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RETROSPEKTÍVNY POHĽAD NA ŠÍRENIE OCHORENIA COVID-19 V NITRIANSKOM SAMOSPRÁVNOM KRAJI V KONTEXTE ZRANITEĽNOSTI

Author(s): KATARÍNA VILINOVÁ,Gabriela Repaska / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

In the course of 2020, the coronavirus became a phenomenon that, albeit unwanted, created a wide space for the study of various scientific disciplines. The pandemic situation of COVID-19, which affected almost the entire civilized world with its consequences, therefore offered a unique opportunity to analyze the geographical space as well as human activities in it. It can be implemented at different hierarchical levels - from global, regional to local. It is precisely the circumstances with COVID-19, which also affected the territory of Slovakia and its individual regions, that form a sufficient prerequisite for their analysis. This phenomenon can also be analyzed through the evaluation of the vulnerability of the territory of Slovakia using the example of this disease. In each country, during this pandemic, indicators that provided information on current risks and the possibilities of their operative solution were primarily monitored. The aim of the contribution is to point out the spread of this disease in the given territory based on the assessment of the vulnerability of the territory at the local and regional level of the Nitra self-governing region. For the evaluation, we used a complex indicator of vulnerability in relation to the spread of the COVID-19 disease through captured positive PCR tests. We evaluated the data over four time periods. The selection of data and methods used in this study together with the achieved and presented results can serve as a suitable tool to support the decision making of further measures for the future.

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CHANGES IN HEALTH FACILITIES IN THE REGIONS OF SLOVAKIA

Author(s): Viera Papcunova,Jarmila Hudáková,Roman Vavrek,Ingrid Varešinská / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The health systems of individual countries differ not only in terms of organizational security, but also in terms of financing. Significant changes in the healthcare system began to be implemented in Slovakia after 1989, when healthcare services became mixed goods from purely public goods. In practice, this meant the entry of the private sector into the field of providing health services. The aim of the article is to evaluate the development in the field of healt facilities in the regions of Slovakia on the basis of selected indicators. On the basis of the analysis of secondary data obtained from the Statistical office of the Slovak Republic for the period 2000-2021, it emerged that there were significant changes in the number of health facilities in individual regions in 2009, also as a result of legislative changes regarding the location and scope of these facilities. At the level of Slovakia, in 2021, compared to the year 2000, the number of health facilities increased by 20%, but the number of health workers increased only slightly by 0.6%.

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CAPACITY AVAILABILITY OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

Author(s): Ivana Vaňková,Iveta Vrabková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of psychiatric care was formulated already in 2000. In 2013, this original concept was revised under the name of the Strategy for the Reform of Psychiatric Care, the main goal of which is the deinstitutionalization of psychiatric care, the provision and increase of ambulatory and acute inpatient care capacities. The aim of the article is to evaluate regional differences in the capacity availability of psychiatric care in the regions of the Czech yoRepublic for the years 2012 and 2021. To evaluate the availability of psychiatric care capacities in the regions of the Czech Republic, the TOPSIS Technique was used within two models, M1 and M2. The models differed in the set weight of individual criteria. The results show that the best availability of psychiatric care capacities was in the capital city of Prague, followed by the Pilsen Region and the Vysočina Region. Conversely, the worst rated regions in terms of capacity availability include the Central Bohemian Region and the Zlín Region. Within the monitored years (2012, 2021), there was an improvement in the availability of capacities in all regions of the Czech Republic, with the exception of the Olomouc region.

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SHARING ECONOMY IN TERMS OF ACCOMMODATION AND CATERING SERVICES (CASE STUDY)

Author(s): Juraj Tej,Roman Vavrek,Viera Papcunova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Also thanks to pandemic, the sharing economy has recently gained more and more space. The use of the digital platforms that are part of it are present in various market segments. The aim of the article is to find out the involvement of business entities operating in catering and accommodation services in the sharing economy on the basis of a questionnaire survey. At the same time, we tried to identify the positive and negative aspects of the sharing economy from the perspective of individual business entities. We also evaluated the view of these business entities on the use of Internet portal services (eg Bolt food, Wolt, Bistro, Booking, Trivago, etc.) during the pandemic period. The research, which took place in the time period January - February 2022, involved 85 business entities operating in catering and accommodation services from regional cities in Slovakia. The questionnaire survey showed that accommodation and catering facilities in regional cities perceive more positives of the sharing economy than negatives. Of the positives, they perceived the increase in ordes the most, the biggest negative was the increase in competition. The vast majority of businesses have been helped by Internet portals to mitigate the negative effects during the Covid - 19 pandemic.

