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Kniha Lubomíra Vejražky Nezhojené rány národa pohledem historika a pamětnice
A book reviw of the title: Vejražka, Lubomír, Nezhojené rány národa.
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A book reviw of the title: Vejražka, Lubomír, Nezhojené rány národa.
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International law has treated the issue of terrorism with enactment of legal acts that aim to influence the behaviour, i.e. the terrorism provoked enactment and implementation of legal norms with an intention to prevent terrorists’ acts and mitigate or eliminate their consequences on relationships between the international law subjects. International law had to determine criteria for assessment of some deeds, considered terrorist, on the bases of which those acts will be prevented by joint action of international community International law was mainly aimed on creating antiterrorist instruments as a frame for cooperation between states in order to secure that all terrorists are arrested, prosecuted and punished. Dissuasion from terroristic acts, that could be achieve by repression, have become insufficient at the time of intensification of violence and suicidality terrorism. It was necessary to prepare international law instruments that can secure prevention of terroristic attacks and created secure international environment. The main objectiv of the instruments for prevention is to disable the access to the means by which the terrorists can perform their violent acts. In that context, conventions, that should deny the access to the explosives, chemical and nuclear weapon, have been improved, as well as instruments of law which prevent financing of terrorist activities. This article considers, also, efficiency of antiterrorist instruments and the needs for creation of general, comprehensive convention against terrorism in the United Nations. Serbia has ratified all universal antiterrorist conventions as well as the European Convention. Serbia is also giving its contribution in other ways in a legal struggle against terrorism.
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Author of this text thinks that each sort of violence is directed to provoking fear, implementation of force or threat with the force. The author thinks that political violence, as one of manifest phenomenon of overall social violence, can be defined in most general terms as a direct or indirect implementation of force over mind, body, life, will or material goods of real or possible, or supposed political opponent. As a dynamic social category, social violence is nothing else but a sort of political act, or activity. While it is possible to define social violence as connection of rational and irrational in an undefined proportion in percentage, political violence is a teleological (purposeful – expedient) activity, or the activity in which the awareness, rational factor, should prevail over irrational one. Being political, it is always the matter of awareness and never can it have an attribute of totally blind action. Political violence consists of many activities harming basic rights of a person, in particular the rights on life and freedom. Among other things, here it implies war, aggression, internal conflicts – mainly armed rebellions and civil wars, then political turmoil, threats with force, various kinds of torture for political purpose, violent political riots, rebellions, guerrilla’s activities and terrorism.
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The aim of this paper is to present the most important media elements for successful professional engagement of journalists, no matter what the time and the place of armed conflict are. This paper examined the methodological assumptions that follow the preparation of journalists for media acting in the war-affected territories. We presented the division into professional and psychological preparations and listed the most important segments which make up the basic preparation for war reporting. We listed some of the most common psychological problems war reporters deal with, but we also mentioned professional help as the best prevention. At the end of the paper, we presented the predominant theories which deal with war reporting, with the conclusion that factographic approach is the most acceptable, in both professional and ethic terms.
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The future of communication based on information technology is uncertain because the options are endless and the speed of development is unknown. The consequences of such development the society feels already now, only fifteen years after expansion of information-communication technology. Among other unknown factors, the one is direction of hackers actions because the direction of ethical control of information society is unknown – freedom or life under control? Having in mind such new conditions, the United Nations have, by the resolution of the General Assembly, tried to regulate these results and development tendencies and organised therefore the World Summit on Information Society known as WSIS.
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Society, especially the contemporary society, is characterized by an endless number of institutions. They are defined as relatively permanent and formal rules which regulate the relations among the people, established in certain relationships, activities, or organizations. Omnipresence and role of institutions has guided many authors to explain the character of phenomena such as state or economics as emanations of certain institutions. Unsurprisingly, theory of institutionalism does not define a state as an organism or organization of ruling classes, nor as a legal entity. It defines a state as an institution, which implies not just the idea of common functions, but also the organization and power which makes that functions possible. In that sense, goals of indoctrination can be conscious and unconscious. Its primary objective is establishment of experience of permanent rule of minority over majority. In its essence, the indoctrination is based on the creation of religious, obedient, and confused individual. In other words, it creates a believer, an opportunist, a partial being, a supporter of hierarchy and establishment, a venerator of authorities and expertise, a suggestible person who is always prone to be subjected to threats, taboos and prejudices. By large part, methods of indoctrination are contained in the generally accepted customs and formal rules transferring among civilizations and societies, thus creating something holy and untouchable. The other part of the process is imposed by the ruling minority in the form of convenient dogmas and positive legal regulations. When analyzing these phenomena, we must remember the class struggles and pervading totalitarian spirit. To be more exact, methods of this process are forever identical and are founded on authority, force, extortion, fraud and formal-logical means of thinking. Organized indoctrination conducted outside of an educational system has different forms. For simplicity, it can be divided into two categories: public and concealed indoctrination.
