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UNDP - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2010 – KOSOVA.
Instead of an Abstract/Summary here, please refer to the Introduction PDF-file, which includes the Executive Summary
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Instead of an Abstract/Summary here, please refer to the Introduction PDF-file, which includes the Executive Summary
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We can agree that in the field of social protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina, confusion prevails because of lack of social policies at the state level, and misunderstanding the basic concepts of social protection, social insurance, social assistance and social needs. Contribution to this situation was made by laws that were enacted at different levels and also their disparity in the definition of rights, the categorization as well as the amount of financial benefits for the same categories of socially vulnerable citizens. By this manner, authorities at all levels contribute to further violations of civil rights and discrimination among citizens, particularly those socially most vulnerable.
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In the introduction the author defines social protection and its related terms. Also he is discussing about legacy of social protection in Croatia, about its beginnings in the 19th century, the expansion during socialist period, and development after acquisition of independence in the early nineties. The data show that the total expenditure on social protection in Croatia today are relatively lagging behind those in the European Union, and are approximately at the same level of social expenditure as in the transition countries of Central Europe. Then author is analyzing the main areas of social protection: system of pension, health care, protection of unemployed citizens, family protection and social assistance and social welfare. When it comes to the future development of social protection, the author predicts that Croatia will gradually leave the current passive, mainly distributed model and develop an active, inclusive social protection, which should contribute to the activation of marginalized individuals and social groups, which is consistent with the development paradigm of social protection of the European Union.
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The financing and effectiveness of social protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina considering total spending on social protection system in Bosnia and Herzegovina, appropriations are tremendously. Expenditure on social sector through entity budgets and unbudgeted funds related significant portion of public funds, while the effects of these sub-systems of social protection is far from satisfactory. Despite the proclaimed aims of universality, a significant number of citizens, especially the poorest, are not covered by social benefits or social security. Above all, the system of uncontrolled compensations in both entities is an inherently regressive, meaning that it is directed mainly to the relatively good standing citizens. On the other hand the social security system, based on work and employment, and funded from the contributions of employees and employers in today's times of low employment, expressed moonlighting and the problems of non-payment of contribution scan not meet the aims of universality and comprehensiveness. The organization and financing of these systems do not contribute to their effectiveness, i.e. they are not in the service of the proclaimed aims and functions of these sub-systems.
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In this paper the author analyzes the problems of state intervention in the B&H, with emphasis on state aid, in the context of the requirements that B&H must fulfill in order to become a member state of the European Union. The author points out the problems regarding the adoption of relevant legislation and the establishment of institutions in the area of state aid, and the consequences which are reflected in slowing the progress of B&H towards european integration processes. The author emphasizes the importance that legal regulation of state aid has in strengthening the economic functions of the state, which indirectly influences the social situation in B&H.
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Nesumnjivo je da EU koncept reguliranja državne pomoći postavlja pitanje vječite potrage za balansom između izvršavanja najtradicionalnijih finansijskih funkcija vlade i sve više obavezujućih pravila EU vezanih za razvoj i jačanje jedinstvenog tržišta. Ovakav pristup EU podržavaju suštinski ciljevi ugovora i ono što se percipira kao rastuća potreba za prevencijom narušavanja konkurencije i trgovine među državama članicama. Nadalje, nedostatak zajedničke industrijske politike ili konsenzusa o direktnoj poreskoj politici u EU kreirala je prepreku za punu primjenu pravila konkurencije i opasnosti od ozbiljnih prekograničnih efekata. Iako su pravila o državnoj pomoći iz Ugovora o osnivanju EZ nastala kao kompromis, postigla su uticaj na naconalne politike koje se nisu mogle predvidjeti. Problem delikatnog balansiranja između Komisije i država članica po pitanju državne pomoći i suvereniteta u ekonomskoj politici je vidljiv iz porasta slučajeva iz oblasti državne pomoći, žalbi pred Europskim sudom, te obima ne prijavljenih slučajeva državne pomoći i problema povrata nelegalne državne pomoći. Proces stabilizacije i pridruživanja zahtjeva od potencijalnih kandidata i država kandidata da primjene EU pravila, prakse i pristupe znatno prije formalnog članstva u EU. Pravila državne pomoći su rezultat decenijama dugog iskustva u rješavanju problema balansa između ekonomskog suvereniteta država članica i potrebe da se zaštiti konkurencija i trgovina na zajedničkom tržištu. Međunarodne obaveze za Bosnu i Hercegovinu u ovoj oblasti proizilaze iz Privremenog sporazuma, Sporazuma o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju između BiH i EU, Sporazuma CEFTA 2006, Sporazuma o energetskoj zajednici jugoistočne Europe, a u budućnosti i pravila Svjetske trgovinske organizacije. Ustavni osnov za donošenje Zakona o državnim pomoćima sadržan je u članu IV.4. Ustava Bosne i Hercegovine koji utvđuje ovlaštenja Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovinine za donošenje zakona u svojoj nadležnosti. Ustavni osnov za nadležnost Bosne i Hercegovine je u članu III. 1. b) Ustava BiH jer je tematika zakona usmjerena na regulisanje sistema koji treba spriječiti narušavnje konkurencije i vanjske trgovine između BiH i drugih zemalja. Nadalje, značajna uloga i obaveza entitetskih vlasti u omogućavnju uspostave sistema državne pomoći ima ustavni temelj u članu III.2. b) Ustava BiH koji utvrđuje da će svaki entitet pružiti svu potrebnu pomoć vlastima Bosne i Hercegovine kako bi joj se omogućilo da ispoštuje međunarodne obaveze. Ustav BiH vanjsku trgovinu navodi izričito kao nadležnost Države BiH. Stoga svaki metod pravnog tumačenja, bilo jezički, logički, sistemski, historijski ili ciljni dolazi do identičnog zaključka: Zakon o državnoj pomoći mora biti donesen na nivou BiH, a samostalni državni organ mora biti formiran na nivou BiH. Konačno uspostava sistema državne pomoći unijet će mnoge nove elemente u pravni sistem BiH, poput doktrine učinka a posebnmo direktnog dejstva pravnih propisa EU. Ključni element za shvatanje promjena u pristupu ovoj materiji je zahtjev iz stava 2 člana 36 Privremenog sporazuma. Naime, svaka praksa suprotna ovom članu 36 (71) ocjenjivat će se na osnovu kriterija koji proizilaze iz primjene konkurencijskih pravila važećih u Zajednici, posebno čl. 81., 82., 86. i 87. Ugovora o osnivanju Evropske zajednice i instrumenata za tumačenje koje su usvojile institucije Zajednice. To će zahtjevati i jedan dugotrajan proces obuke ljudi koji će ova pravila primjenivati kako u državnoj administraciji tako i u poslovnim subjektima ali i u akademskoj zajednici.