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BEHAVIORÁLNE ZMENY V CESTOVNOM RUCHU V ČASE PANDÉMIE COVID-19 V KRAJINÁCH SVETA

Author(s): Janka BERESECKÁ,Eva Matejková,Veronika Svetlíková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Perceived as an economic power accounting for 10% of world GDP, 30% of services exports and 1 in 10 jobs in the world, tourism is one of the most affected sectors in terms of income and employment, as any restriction on the movement of people within and between countries has a negative impact on this sector. The aim of the paper is to identify which countries are most dependent on the tourism sector and to identify trends for the safe recovery of the tourism sector as an important tool for achieving a long-term, sustainable and inclusive future. The paper draws selected data from the World Travel & Tourism Council database and provides an analysis of the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in 33 countries, using 8 indicators. The method of cluster analysis was used in the work. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, the countries were divided into four clusters. They quantify potential changes in the behaviour of tourism participants as a consequence of travel and mobility constraints, psychological and economic factors. Finally, we present the drivers of changes in consumer behaviour in the form of several scenarios.

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PANDEMICKÉ NAKUPOVANIE: PRÍKLAD SLOVENSKEJ A SRBSKEJ STRIEBORNEJ GENERÁCIE

Author(s): Miroslava Trembošová,Martin Šramka / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Current COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused global concerns about individuals' health problems, but it has also triggered a change in consumer behavior. Even if only time will tell whether these changes will be temporary or permanent, we can begin to observe the change in how the pandemic affects demographic shopping behavior. Many studies confirm that the silver generation is not a homogeneous group and is most affected by the pandemic. The aim of the paper is to examine the consumer habits and patterns of seniors when buying food during the pandemic in 2021 in Nitra city (Slovakia) and Báčsky Petrovec (Srbsko). The segmentation factor is their age. The results of earlier surveys from 2020 confirmed that the seniors aged 50-64 are a heterogeneous group with higher variability of responses. Due to the greater isolation and greater restriction of movement, people aged 65 and over were less variable in their responses to food purchases. The purpose of this study is to broaden the knowledge base about the attitudes and buying behavior of the silver generation during the pandemic by comparison from two European countries, evaluated by Pearson contingency coefficient. The results of the research confirmed the assumption of segmentation of seniors by age. Younger seniors showed greater variability in responses than the group of older seniors. All Slovak senior respondents reported a change in food purchases during the pandemic (100%), but in Serbia 6% did not change their purchasing practices during the pandemic.

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EU COHESION AFTER COVID-19: WHAT ARE THE NEW TRENDS FOR THE RESILIENT FUTURE?

Author(s): Michaela Staníčková,Lukáš Melecký / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

COVID-19 pandemic presents a significant challenge for the entire European Union. National, regional and local communities are on the front line in countering the disease and its socio-economic impact. Solidarity and responsibility across our societies and between Member States are key to overcoming this challenge. COVID-19 intensified and accelerated the debate on the resilience of regional economies not only to respond to exogenous shocks but how to shape viable environments. These are systems that meet today's demands and future challenges. In the first line, especially, the green and digital transitions' potential is highlighted as new drivers of EU growth. New economic, social and territorial disparities may appear without appropriate policy action. The aim is that the cohesion policy should respond to these challenges and, in particular, ensure that place-based, multilevel, and partnership-led approaches continue to improve cohesion while building on synergies and mainstreaming cohesion objectives into other policies and instruments. Via literature review method, the paper aims to summarise the fundamental aspects of the EU Cohesion Policy not only for the programming period 2021-2027 but in the long-term perspectives, i.e., cohesion towards 2050. How will the EU Cohesion Policy help in the future? The transition to carbon-neutrality will transform the EU’s economy. The digital transition is moving forward at different speeds across the EU. The EU Cohesion Policy will become more flexible, drawing on the lessons from the pandemic, to adapt more easily to unexpected shocks, e.g., by a higher flexibility in transferring resources.