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Hacker subculture developed at the beginning of 1960s parallel with development of technological innovations. Inside hacker’s subculture grew new way of communication characteristic for members of this group only. Its function, at the first place, was to eliminate from communication all those who do not belong to this group, but also to emphasis existence of hacker’s culture in reality. This work originated from will to explain communication among members of hacker’s culture and its influence on everyday life. In today’s world technology came in all aspects of society so leetspeak became part of everyday interaction among people who do not have direct contacts with creating of technology, but only with consuming it.
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This paper discusses new aspects of hate speech in the modern political and media life of Serbia. It is about new and frequent use of eristic tricks, particular rhetorical imitation, mimicry and mannerism. In hate speech the doer of the action and the object often change their position. Consequently, there is a danger of overall depreciation of rhetorical and eristic level of public communication. From this standpoint, political communication in Serbia is advancing very slowly. The boarders of political and media discourse are expanding towards general colloquialism and illusion. The use of jargon and everyday speech has become evident. Allusiveness of many political appearances becomes more and more vulgar. Prejudice influences the forming of some political speeches and public opinion. In this way language becomes special means of new forms of manipulation.
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The paper presents two faces of the problem of corporal punishment. One is a global tendency or even a movement towards forbidding all forms of violence against children, and also those that have been traditionally presented in upbringing. There are several international legal instruments that undertake the problem of corporal punishment, starting from the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The most important ones are reviewed in the paper as well as some global initiatives that are being undertaken especially in the last decade. The other face of the problem is a practice of the everyday upbringing of children which can still be described as violent, a practice where parents still approve some violent behaviours and still behave violently towards their children. The paper presents a part of the survey carried out among parents of children below 18 years old. The results show that violence in upbringing is visible in Poland, that corporal punishment is still accepted and experienced by Polish children, although in Poland there has been an official ban of corporal punishment since 2010. The survey shows that both knowledge on the law and parents’ attitudes towards some violent behaviours should be corrected.
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This article focuses on four major issues: the nature and main characteristics of the so-called jihadi quasi-state; a review of past and current jihadist emirates; the history of the Islamic State (the name can be understood in two ways: as a jihadi organization and quasi-state which control territory); and the immediate future of a new jihadi quasi-state.
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Researchers (Walters 2002; De Genova 2010) argue that deportations and their sheer possibility – the deportability of migrants – produce state sovereignty against the uncontrolled border-crossings, which are perceived by states as a disturbing symptom of ‘losing control’ (Sassen 1996). This article assumes a micro-perspective and, drawing upon the phenomenologically-informed concept of ‘state as lived experience’ (Correa 2013), it explains how state sovereignty is localized in the experience of a deportee. The narratives of 27 former deportees, expelled from the United States between 2006 and 2012 and interviewed back in their Mexican hometown, are the basis for the analysis. The author argues that a continuum of violence experienced by the migrants throughout the process of deportation reconstructs US sovereignty in lieu of an extralegal zone, the corollary of migrants’ unauthorized border crossings.
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This article presents a model of villein-inflicted violence on the basis of 19th century realist novels and the peasant memory of the experience of serfdom. This article brings two disparate bodies of literature together in order to bring to light continuities in the relationship of work and violence across serfdom and capitalism in 19th century Poland. First, the article examines a number of realist novels which do not directly address serfdom amongst its central themes and thus, the representation of villein (serfdom) violence has to be sought at the borders of the world inhabited by the work’s protagonists, usually from the perspective of privileged classes. As such, the problem of serfdom is visible only indirectly, in the form of short fragments of well-known novels. At the same time, these works assume the obviousness of violence against peasants. This article offers an analysis of Polish realist tradition of fiction writing in order to demonstrate how the very social standing of protagonists is maintained at the expense of the people doing physical labor. Second, the article examines descriptions of this violence in the memoirs of peasants, and further offers an analysis of two such examples of the suppression of peasant revolt through physical violence. Deprived of all hope and agency, victims were left only to submit to the coercion of work in total resignation. Bringing these two bodies of literature together reveals the nexus of work and violence which, instead of disappearing with the abolition of villein (serfdom), emerged in the form of new capitalist relationships defined by inequalities between the capitalist and the proletarian.
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The modern world has created a certain system of rules, which was accepted officially by all states. However,violations of human rights and democratic standards happen in various parts of the globe. Some countries attack others breaking signed agreements of friendship. In such a situation the world is expected to stop the aggressor, which does not always happen. This article shows an analysis of the latest conflict in Ukraine and the world’s response to it. Global community decided not to intervene militarily but to stop Russian aggression by trying to leave it without any sources to continue the war. The effectiveness of this policy and other possibilities to stop the conflict will be studied in the article. From the author’s point of view, the democratic countries of the world were not fast and consistent enough trying to make Russia stop its unannounced war against Ukraine. New scientific elaborations will be used in the article to show unused proposals to solve the situation more successfully.
