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The Political Situation in Iraq in Light of Mass Protests

Author(s): Sara Nowacka / Language(s): English

In October, mass protests over poor living conditions and Iran’s influence on the country’s internal policy erupted in Iraq. Brutal attempts to quell the demonstrations led to the escalation of violence. On 30 November, Prime Minister Adil Abd al-Mahdi resigned, which was one of the demands of the demonstrators supported by the prominent Shiite spiritual leader in Iraq Ali al-Sistani. The PM’s resignation, the proposal of reforms put forward by the president of Iraq, and the UN plan to stabilise the country backed by Sistani indicate the possibility of abolishing the model of consensual democracy prevailing in Iraq.

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Strategia bezpieczeństwa narodowego USA: podejście administracji Trumpa

Author(s): Marcin Andrzej Piotrowski,Bartosz Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish

Stany Zjednoczone odchodzą od założenia, że bezpieczeństwo i pomyślność gospodarczą można osiągnąć dzięki zaangażowaniu we współpracę z innymi aktorami międzynarodowymi. Nastawiają się na rywalizację z Rosją i Chinami, której stawką jest nie tyle obrona istniejącego ładu międzynarodowego, co jego dostosowanie do amerykańskich potrzeb i interesów. Administracja Trumpa zamierza zrealizować ten cel, umacniając dominację militarną USA i koncentrując się na wyzwaniach stwarzanych przez państwa, choć katalog zagrożeń niezmiennie uwzględnia także terroryzm międzynarodowy, w tym z użyciem broni masowego rażenia.

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Upadek i metamorfoza ISIS

Author(s): Patrycja Sasnal / Language(s): Polish

Po odbiciu Mosulu w Iraku i Rakki w Syrii tzw. Państwo Islamskie (ISIS) przestaje istnieć jako projekt państwowotwórczy. Wchodzi w nowy etap: transformacji w rozproszoną, parasolową organizację terrorystyczną, która daje szyld i inspirację lokalnym ugrupowaniom dżihadystycznym i zradykalizowanym jednostkom. W tej nowej odsłonie ekspansję ISIS ograniczy jednak rywalizacja z Al-Kaidą. Organizacja przeznaczy pozostałe zasoby na zamachy terrorystyczne na Bliskim Wschodzie (głównie w Iraku, Syrii i Egipcie), w Azji Południowo- -Wschodniej i w Europie.

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This Is Not Over Yet: Terrorism and Counterterrorism in the EU after the Paris Attacks

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): English

The attacks in Paris are not the beginning of new terrorism in Europe. EU Member States have been threatened by such deeds perpetrated by individuals motivated by the Islamic State (IS), or IS returnees from Syria, for at least three years. Countering this threat proves difficult, and one could expect French pressure to see other Member States prioritise counterterrorism more in their security strategies. Central European countries, far less threatened by terrorism than their Western European counterparts, will also be forced to respond to such calls.

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To jeszcze nie koniec: terroryzm i jego zwalczanie w UE po zamachach w Paryżu

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): Polish

Ataki terrorystyczne w Paryżu nie zapoczątkowały nowego terroryzmu w Europie, ponieważ państwa członkowskie UE od co najmniej trzech lat są zagrożone zamachami, które przeprowadzają weterani Państwa Islamskiego powracający z Syrii lub osoby motywowane przez tę organizację. Walka z tym zagrożeniem przysparza członkom UE wielu trudności i można się spodziewać, że Francja będzie naciskać na nadanie mu większego priorytetu w strategiach bezpieczeństwa państw członkowskich. Na te wezwania będą też musiały odpowiedzieć państwa Europy Środkowej, w mniejszym stopniu zagrożone terroryzmem niż zachodnioeuropejskie.

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Let’s Learn from the Experience of Others: Poland and Its Preparations for a Higher Terrorist Threat

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): English

Islamist terrorism is one of the main security threats to Western Europe. Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries, which are at far less risk, are able to utilise the experiences of their Western European partners and enhance the scope of their counter-terrorism measures to include preventing and combating radicalisation and recruitment to terrorist organisations. This will enable the “new” EU Member States to construct comprehensive counter-terrorism strategies before the terrorist threat escalates, rather than after, as was the case with Western Europe.

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Uczmy się na doświadczeniach innych. Polska a przygotowanie na zwiększone zagrożenie terrorystyczne

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): Polish

Terroryzm islamistycznych radykałów pozostaje jednym z głównych zagrożeń dla państw Europy Zachodniej. Polska i kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, których dotyczy to w zdecydowanie mniejszym stopniu, mogą korzystać z doświadczeń zachodnich partnerów i rozszerzyć podejmowane inicjatywy antyterrorystyczne o działania prewencyjne, których celem jest zapobieganie radykalizacji i rekrutacji do organizacji terrorystycznych. Pozwoli to na skonstruowanie spójnej strategii antyterrorystycznej przed eskalacją zagrożenia terrorystycznego, a nie – jak miało to miejsce w Europie Zachodniej – w jej następstwie.

