are often faced with a challenge how to best use our memory with the aim of learning from past events so that they would never be repeated again.

10+1 Good Practices in Preventing Intolerance, Discrimination, and Group Hatred in Central and Eastern Europe

Author(s): Gergana Tzvetkova / Language(s): English

This compendium was created by the consortium members of the CEE Prevent Net initiative. Its development is the result of a robust exchange of good practice methods among various organizations and civil society actors in the areas of youth work and (non-formal) education aimed at preventing intolerance, discrimination, and right-wing populism and extremism in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Initially, this volume was supposed to present 10 good practices for working with young people directly; however, the CEE Prevent Net network decided to expand this initial enterprise gratuitously. This additional section provides youth workers, educators, and other civic actors with recommendations and advocacy strategies for youth work that fosters tolerance, facilitates dialogue, and prevents discrimination and far right ideologies.

19. Yüzyıl Başlarında Kudüs, Abdullah Çakmak

Author(s): Orçun Nalezen / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2021

Review of: Abdullah Çakmak, “19. Yüzyıl Başlarında Kudüs”, İLEM Yayınları, İstanbul, 2020. xxii+240, ISBN: 978-625-7800-05-1

1933 Sonrası Türkiye’ye Sığınan Nazi Karşıtı Aydınlar ve Karşılaştırmalı Edebiyatın İki Kurucu Adı: L. Spitzer ve E. Auerbach

Author(s): Gülnihal Gülmez / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

7 Nisan 1933’de, Almanya’da, Hitler hükümetinin ırkçı yasalarından ilki olan ve Nazi yöneticilere rejim düşmanlarından, özellikle de Yahudilerden kurtulma fırsatı sunan, “devlet memurluğu mesleğinin ihyasına dair yasa” kabul ediliyordu. Ari ırktan olmadıkları için üniversitelerdeki kürsülerinden kovulan çok sayıda bilim adamının Nazi Almanya’sını terk etmek zorunda kaldığı bu 1933 yılında, hemen hemen aynı tarihlerde, kuruluşunun henüz onuncu yılındaki genç Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de bizzat Atatürk’ün öncülüğünde, kökten bir üniversite reformu gerçekleştirme çabasındaydı. Her iki ülkenin tarihindeki bu ilginç kesişme, Nazilerin kovduğu birçok akademisyenin mesleklerine Türk üniversitelerinde devam edebilmelerini sağladı.

1956: „Unsere Segel prall, unsere Schiffe voran"

Author(s): Miklós Molnár / Language(s): German Issue: 26/1986

Verschiedenste politische Strömungen versuchen im Westen die Ereignisse der Revolution 1956 für sich und ihre Ideale zu vereinnahmen. Miklós Molnár versucht Fragen zu stellen und Problemstellungen aufzuzeigen, inwieweit die ungarische Revolution als Versuch gesehen werden kann, einen demokratischen Sozialismus zu schaffen. Grundlage des Textes war ein Vortrag auf der Konferenz von Liehfrauenherg im Elsaß, wo die Evangelische Akademie der Ungarn im Mai 1986 zum 30. Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution eine Konferenz organisierte.

1989 წლის 9 აპრილის ტრაგედიის შემდგომ საქართველოში მომხდარი ზოგიერთი მოვლენის შეფასებისათვის

Author(s): Aleksandre Mosiashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 6/2021

Much is known to Georgian historiography about the tragic events that took place on April 9, 1989 on Rustaveli Avenue in front of the Government House in Tbilisi. Its subsequent events have also been studied and researched. But there are some questions to explore the rest of the issue to the end. Familiarity with certain bibliographic materials, observation and analysis allows them to re-think some issues and draw appropriate conclusions. It should be noted that after the incident, the leaders of the communist regime did not hesitate to cover up what was done and as if to prove their innocence. It should be noted that they are responsible for what happened and every attempt to blame someone else is doomed to failure from the very beginning. First, the Protest action, which began on April 4, was peaceful, and second, its end was announced on April 14, and there was no reason for its dissolution, even with such barbaric methods. That is why they did not believe in what happened and tried to blame the participants of the protest or the organizer of the protest action - the leaders of the National Movement. Then tried to give by force the poisonous substances used by their butchers for the citizens, or to launch them in various institutions in order to blame the use of these chemicals on the national forces and the Georgian people in general. When they realized that they could not achieve the goal and could not deceive people with provocations, then they resorted to another method. Began to organize provocations to provoke conflicts. Provocations were mainly organized in different regions of Georgia. Particular emphasis was placed on organizing bloody confrontations on ethnic grounds. The aim was to discredit the national liberation movement in such conditions, to get involved in the so-called ethnic conflicts in Georgia (as they later baptized themselves) and to use the situation to their advantage - to somehow preserve the Russian Empire and save it from the collapse that was inevitable.

