Sećanje na ratne zločine: mogu li žrtve da govore?

Author(s): Obrad Savić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 1-4/2006

In the text, Memory of War Crimes: Can the Victims Speak? I proceed from a foundational belief that political evil should be dealt with in the absence of denial, submissive bearing and silence. In the first section, Can the Victims Speak? I will articulate the position of victims, their undisputable right to dignity, truth, justice and reparation.

Flört Şiddeti: Bir Gözden Geçirme

Author(s): Zeynep Set / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2020

Dating violence, which is considered as a type of interpersonal violence, is defined as the use of physical, verbal or emotional violence to each other in the relationship and imposing social restrictions on their behavior. The aim of this article is to deter-mine the risk factors that increase the severity of dating violence, which is a common problem nowadays, to investigate its effects and the effectiveness of the protection programs. For this purpose, Google Scholar, PsycArticles and PsycInfo databases were searched. Research shows that dating violence is affected by many different risk factors such as alcohol use, past domestic violence and peer interactions. Although dating violence is seen in both sexes, it is seen that women are more victims than men. This may have negative physical, psychological and social effects such as anxiety, depression, suicide risk, substance and alcohol use, and low self-esteem. When the effectiveness of the programs developed to prevent dating violence and protect the victims were examined, significant differences were found between the intervention groups and the control groups.

Zachowania suicydalne w opinii młodzieży licealnej (wybrane aspekty). Sprawozdanie z badań empirycznych

Author(s): Natalia Wojak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Currently, we live in conditions known as a risk society, in which, apart from various amenities, our everyday life and related attitudes and behaviors are exposed to increasing uncertainty and crises – including suicidal behavior. The subject discussed in this report is set in the context of the confusion of contemporary youth and concerns the suicidality of young people as one of the manifestations of social and identity disintegration and the breakdown of social control. The study summarizes the results of one of the stages of the author’s research, in this case as a questionnaire. The opinions of high school students about suicide, including its determinants, consequences, the range of impact on the youth community and post-emergency actions, are presented.

Im Einsatz gegen sexualisierte Kriegsgewalt – Einblick aus der Praxis

Author(s): Barbara Horstmann,Jovana Škrijel,Esther Wahlen / Language(s): German Issue: 05-06/2022

In late 1992, the mass rapes of Muslim women during the war in Bosnia were the first inci-dences of sexualised wartime violence to receive international attention. 30 years later, sexualised wartime violence has gained more public visibility. Moreover, political leaders and societies are quicker to condemn these forms of violence as a war crime, and interna-tional aid organizations have dedicated programs to support the survivors. In a few states, survivors of sexualised wartime violence are now recognized as civilian war victims and re-ceive reparation payments. This article reviews these achievements from the practice of an international women’s rights organization. It argues that the awareness of the topic, the comparative expertise, international political measures as well as local support structures are the results of long-term political activism.

A LONG STORY OF OPPRESSION OF INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

Author(s): Anja Petrović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Canada’s colonial past may be arguably described as the process of forcibly disconnecting Indigenous peoples from their land, disintegrating their traditional ways of life, and destroying their system of values over an extensive period of time, before confining these communities to reserves. The detrimental consequences of physical segregation enforced through the Residential School System and life on the reserves are seen to this day through the fact that most Indigenous peoples were left disconnected from their traditional culture and economically impoverished in modern-day society. One of the ways to get an accurate insight into this methodical disempowerment process would be to experience it from the Indigenous point of view by reading their literature. Thus, this paper aims at analyzing the works of Beth Brant (“A Long Story”), Emma Lee Warrior (“Compatriots”), and Emily Pauline Johnson (“A Red Girl’s Reasoning”) in the postcolonial framework in order to expose instances of both spiritual and physical discrimination as well as economic marginalization imposed on Indigenous characters in these stories.

THE IRANIAN MASSES AS A SOURCE OF SOCIAL CHANGE: THE REIGN OF MOHAMMAD MOSADDEGH

Author(s): Vladimir Mitev / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The crowd has played and continues to play a very important role in Iranian politics at critical moments . This article looks at its role in the mid 20th century, especially during the times of rule of Reza Shah (1925-1941) and Mohammad Mosaddegh (1951-1953). The article reviews European thought about the masses, with special emphasis on the ideas of Bulgaria-born Nobel Laureate in Literature Elias Canetti. Canetti believed that the crowd was not always irrational, evil forces, but sometimes played a positive historical role: when it demanded and enacted social change. It is exactly what happened during the times of Mosaddegh. A look at these times is made through excerpts from the Iranian novel Neighbors by Ahmad Mahmoud, through a look at the press of that time and Ervand Abrahamian’s historical writing.