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CROSS-BORDER BANKING REGULATIONS IN THE EVENT OF CRISIS

Author(s): Aliona Cara-Rusnac / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article will analyze the impact of different waves of crisis on the Moldovan banking activity. There will be presented the Moldovan banking activity and its resistance to the crisis during different waves of crisis: big world crisis 2007-2009, Moldovan banking crisis 2014, the Greek sovereign debt crisis in the spring of 2010 and finally health crisis (2020-present). In conclusion, the author will come up with recommendations referring mitigating regulatory risks of the banking activity in particular emphasizing its relations to the customers, regarding improving the regulatory banking framework during crisis based on the best strategies implemented by the developed countries. It will be argued that there is a need to tackle solutions to banks problems at the European, International level that the national level, and will be considered the role of the International, European and national monitoring institutions to provide appropriate solutions and if necessary to adopt restrictions. The crisis periods have shown that past and/or current legislative framework is inadequate to face the financial and/or health crisis, also the banking crisis that took place in Moldova and 2014 and the collapse of three banks showed the gaps in the national legislation and weak cross border cooperation in investigating financial crimes. Another issue is that the banks played a crucial role during crisis in supporting and/or no supporting client as the first impact of the crisis is the hit on the economy and in particular on the small and medium enterprises, though it is in state’s duty to support small and medium enterprises, by subventions, cooperation with banks to wave penalties and/or interests, pay rents and other facilities. Currently countries are struggling with health crisis, banks are experiencing clients’ resistance and impossibility in paying the debts, in these case the banks had to change their strategies this is particularly the case for cross- border banks, where many assets from a variety of countries may be held by founders from different countries, thus applying different jurisdiction. By April 2020, about half of the world’s population was under lockdown, the banks have switched from classic to electronic payments.

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Niepełnosprawność, praca rynkowa i nierynkowa w perspektywie polityki życia i otwierania „okien możliwości”

Author(s): Ewa Giermanowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In modern societies, professional work of people with disabilities and professional activation programs have become the norm. Their right to work on an equal basis with others and the promotion of equal opportunities in the field of training and employment set the directions of action in international and national politics [[UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006]. The failures of numerous professional activation programs for people with disabilities raise the question of the boundaries of activation and limitations of the process of normalizing market policies and work ideologies. In this context, "refusal to work" can become a sanctioned choice. Changing lifestyles and work styles strengthen alternative choices and the acceptance process for other forms of work, which may include, among others, caring work, social work, disease management, rehabilitation. Referring to Giddens' concept of the politics of emancipation and the politics of life in late modern societies, it is worth considering the forms of work alternative to market labor and the choices of lifestyles. The current political activities are focused primarily on increasing the professional activity of people with disabilities. However, it cannot be ruled out that in the process of creating politics and political games [Kingdon 1995] new solutions will emerge and "windows of opportunity" will be created for the recognition of alternative forms of work. The communities of people with disabilities will play a key role in introducing new solutions and opening "windows of opportunities".

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Pandemia SARS-CoV-2 jako czynnik wykluczenia społecznego osób starszych

Author(s): Magdalena Wieczorkowska,Paweł Przyłęcki,Agnieszka Pawlak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Older adults are the group vulnerable to various form of exclusion including – among others - the workplace, in the healthcare system, the insurance system, in culture or in digital world. Inclusive actions which – due to the demographic trends - are undertaken globally, have been limited due to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The coronavirus has touched – directly or non-directly – every single person, forcing them to modify, to stop or to undertake new activities. In many areas its consequences are negative - the pandemic deepened the existing inequalities in such areas as: medical (difficulty in treating conditions other than COVID-19, increasing crisis in the health care system), socio-cultural (limitation of social contacts and in the use of cultural goods and services), economic (job losses and increasing unemployment, bankruptcy of companies, financial state interventions), religious and spiritual (isolation, difficulty in participation in religious ceremonies), political (deepening of socio-political divides du to restrictions, changes in national and international arrangements of political powers). The pandemic increased social isolation of older adults, which they had very often previously experienced. From the beginning, media broadcast underlined that older adults are particular group of people, that should be protected. Thus, many restrictions and recommendation have been implemented, which eventually has led to loneliness. In the paper we present selected results of the study on psychosocial and health consequences of isolation caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic among persons aged 55+. The data will show, how the pandemic has changed the situation of respondents in the area of social activity and social contacts being – to some extent – a factor of social exclusion.