25. godišnjica Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma: dosezi i problemi u izgradnji mira i funkcionalne države Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Zijad Šehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 01+02/2020

The Dayton Peace Agreement was the result of a compromise, which was its greatest weakness. Instead of being the result of a careful and studious concerted effort to find the right solutions for the lasting peace in the region, for the West the Dayton Peace Agreement was just another in a series of efforts to find an instrument that can achieve the declared political goals. Holbrooke considered the agreement, which had been imposed by himself on the warring parties, to be generally satisfactory, because it stopped the war and established a unified state, reflecting the primary objectives of the United States in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That however, in his opinion, does not meant that the Dayton Peace Agreement is perfect, acknowledging some weaknesses in it. For some time, certain voices from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the international representatives are calling for a modification of the provisions of the Dayton Peace Agreement. Some appeal to the convening of the Dayton II, in order to correct deficiencies of the original plan, which could be clearly seen due to its inefficient implementation. The division of the country into two territorial entities is a fundamental weakness of the Dayton Peace Agreement since it prevents the proper functioning of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The international community has insisted that the two entities strictly implement the Dayton Peace Agreement, but did not know how to fulfill the provisions of Annex 7 of the General Framework Agreement related to the return of refugees, the most important question for the future demographic picture of BiH society. The solution provided by the US diplomats in Dayton is mainly pragmatic one and reflects the balance of military power in the region. In Dayton, the basic rule of international law which stipulates that the international community does not accept the violent conquest and annexation of the territory of another state has been fully respected; this represents the main value of the peace agreement. Confirming the international legal norm of uti possidetis iuris, the signatories of the Dayton Accords have confirmed that norm as the fundament on which the international order has been built on.

30. PİYADE ALAYI’NIN ÇANAKKALE HAREKÂTI VE ŞAHİNDERE SARGIYERİ’NDE MEDFUN MÜLAZIM-I SANİ MUSTAFA EFENDİ’NİN ŞEHADETİ

Author(s): Burhan SAYILIR / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 55/2020

The 30th Infantry Regiment consisted of three infantry battalions and was busy with military camp training in Edirne and its vicinity on the return from the Suez Canal operation with the 10th Division on the Sinai Front. The force of the regiment consisted of 53 officers, 3,319 soldiers, 3,128 rifles and 403 animals. The 10th Division commander was German Colonel Bruno von Trommer, Chief of Staff was Captain Rüştü, 28th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Hunger/Hunker, 29th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Abdulkadir, 30th Infantry Regiment Commander was Major Ahmet Rıza, Artillery Regiment Commander was Lieutenant Colonel Ahmet Necati. When the regiment was ordered to go to Çanakkale front, it moved to Çanakkale on July 1, 1915. On July 20, 1915, the 30th Regiment came to Soğanlıdere and rested. It was later located in Zığındere instead of the 33rd Infantry Regiment. It clashed with ceaseless effort in Zığındere, where the Allied forces strengthened acutely. The collisions in September were a period of serious mine battles and bomb shots. Lieutenant Mustafa Efendi, one of the bomber officers of the 30th Regiment, was injured on September 18, 1915, as a result of the explosion of the bomb in his hand while trying to throw a new bomb on enemy trenches during the collisions. Then he was died in Şahindere Field Hospital, where he was brought wounded.

4-6 Yaş Arasındaki Çocukların Ebeveynlerinin İstismara Yönelik Farkındalığı

Author(s): Elif Ünal Bozcan,Bengü Berkmen,Nihan Koran,Eşmen Tatlıcalı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 97-1/2019

The aim of this research is to investigate the awareness of the families about abuse. The families in the target of the research are the families who have children between 4-6 years old. This research was carried out as cross-sectional study. Personal Information Form developed by researchers and Parent Awareness Scale" developed by Pekdoğan (2017) were used as data collection tool. The population of the study was formed by the parents of children between the ages of 4 and 6 who received pre-school education in the Nicosia region. The sample consisted of 321 parents who were randomly sampled and voluntarily participated in the study. The data of the study were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 program. The relationship between the averages of parental abuse awareness scale and the socio-demographic characteristics of the study group were analyzed by t Test and one way ANOVA. For the reliability of the scale Cronbach Alpha was calculated as .65. As a result of the study, it was determined that the awareness level of abuse is medium level. When the scale items were analyzed, it was determined that the parents did not have enough knowledge about sexual abuse. The analyze results of the scales points that the families have medium level of awareness about child abuse. Also the results of the study indicates that the awareness about abuse is not connected with socio demographic issues. According to the results of the study family trainings about child abuse can be recommended.

5th Infantry Division in the Years 1945-1949

Author(s): Witold Jarno / Language(s): English Issue: Sp. Issue/2020

The article describes the history of the 5th Infantry Division in the first years after World War II. The division was created in 1944 and took part in the battles of the Polish Second Army on the Eastern Front in 1945. After the war had finished, the division became part of the Military District No. V Poznan and was deployed in garrisons in the Lubusz Land. It opened a new period in its history, in the difficult first post-war years. The article discusses its organizational changes, training of soldiers, educational activities, participation in agricultural work as well as the battles with the Polish independence underground in the eastern Polish territories. The modernization of the Polish army in 1949 brought significant changes in the organization and deployment of the division, at the same time opening another chapter in its history.