Intelligence as a protective factor and risk factor for violence in a group of forensic psychiatric inpatients

Author(s): Marlena Banasik,Damian Pogrzeba,Józef Krzystof Gierowski,Agnieszka Welento-Nowacka,Michał Nowopolski,Marta Krupa / Language(s): English Issue: 129/2022

In the research literature intelligence is commonly described as a risk or protective factor for crime and violence, depending on its level. In mostly exploratory analysis presented in this study, authors primarily focused on determining how socioeconomic factors and comorbidity disorders influence relationship between intelligence level and violence of risk. In total, 101 patients participated in the study, all of them were male, Polish detainees at three psychiatric hospitals with forensic psychiatry wards: the S. Kryzan Hospital for the Nervously and Mentally Ill in Starogard Gdański, the State Hospital for Mental Diseases in Rybnik, and the Józef Babiński Psychiatric Hospital in Kraków. Statistical analysis of the collected data confirmed positive relationship between level of intelligence and historical risk factors summary of HCR20v3. It was observed that no source of income is an important moderator between low intelligence and historical risk factors. Additionally, in the group of patients with primary or middle education, intelligence level above average is a significant factor that minimalizes historical risk. Comorbidity disorder was identified as aspect that minimalizes protective influence of medium or high level of intelligence in the dynamic, clinical scale of HCR-20v3. Besides that, intelligence level above average was a protective factor in the group of schizophrenic patients without personality disorders. Knowledge of the way in which analyzed moderators influence relationship between intelligence level and risk of violence can improve the risk management process by enabling the identification of protective factors that are specific to subtypes of perpetrators of violence with mental disorders.

Terroryzm XXI wieku – wybrane aspekty

Author(s): Krzysztof Karolczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1 (1)/2022

W artykule została zarysowana problematyka wybranych aspektów terroryzmu w XXI w. Uwzględniając perspektywę historyczną, opisano modus operandi stosowany przez sprawców zamachów (zamachowiec samobójca, samotny wilk) wraz z przykładami najbardziej spektakularnych zamachów: dekapitacja, zastosowanie broni chemicznej, zamachy przy użyciu pojazdów. Do tekstu zostały dołączone dwa wykresy: „Liczba zamachów terrorystycznych na świecie (lata 2006–2019)” i „Najbardziej aktywne grupy przeprowadzające zamachy na świecie w 2019 r. według liczby zamachów”. [The article outlines selected aspects of terrorism in the 21st century. Taking into account the historical perspective, the modus operandi used by the perpetrators of attacks (suicide bomber, “lone wolf”) is described, together with examples of the most spectacular attacks: decapitation, use of chemical weapons, attacks with vehicles. Two charts accompany the text: “Number of terrorist attacks in the world (2006-2019)” and “Most active groups carrying out attacks in the world in 2019 by number of attacks”.]

Terroryzm w Polsce i kierunki jego rozwoju. Wyniki badań ankietowych (skrócony raport)

Author(s): Damian Szlachter / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2 (2)/2022

Separatism and Jihadism: Interaction in the Context of Terrorist Activity

Author(s): Oleksandr Korenkov,Olena Balatska,Yuliya Rashchupkina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

According to the well-known concept of consequential waves of terrorism, proposed by American researcher David C. Rapoport, since 1979, the world has encountered a wave of religious terrorism. Religiously motivated terrorists are the most dangerous and cruel terrorists who continue to lead the world. All four terrorist groups responsible for 55 per cent of total deaths in 2019 are jihadists (Global Terrorism Index 2020). The Taliban, Boko Haram, ISIL, and Al-Shabaab all fight for the establishment of their own quasi-state entities within the borders of existent sovereign states. This political objective associates the jihadists with another ideological movement – separatist-terrorists – in Rapoport’s model. Despite apparent distinctions in ideological foundations and political agendas, these two movements are similar in their struggle for self-determination within the borders of sovereign states. In this article, we use data from the Global Terrorism Database to compare how these two ideological movements with similar political objectives influence each other in the area of terrorist activity. Having analysed and reviewed information about 3,617 terrorist organisations that committed at least one terrorist attack from 1970 to 2018, we check how jihadist and separatist-terrorist activities were interrelated and how this interrelation manifested itself in different countries.