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So, It’s Not the Islamic State after All? The Threat of International Terrorism in Poland

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): English

The terrorist threat to Poland from Islamic fundamentalists who conduct attacks in other parts of Europe is low. The arrival of Middle Eastern and African refugees in Poland does not have to alter this but will put a strain on security services’ resources as they monitor the new arrivals. This could hamper their ability to counteract another terrorist threat—foreign fighters involved on both sides of the Ukrainian conflict. Mindful of this threat, Poland should attempt to widen the scope of European counterterrorism measures, shifting from a sole focus on Syria and Iraq towards surveillance of foreign fighters travelling to or from Ukraine.

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Jednak nie Państwo Islamskie? Zagrożenie terroryzmem międzynarodowym dla Polski

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): Polish

Polska jest w nieznacznym stopniu zagrożona działalnością organizacji terrorystycznych z kręgu fundamentalizmu islamskiego, które podejmują ataki terrorystyczne w innych częściach Europy. Przyjazd uchodźców z Bliskiego Wschodu i Afryki nie musi zmienić tej oceny, choć będzie równoznaczny z dużym zaangażowaniem polskich służb w obserwację nowo przybyłych. Może to ograniczyć ich zdolność do przeciwdziałania innemu zagrożeniu terrorystycznemu – ze strony zagranicznych bojowników walczących po obu stronach konfliktu na Ukrainie. Biorąc udział we współpracy antyterrorystycznej w ramach UE, Polska powinna zabiegać o to, by działania podejmowane w celu monitoringu osób wyjeżdżających na wojnę do Iraku i Syrii rozszerzono także o analogiczne przypadki wyjazdów na Ukrainę i powrotów z tego kraju.

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The UK’s Counterterrorism Policy in Its Relations with the EU

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): English

The United Kingdom plays a special role in countering terrorism in the EU, as it is one of the most threatened Member States, and a territory that is often used by terrorist networks to recruit new members and prepare new attacks. Due to this, the “Brexit” scenario, improbable as it is for now, means that other Member States, with less developed counterterrorist policies, must strengthen their cooperation with their British partners, especially in the light of the rising terrorist threat emanating from foreign fighters returning from the Islamic State.

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Polityka antyterrorystyczna w relacjach Wielkiej Brytanii z UE

Author(s): Kacper Rękawek / Language(s): Polish

Wielka Brytania odgrywa szczególną rolę w zwalczaniu terroryzmu w Unii Europejskiej, jako jeden z najbardziej zagrożonych członków Unii, a także państwo silnie wykorzystywane przez siatki terrorystyczne do rekrutacji nowych członków oraz przygotowywania zamachów. Dlatego groźba „Brexitu”, niezależnie od stopnia jej prawdopodobieństwa, wymaga od tych krajów UE, które nie mają rozwiniętej polityki antyterrorystycznej, zacieśnienia współpracy z brytyjskimi partnerami, zwłaszcza w sytuacji, kiedy stale rośnie zagrożenie terrorystyczne dla Europy ze strony powracających zagranicznych bojowników tzw. Państwa Islamskiego.

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Nasilje nad ženama i sistemska diskriminacija: (pre)dug put do pravde

Author(s): Aleksandra Ivanković / Language(s): Bosnian

I dok je javnost jednog od naših susjeda nedjeljama bitku bila za ratifikaciju Konvencije Savjeta Evrope o sprečavanju i borbi protiv nasilja nad ženama i nasilja u porodici (poznatija kao Istanbulska konvencija), Bosna i Hercegovina je tu konvenciju bezbolno i bez prevelike pompe tiho ratifikovala još u novembru 2013. Ono što slijedi je jedna nestvarno stvarna priča o kompleksnoj problematici kojom se Konvencija bavi, u kojoj je svaka sličnost sa stvarnim osobama namjerna.

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One Year After the Invasion: Most Russians Still Back War in Ukraine

Author(s): Agnieszka Legucka / Language(s): English

One year on from the invasion of Ukraine, Russian society is largely supportive of the war, although the authorities are finding it difficult to mobilise citizens. The passivity and adaptability of Russians means that the regime does not have to fear mass protests. The power elite is so far loyal to Vladimir Putin. Although they have been restricted in their ability to earn legally in the West, they are compensating for their losses in the occupied areas of Ukraine. Since Putin does not have to worry about internal problems, he can focus on a long-term confrontation with the West and continue the war against Ukraine.

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Arms deliveries to Ukraine: crossing the red lines

Author(s): Andrzej Wilk,Jacek Tarociński / Language(s): English

The scale of the military support that the West has been providing to Ukraine is unprecedented. Both the type of supplies of arms & military equipment and the needs of Ukrainian Armed Forces have been evolving during the course of the war. Just as the conflict can be divided into major phases, one can identify the corresponding political decisions that extended Western arms supplies to Ukraine and crossed the West’s self-imposed red lines. From the beginning of the Russian invasion, Kyiv has clearly defined its needs in terms of arms, military equipment and ammunition. The assistance individual countries have rendered to Ukraine has depended on their military and economic capabilities, as well as their political will.