9/11: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVENT THAT CHANGED THE ENTIRE WORLD

Author(s): Paul V. Miu / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE 9/11 SUICIDE ATTACKS OF 9/11, ATTACKS ORCHESTRATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST GROUP, AL-QAEDA AGAINST SEVERAL TARGETS IN THE UNITED STATES; THESE ARE THE WORST TERRORIST ATTACKS ON AMERICAN TERRITORY IN US HISTORY TO DATE, AND HAVE CAUSED BOTH A RECORD NUMBER OF CASUALTIES, IMMEASURABLE MATERIAL DAMAGE AND TRIGGERED A HUGE EFFORT BY THE US, TOGETHER WITH INTERNATIONAL COALITIONS TO FIGHT TERRORISM, IN A SO-CALLED "WAR ON TERROR". THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS CALLED "ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS" AND AIMS TO FILTER INFORMATION IN THE MOST EFFICIENT AND COHERENT WAY TO DRAW RELEVANT CONCLUSIONS. THE AUTHOR EXPLAINS THE CAUSAL FACTORS THAT LED TO THE ABOMINABLE TERRORIST ATTACKS, ANALYZING SEVERAL CONSPIRACY THEORIES LAUNCHED IN PUBLIC SPACE ON THE MOTIVATIONS AND PERPETRATORS OF THE ATTACKS AND PRESENTING PERSONAL VIEWS ON A POSSIBLE GLOBAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM INDUCED BY THE TERRORIST PHENOMENON.

A Clockwork Orange by Burgess: Revisiting Violence in a Dystopian Fiction

Author(s): Anuska Guin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Representation of violence in literature is not new and it is very much perspective-oriented and diverse in forms but mainly it appears in the shape of abuse, war, and crime. From The Mahabharata, Beowulf, Illiad to Oedipus The King, King Lear, and 1984, violence in literature has evolved. Hannah Arendt suggests that violence has become the most dubious and uncertain instrument in international relations and it has gained a reputation in the matter of revolution (Jaber, 2021). It is suggested that the brutality and violence portrayed between the European nations in the First World War managed to “destroy a two-thousand-year-old Western tradition of hope and to transform it into a mood of despair” (Fromm, 1963, as cited in Baldwin, 2019). The rise of dystopian literature is witnessed mostly during 1945-1990, which is also known as the Cold War phase. Dystopia has been regarded as a ‘vessel’ for political coverage, dating back to the 19th century. The idea of a disintegrated and collapsed society has been one of the main pillars, behind the evolution of the genre. The acts of ultra-violence used in the book are mostly associated with the romanticization of social liberalism, aesthetic daring, and the State’s “dehumanizing’’ character which are the prime sources of the dystopian element. Alex and his “droogs’’ are represented as lacking empathy and Burgess predicted that youth culture would attach to sexual precocity and a kind of disabused knowingness (Dalrymple et al., 2022). A Clockwork Orange portrays different facets of violence ranging from the sexual exploitation of both sexes, the violence-induced slang, Nadsat to a battle between humanity and the State. In this paper violence as represented in dystopian fiction will be revisited and various layers, in addition to the aspects of violence that we get to observe in the novella, will be discussed from the perspective of dystopian violence. The Monstrosity of Alex – The Most Emphasized Dystopian Element

A COMPREHENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION AND COROLLARIES OF BULLYING AT WORK

Author(s): Tinuke M. Fapohunda,Felicia Omotayo Soares / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Workplace bullying is a phenomenon that affects employee performance and productivity. Its non-illegal status makes it easy to go unnoticed and is becoming an issue for HR managers and other actors in the employment relations. This paper examines workplace bullying to determine its types, features, prevalence in the Nigerian work environment and its effect both on the employees and on the organisation. 200 participants were selected from different departments of a Lagos area office of a federal organisation. Three hypotheses were tested. There was significant relationship between workplace bullying and staff performance. It was also discovered that there was a relationship between gender and the exposure to verbal abuse and there was a relationship between workplace bullying and job satisfaction.

A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF THE CONCEPT OF DE-OBJECTIFIED HATRED

Author(s): Mark Losoncz / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2021

This paper looks at Thomas Szanto’s theory of hatred that suggests that hatred has an indeterminate affective focus and that it derives its intensity from the commitment to the attitude itself. Contrary to Szanto’s theses, this paper claims that the hated properties are not necessarily fuzzy. On the contrary, in many cases we can clearly reconstruct the quasi-rational genesis of hatred, by relying on the deep structures behind the social dynamics (as demonstrated by the example of anti-Semitism). Furthermore, the paper states that even though in certain cases hatred is a truly empty of content, these cases are marginal in comparison to other, more important forms of hatred.