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One of the most essential dilemmas in the current field of international relations regarding terrorism is how to differentiate the terms like terrorist, guerilla and criminal. There are no precise definitions in these cases what may oft en lead to their misunderstanding. The author tries to answer what the main differences between them are and how all these issues can be defined. In many examples the author presents the appropriate classification of particular accidents referring to those categories. Finally, all the questionable aspects related to the process of proper classification were indicated in the text.
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In October 1943, Višegrad was occupied by Yugoslav army in the Homeland (JVuO), better known as “Četniks”. As the city was captured, the greater part of Bosniak population migrated, as refugees, towards Sarajevo. The remaining civilians were killed in a mass-slaughter committed by Četniks. This article presents some, until now unknown, facts about the role of allied army officers in this particular operation and sheds further light upon the events of the October 1943. The occupation of the city Višegrad and the crimes committed thereof shall be viewed from within four aspects: Krvava ćuprija na Drini (The bloody bridge on Drina) by the author Mustafa Sućeska, the Report Misija Mihailoviću (the Mission for Mihailović) by Albert Stiez, the chapter Četnik’s envasion of eastern Bosnia (The third uprising led by Račić) by Sava Pređa and Srbi protiv Vermahta (Serbs against Wehrmacht) by Miloslav Samardžić. Thus we attempted to present Bosniak, allied, Yugoslav and Serbian perceptions of the event of the seizure of Višegrad and the crimes committed there.
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In this article that deals with the crimes against humanity and international law committed in the territory of the municipality Višegrad the accent is placed upon the bestial method of killing by both mass and individual burning of civilians (women, children and the aged) in houses and other adjoining constructions. In this context the chronological history of this type of crime is viewed with intention to establish and present the continuity of such crimes that in Višegrad reached their peak during 1992-1995. The results of theoretical and empirical research clearly show that the city of Višegrad has become a paradigm of the crime of burning civilians, thus it is justly characterised as the city wherein burning of a large number of civilians was planned, organised and systematically executed with the aim of the most brutal ethnic cleansing and persecution of the inhabitants of the valley of the river Drina. This is also confirmed by the relevant verdicts of the Hague Tribunal against the criminals who directly or indirectly were involved in killings, to a healthy human mind incomprehensible, of the innocent civilians just for being of different nationality or faith.
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Following article deals with the Kurdish diaspora in Middle-Europe at the background of current conflict with so called Islamic State. Kurds are one of the main actors of this strong regional conflict and their diaspora in Germany and Austria are forced to react to such a situation. The text is focused not only on actual situation in Syria and Iraq, but mainly on Kurdish reaction towards it. Not only for Czech reader there is interesting part dealing with Kurdish community in Czech Republic, although this diaspora is not as numerous and strong as in Germany or Austria. One of the important outcomes of the article is an attempt to predict future scenarios of Kurds situation development. But it is necessary to mention the high dynamics of conflict with Islamic State complicates any such an attempt of prediction.
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Between the state of Israel independent declaration in 1948, until this very days, wars, military operations and on-going national terror had been its daily routine to cope with. The main goal of this study was to review published studies on the impact of those extreme negative life events on the well-being and mental health of various groups of Arab and Jewish civilians in Israel. In addition, this study emphasizes well-known PTSD risk factors related to terrorism, military operations and war in Israel, as well as dissociative symptoms, ASD symptoms, and Death anxiety. The study also deals with some of the background characteristics, the internal and the external resources of the individual, in three age groups, which can take the role of mediator variables between those negative events and the populations’ well-being. The literature published in Israel from the beginning of studding those subjects, available up to January 2017, was systematically reviewed. About thirteen studies on the impact of on-going terror attacks and risk factors for distress, trauma and PTSD and, about ten studies on coping strategies were identifi ed. Causes, risk factors, variety of outcomes and coping strategies were widespread from the earlier and traditional to more recent and modern approaches towards those subjects and sometimes integrated.
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Aggressive behaviour of hooligans is not a new phenomenon, but has its roots in ancient times. From that era it developed and evolved, with particular dynamics at the turn of the 1950s/60s of the last century. In Poland this phenomenon and the violence appeared later, in the 1970s. Authors also presented classification of the fans by presenting the attributes and characteristics of particular groups. These often brutal and violent behavior have also been analised in this article –authors have presented the most spectacular tragedies caused by aggression of hooligans. It was showed that modern groups of football hooligans in Poland often have criminal nature, and are an important part of organised (often international) crime, connected with smuggling and drug trafficking.
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The article presents in statistical and analytical terms, crime in the Slovak Republic. The text introduces the sphere of public safety in this country in the years 1993-2011. The study has focused on the discussion of torts affecting in a direct way, the extent the of sense of security among the citizens of Slovakia.
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