Between the Fourth and Fifth Waves: The Evolution of Modern Terrorism

Author(s): Katarzyna Czornik,Monika Szynol / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Assuming that the third decade of the 21st century is a transition period between the fourth and fifth waves of terrorism, in accordance with D.C. Rapoport’s concept of cyclicity of terrorism, the article focuses on the evolution of modern terrorism. The main features of the four waves of terrorism identified so far are presented sequentially. Then, reasons for initiating the decline of the fourth wave are identified and the perspectives for the constitution of the fifth wave of terrorism are explored. In the first section of the article, referring to the definition of terrorism and based on D.C. Rapoport’s concept of waves of modern terrorism, we demonstrate the determining factors, characteristics and elements which constitute this phenomenon. In the subsequent sections, we seek answers to the following questions: What are the characteristic features of the previous four waves of terrorism? What factors are leading to the decline of the fourth wave of terrorism? Which characteristics of the fourth wave of terrorism may be taken over by the next wave? What are the concepts of the fifth wave of modern terrorism? Research methods and techniques appropriate for the field of social sciences, particularly political science, are used in the study.

Przeciwdziałanie radykalizacji dżihadystycznej w hiszpańskich więzieniach

Author(s): Stanisław Kosmynka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The process of radicalisation, that often takes place in prisions in European and Muslim countries, is extremely important to understand the challenges and threats for the international security, caused by jihadist terrorism. It is necessary to analyse how condemned individual becomes involved in militant activities. The article analyses the problem of violent radicalisation in Spanish prisions and examines anti-terrorist policy based in this context on the idea of prevention, deradicalisation and disengagement. The research is focused on the conditions and purposes of the Spanish strategies and programmes introduced in the penitentiary centers in the response to the jihadi recruitment in the Iberian Peninsula. The author emphasises the priorities of the National Strategic Plan to Combat Violent Radicalisation approved in 2015 and other initiatives and regulations to stop the Salafi proselytism and unable the indoctrination activities among the Muslim in prisions. The methodological analysis is based on the integration of historical and system method and refers to the Marc Sageman’s theory of the jihadist network, which is more appropriate to understand how they appear and operate. The main finding of the article is that Spanish authorities have implemented the multidimensional and integrated programmes countering violent extremism and anti-radicalisation in prisions that are effective, despite some elements that could be improved.

The Role of Self-Assessed Teacher’s Efficacy in Assessing the Severity of Violence, Predicting Interventions, and Choosing Strategies in Cases of Peer Violence

Author(s): Vesna Bilić,Alexis Surtees-Bilic,Goran Lapat / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The aim of this paper is to examine the predictive role of perceived teacher’s efficacy in assessing the severity of violence, predicting interventions, and selecting strategies in cases of peer violence. The research was conducted on a representative sample (N = 639) teachers in Croatia. Teachers with a higher perception of teacher’s efficacy are more inclined to assess violence more seriously and are more likely to intervene, and those who assess violence more seriously will intervene more often.

Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA): moving past the taboo and into the postcolonial

Author(s): KORINNA MCROBERT / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This paper defines the practice of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) specifically, explaining the choice of words and giving accepted definitions, as well as offering a definition of its own, i.e. that CSA is the disempowering and overpowering of children through sexual means. The paper aims to give an overview of the societal factors contributing to how CSA is framed and received in mainstream society. Throughout this piece of writing the concept of a taboo is used as an analytical category. The paper aims at presenting a wide-ranging view of the practice of CSA, using the writer’s main societal reference point, that of the Anglo world, specifically calling on examples from the United Kingdom (UK) to contextualise the argument. The discussion frames CSA as a taboo, illustrating this through historical inquiry, with a focus on the evolution of morality surrounding the sexuality of children and the nature of acceptable sexual relations during the period of childhood. A (CSA) survivor perspective is offered in the form of personal biographical confession, as well as survivor narratives that are explored more broadly, pointing to those that society deems acceptable, or not. A triangulation between the taboo nature of the practice, the stigma it generates and the effect it has on childhood is drawn up. The impending effects of shame in processing CSA are explored in respect to disclosure and rehabilitation for those disclosing, but also for those being disclosed to, and society at large. Finally, a nuanced postcolonial approach is proposed, whereby CSA is framed as an invasion or overpowering of a body in much the same way one nation-state invades, land-grabs or takes legislative and governmental control over another landmass during the process of colonisation.

The rights of Filipino children in armed conflict: reflections on international and national legal frameworks

Author(s): KARLA ASUNCION MORALES / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

There is a great amount of international attention directed towards the recruitment and involvement of children in armed conflict. In response to this, Philippine legislators have passed laws to assist and protect these children. However, most of these are not reflective of the reality of children and may even further disadvantage them. This paper explores international and national policies directed towards children in armed conflict through the perspective of children’s rights. It aims to paint a more realistic and rights-oriented approach towards the understanding of children in armed conflict. The importance of this not only rests on the growing amount of international attention directed towards this issue, but more importantly, because doing so promotes efforts in fulfilling the fundamental rights of children.