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No Exit: France on Its Discord with Mali and the Situation in the Sahel

Author(s): Łukasz Maślanka / Language(s): English

Since the coup d'étatin May 2021, Mali’smilitary authorities have been making unfriendly gestures towards France and pushing for its troops to leave the country as soon as possible. The situation has been exacerbated by Russia, which is supporting the Malian junta through private military companies and inspiring actions that are harmful to France. The rise of anti-French and anti-Western sentiment in the region is hampering France’s efforts to involve its European partners in the operation. Instead of focusing on the fight against terror, France is falling into conflicts with countries in the region and yielding to Russian influence.

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Ukraine’s disputes over the 80th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacre

Author(s): Jadwiga Rogoża / Language(s): English

On 29 September 2021 and 6 October 2021 two competing ceremonies were held in Kyiv to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the massacre at Babi Yar, where Kyiv Jews and representatives of other ethnic and political groups were exterminated. No comprehensive commemoration of these crimes was offered, either during the Soviet era or in the last 30 years of Ukraine’s independence. It was only in recent years that two projects to commemorate the Babi Yar massacre emerged. However, a sharp dispute between their initiators is ongoing. The first project, proposed by the Academy of Sciences and supported by ‘patriotic’ groups, presents the Holocaust against the backdrop of the martyrdom of other nations, and views Ukraine as a victim of two totalitarian systems. The other project, which is a private initiative, focuses on commemorating the genocide of the Jews on Ukrainian soil. However, this one has sparked controversy mainly due to the involvement in it of sponsors and contributors from Russia. This project has received backing from both the Ukrainian and Israeli governments due to its advanced stage of implementation, its cutting-edge design and its focus on Holocaust.

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Niger Was One Coup Too Many in the Sahel

Author(s): Jędrzej Czerep / Language(s): English

On 26 July, the military overthrew the democratically elected, pro-Western president of Niger, Mohamed Bazoum. The regional ECOWAS bloc, followed by France, threatened military intervention. However, it turned out to be politically impossible due to the support that the junta had gained with anti-French slogans and widespread opposition in the countries that were to carry it out, especially Nigeria. Russia and jihadist groups active in the region have gained politically from the coup.

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Acceptance from a Distance - Attitudes towards Homosexual, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The aim of this research was to provide a deep understanding of the position of LGBTI people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the factors that shape their daily lives, as well as to provide insight into the views and offer an understanding of the attitudes and opinions of the general population in BiH towards LGBTI people, their rights and freedoms, and LGBTIQ activism. Through a selected representative sample of 1,023 respondents aged 18 to 65, the research examined the level of awareness and support for LGBTI people and their human rights. The methodological approach included an online survey via the CAWI platform and analysis through descriptive statistics and relations between demographic variables. Research findings indicate a positive trend in the knowledge of LGBTI topics and people in the immediate environment, as well as changes in the attitudes of the general population. The key findings are presented below…

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The Risks of (Anti-)Muslim Radicalism - Charlie Hebdo, Islamic Minorities and Political Violence in Central Europe

Author(s): Jan Daniel / Language(s): English

Although the number of victims was low when compared to the attacks in Madrid in 2004 or in Utøya in 2011, the Paris attacks of January 7th – 9th 2015 had a tremendous symbolic impact that reached far beyond France. The Charlie Hebdo shootings and subsequent hostage crisis have renewed debates about the jihadi threat to Europe and how to fight it, but also about the position of Muslim minorities in Western societies and the relation of tolerance and freedom of speech. While most French and European politicians have been remarkably united and restrained and have been careful to blame the individuals in question rather than the Muslim community as a whole, anti-Muslim and anti-immigration parties and movements (e.g. FN in France and PEGIDA in Germany) have been quick to try and make political capital out of the attacks. Neither Muslim communities, nor anti-Islamic movements are as strong in Central Europe (CE)1 as in Western Europe (WE) and the responses of politicians and populations generally reflect this. However, focusing on security and failing to address potential divides between Muslim and non-Muslim communities politically, could have an inflammatory effect, which would make no one safer.

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Fortress Britain vs. Liberal Britain: Responding Effectively to Terrorism - With troops on the streets after the Manchester attack, liberal Britain is threatened by harsh (and ineffective) responses to terror

Author(s): Benjamin Tallis / Language(s): English

The attack on concert-goers and their families in Manchester has provoked heartfelt outpourings of grief and sympathy as well as widespread and vehement condemnation. Politicians and citizens alike have pledged not to let this affect the cohesion of the diverse Mancunian community or to let it change liberal ways of British life.

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