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Życie w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Przeobrażenia kontaktów i relacji między ludźmi

Author(s): Marta Karkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses issues related to the transformations of social life in Poland caused by the emergence and spread of the Covid-19 disease. It discusses, among other things, observed at the micro-social level the transformations of previously practiced ways of contacting other people; perception of contacts with strangers or those who do not belong to the household or close family; changes in activities carried out in the public space; as well as transformations of patterns of social behaviors. The key causes of these phenomena and the consequences observed after the first year of the pandemic were also identified. The theoretical framework of the conclusions are the concepts of social ties and social change. The empirical basis for the conclusions is provided by materials obtained from a qualitative study conducted in 2020 in connection with the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Poland. The study focused on social attitudes and lifestyles in the context of climate change. A second research project was carried out in 2021, and the researchers returned to the same interviewees with updated research questions.

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APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY TO AGING

Author(s): Antoaneta Klobučar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A network is a collection of points joined in pairs by lines. In graph theory, the points are called vertices, and the lines are called edges. Also, a network is a representation that reduces some systems to an abstract structure containing only the required properties we want to provide. Vertices and edges in a network can be labeled with additional information, such as names or weights, which determine the system more precisely. This paper reviews the application of graph theory and mathematical methods to model biological networks and to study the aging process. Aging is a complex phenomenon that occurs at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, and understanding the mechanisms that drive aging requires a system-level approach. Biological networks, including protein-protein interaction networks, genetic regulatory networks, and metabolic networks, play a critical role in aging. Graph theory provides a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing complex networks, and mathematical methods can be used to simulate the dynamics of these networks during aging.

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Legal Responsibility in the Operating Room in the Particular Case of Retained Surgical Foreign Bodies

Author(s): Raluca Laura Dornean Păunescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study presents an analysis of legal liability in the operating room, in the hypothesis of a retained surgical foreign bodies, as well as the interpretation of the procedure for completing the checklist of surgical procedures, imposed by Order no. 1,529 of December 13, 2013 issued by the Romanian Ministry of Health. Ab initio, there are exposed the legal status of civil liability in medical activity, the definitions of medical personnel and the notion of malpractice, as well as aspects related to the prescription of the right of action and the competent court in such cases. In corollary, jurisprudential elements related to the medico-legal expertise and the relevant conclusions of such evidence administered in the civil process are highlighted.

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AGING OF THE POPULATION IN EUROPE AND CROATIA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Author(s): Antoaneta Klobučar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the paper, statistics on the aging of the EU population are observed first on the total number of inhabitants and then on individual countries that stand out with either the smallest or the most significant percentage of the old population. Data for the EU are given for the period from 2001 to 2020. In conclusion, the situation in Croatia was observed from 1961 onwards, with particular emphasis on the period from 2001 to 2020. Various statistical indicators were considered in the paper, including the share of the older population (over 65 years old) and the very old population (over 80 years old) in the total population. The share of the young population (from 0 to 19 years) and children (from 0 to 14 years) in the total population was also observed. The paper also analyzed the population’s average age, making comparisons across different time periods. The aging index represents the percentage of people aged 60 and over in relation to the number of people aged 0-19. An index greater than 40% indicates that the population of a specific area has entered the aging process. Assumptions were made about the future behavior of the number and structure of the EU and Croatian population and possible consequences thereof.

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MANAGEMENT OF DIET AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN OLDER PEOPLE AS A FUNCTION OF HEALTHY AGING

Author(s): Agneza Aleksijević,Ivana Kudeljaš / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From a macroeconomic pressure perspective, the global demographic trend of aging forces us to think about the management of diet and physical activity under the supervision of physiotherapists as a potential opportunity, considering that healthy aging reflects on the economy and society. Physiological changes accompany aging, and the older population shapes all segments of society. A significant number of diseases are the result of improper diet and lifestyle. A diet that includes a controlled intake of nutrients is recommended for older people. For older people to cope more easily with the changes brought by old age, they are recommended to be physically active and take care of their diet to ensure a healthy perception of life for themselves, the community and society. An interdisciplinary approach and physiotherapy care are significant in working with older people. Practice tells us that older people are the category of society that often uses physiotherapy services. The methodological framework of health promotion and disease prevention helps to affirm those patterns of behavior and activities that are an alternative to the one-sided and sometimes stigmatized attitude toward people over 65. The paper aims to propose behavior patterns for older people related to diet and physical activity guided by physiotherapy processes so that modern society does not look at the old age phenomenon through the lens of diseases and inactivity of this society category.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF DEPRESCRIPTION IN THE QUALITY AND LENGTH OF LIFE OF ELDERLY PEOPLE