POLICJA JAKO PODMIOT ODPOWIEDZIALNY ZA WALKĘ Z PRZESTĘPCZOŚCIĄ NIELETNICH

Author(s): Piotr Magdziarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the work is to discuss the activities of the Police in relation to combating youth crime. Symptoms of social maladjustment among young people were characterized, and a number of factors shaping the social determinants of committing crimes among young people were indicated. The study mainly used research methods such as: critical analysis of the literature on the subject and synthesis. In today's world, juvenile delinquency is recognized as one of the most serious social threats. In addition to becoming the basis for many pathologies, it is also a profitable business for many organized crime groups. The real problem of social, but also criminal nature began at the moment when the "consumers" of crime became younger and younger people. The paper discusses the activities of the police in relation to combating crime among young people. The symptoms of social maladjustment among young people were characterized, a number of factors shaping the social determinants of committing crimes among young people were indicated. The paper uses mainly research methods such as: critical analysis of the literature on the subject and synthesis. It is indisputable that the prevention of juvenile delinquency is one of the important tasks of the social policy of the state, the educational system, social institutions and organizations, the judiciary and families. It is also widely believed that prevention is a more effective means of eliminating these phenomena than re-socialization activities when social maladjustment is already very advanced. Therefore, the focus of re-socialisation activities shifts from re-socialisation to prevention by increasing the care and educational activities, providing social support for children and their parents, and withdrawing from repressive actions to therapeutic and educational activities when dealing with dejected youth.

WOJOWNIK I ZABÓJCA CZY PACYFISTA? O RELACJI NATURY LUDZKIEJ, AGRESJI I PRZEMOCY ORAZ WOJNY I ŻYCIA SPOŁECZNEGO CZŁOWIEKA

Author(s): Zbigniew Małysz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 3/2021

This paper is an original attempt to describe the relationship between human nature, aggression and violence, as well as war and human social life in the context of (polish edition) David Livingstone Smith’s (2011b) monograph: The most dangerous animal: Human nature and the origins of war (originally published in 2007). Its aim is to familiarize the reader with the title analytical problem, with particular emphasis on the perspective of psychology (individualism) and sociology (collectivism) as well as (partially) social anthropology based on the original analysis of existing data (as a consequence of which the analytical-synthetic method was used). As a result of the analyzes, the author presents an attempt to answer the title question: Is man – by nature – a warrior and a killer, or is he a pacifist? Material and methods: Theoretical / theoretical-philosophical material. Analytical-synthetic method. Analysis of existing data.

Kardeşler arasi şiddet: bir derleme çalişmasi

Author(s): Zeynep Deniz Seven,Gülden İrevül / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The objective of this study is to define and recognize the causes and effective factors of sibling abuse. Additionally, it aims to raise awareness of the subject by highlighting the relationship between domestic violence and sibling abuse. While the family environment is often considered a safe haven, it can unfortunately also be a place where violence and abuse occur, causing anxiety for its members. Despite many studies on domestic abuse, research on sibling abuse has been lacking. This study aims to fill that gap by discussing the definition of violence between siblings, the factors that contribute to it, the impact of family dynamics on sibling abuse, its prevalence, history, and consequences.

FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF TERRORIST GROUPS. CASE STUDY: DAESH (2014-2017)

Author(s): Mihăiță Ene / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2022

The present paper will focus on analysing the sources of funding used by DAESH1, mostly between 2014 and 2017. The objectives of the research are to document: (1) the funding sources that supported the development and maintenance of DAESH, (2) the factors that contributed to the strengthening of the funding lines and (3) the measures that can be applied to combat the financing of terrorist groups. The terrorist organization’s success in gathering and managing funds has had a significant contribution to its rapidly growing influence and image among the other extremist-terrorist entities which claim legitimacy within Islam.The current stage of knowledge will be presented and each relevant element will be analysed. In what concerns the research apparatus, analysis and quantitative methods will be utilized in order to highlight the causes that contributed to the development of DAESH’s funding capabilities. Relevant aspects from literature, as well as conclusions drawn by several authors with expertise on the topic, will be mentioned and compared.The newly resulted ideas will be synthesized through interpretation and development of current knowledge. The aim is to create a theoretical framework that provides solutions as potential measures that can be taken into consideration by national authorities in order to prevent such entities from gaining control over territories, becoming more attractive to activists, also developing funding networks comparable to those of some states.

DARK HUMOUR, COMIC ELEMENTS AND THE HORRORS OF WAR IN “CATCH 22”

Author(s): Georgiana-Elena Dilă / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2022

Joseph Heller’s Catch 22 makes use of humour and satire in order to portray a world where the war and its effects are unbelievably overwhelming. Many of the moments of the novel that are best remembered are undoubtedly hilarious, managing to create a bond between comedy and tragedy, thus, linking humour to traumatizing events. Dark humour is certainly the way Heller chooses to deal with the atrocities of war and its importance in the novel should not be overlooked when commenting on its impact and popularity.