Author(s): Ivan Lekić,Barbara Bačun,Tatjana Bačun / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Deprescription is a process of reducing the dose and discontinuing a drug that could be harmful to the patient or from which the patient no longer benefits. Due to aging, patients may experience more harm than good from certain medications. Medical characteristics for deprescribing include polypharmacy, multi-morbidity, renal impairment, non-adherence, limited life expectancy, older age, etc. It is necessary to determine the goal of deprescription individually for each patient. The goal may be to simplify the dosing regimen in patients with poor medication adherence. Deprescription should be considered in all patients. First, these are patients with low expected survival, older people, patients with dementia or with numerous comorbidities. Defensive medicine has a risk of unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and irrationally increases the costs of health care. Deprescription is one of the ways we can improve clinical outcomes and the patient’s quality of life.

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Rola i znaczenie pracy farmaceuty w przeszłości oraz współcześnie

Author(s): Renata Woźniak,Agnieszka Neumann-Podczaska,Ewa Baum / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Nowadays there is an increase in the importance of the pharmacist’s role in the therapeutic process. This is because his role is not limited to selling drugs at the pharmacy. As a professional, he is able to take care of the patient’s correct pharmacotherapy and monitor his medication intake, which can consequently lead to an improvement in the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of new services in pharmaceutical care is of great importance for improving the functioning of the health care system and brings tangible benefits to the patient, both in terms of health, social and economic aspects.We are witnessing how new services provided by pharmacies, such as anti-covid vaccination and the ongoing piloting of drug reviews, are showing the pharmacist in a new role. These changes have been recognized and appreciated by both patients and physicians. This situation creates new challenges and motivation to continue the positive transformation of this profession with ancient origins.

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Praca w charakterze symulowanego pacjenta – obserwacje z perspektywy osobistej

Author(s): Aleksandra Walkowska,Anna Mackiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Simulated Patient (SP), also known as Standardized Patient, sample patient or patient instructor is a person who is trained to portray patients, family mem- bers, and healthcare team members and takes part in learning sessions, assessments, examinations and educational films to support the teaching of skills in communica- tion, interviewing, physical exam, counseling, and patient management. The essay presents a range of technologies used in simulation and concentrates on the work of SPs with students at Poznan University of Medical Sciences. The authors have been working as SP for ten years and share their personal experience of their contribution to educating healthcare professionals.

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Praca serca – aspekty fizjologiczne i patofizjologiczne

Author(s): Wiesław Bryl / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents basic information about the structure and function- ing of the heart, an organ of the human body that has received numerous symbolic interpretations and is an area of interest not only to specialists in the field of medical sciences (anatomists, radiologists, physiologists), but also to representatives of the humanities (e.g. philosophy, cultural studies) or theology. By comparing the human heart with the hearts of other animals, pointing out the differences between the heart of a man and a woman, and showing what a complicated, sophisticated and complex mechanism the human heart is, the author appeals to give it special care in everyday life.

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Praca serca jako źródło poznania

Author(s): Anna Grzegorczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The connections between medicine and the humanities are visible, among others, in reflection on the problem of work, and in particular the work of the heart. Opinions in this area are very diverse: from demonstrating the lack of influence of the heart’s work on the human mental and spiritual sphere, to attempts to capture these relationships in discreet language of numerous symbols and metaphors. Over the centuries, the work of the heart has received a lot of attention. This can be seen, for example, in the thought of St. Benedict, Saint Edith Stein or Emanuel Lévinas – a great philosopher of the 20th century. Their reflection on the work of the heart combines natural, spiritual and eschatological aspects. The similarity of their thoughts is probably due to the fact that all three of them are ‘servants of the word’ in times of crisis, and although they live in different eras, they unanimously affirm a work and postulate its renewal through spirituality and the reference to the highest values: Good and Love.

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