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Albania and Macedonia as traditionally migrant sending countries have experienced unprecedented migration and the end of this process is not in sight, it continues unabated. Emigration is reshaping Albania and Macedonia affecting local politics, economies and priorities, including the education and health of the family members left behind. As regards the effect of migration and remittances on education and health outcomes, the focus on Albania and Macedonia is crucial as there has been year on year low schooling and low health outputs in both of these countries. Children’s school attendance rates and literacy rates as well as health status are relatively low, leaving significant room for improvements in educational attainment and healthcare. The education might be publicly provided, however many families cannot afford to pay for it for their members due to several expenses related to school attendance such as transport, textbooks, supplies, or other implicit costs such as losses in family members with the migration. The importance of migration and of remittances for the migrant sending countries is measured also by the well-being of their recipients in terms of improved health status and in particular the health of the children. Remittances in volumes are high, and have become an increasing source of household income. Very interesting question is whether this increasing source of income has an impact on human capital accumulation decisions, including on schooling and healthcare. Many migrant sending families receive considerable financial transfers from their family members living and working abroad. Remittances help the population in migrant sending countries to cope with the distress of poverty, the inefficiencies of local labor markets and the break-down of the social security system.
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Albania and Macedonia are two Western Balkan countries that are characterised by high emigration and remittance dependency rates that appear to have affected the development of these countries across different socio-economic and cultural dimensions. Child growth in particular is one of these important outcomes. This paper uses a survey administered to mothers in Albania and Macedonia to investigate whether migration and remittances have had any impact on child growth in these countries. Child growth indicators, such as body mass index, weight, height, stunting and obesity dummies, together with child health inputs, such as the frequency of visiting the doctor, chronic diseases and reasons for not going to the doctor, are used as left-hand side variables. The paper finds that while migration has led to less stunting and increased height in Albania, in Macedonia, it seems to have led to increased weight and body mass index values and more obesity. These findings imply that exposure to international migration can have different consequences for these countries as Albania appears to have realised improvements in height and stature, while Macedonia has suffered from increased weight associated with increases in obesity.
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MIXER, Adriana Sabo: Fašizam i mi; ŠTRAFTA, Haris Imamović: Njegoš je najskuplja, Bećkovićeva riječ; Aleksandar Pavlović: Protiv slavističkih vetrenjača; ARMATURA, Ivica Mladenović: Srbija u transformaciji iz socijalizma u kapitalizam; VREME SMRTI I RAZONODE, Siniša Tucić: Život Uber Alles
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SOCIAL FOUNDATION FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA, STRUCTURE, KEY FEATURES // MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: LIFE VALUES, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC NORMS AND STANDARDS // SECTION 1. MIDDLE CLASS: IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA AND DEFINITION OF STRUCTURE // SECTION 2. MIDDLE CLASS IN SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY: MAIN FEATURES // 2.1. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES // 2.2. SOCIAL BACKGROUND // 2.3. SOCIAL COMPOSITION // 2.4. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION (REGIONAL PROFILE)AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES // 2.5. FINANCIAL STANDING, POSSESSION OF PROPERTY // 2.6. WORK AND LEISURE TIME // 2.7. SOCIAL WELL-BEING // SECTION 3. MIDDLE CLASS: LIFE VALUES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // 3.1. LIFE VALUES // 3.2. SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES // 3.3. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR // SECTION 4. MIDDLE CLASS: CIVIC ACTIVISM, READINESS FOR ASSOCIATION AND PROMOTION OF DEMOCRATIC STANDARDS // 4.1. TRUST IN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS, GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY // 4.2. TOLERANCE TO REPRESENTATIVES OF OTHER SOCIAL AND SOCIAL CLASS GROUPS // 4.3. PERCEPTION OF COMMON INTERESTS WITH OTHER SOCIAL GROUPS // 4.4. CIVIC ACTIVISM // 4.5. PROTEST ACTIVITY POTENTIAL // SECTION 5. CONCLUSIONS // POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME AS THE BASIS FOR MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN UKRAINE // 1. POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 2. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT OF A HOUSEHOLD WITH MEDIUM INCOME // 3. INCOME: LEVEL, SOURCES, FEATURES OF FORMATION // 4. POSSESSION OF PROPERTY IN MEDIUM INCOME HOUSEHOLDS // 5. CONSUMPTION IN HOUSEHOLDS // 6. EXPENSES OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR NON-FOOD GOODS AND SERVICES // 7. CERTAIN SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF REPRESENTATIVES OF MEDIUM INCOME POPULATION // 8. MOST IMPORTANT VALUES OF POPULATION WITH MEDIUM INCOME
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Sanjin je učenik koji je svako jutro dolazio u školu i jedva čekao da iz nje izađe jer mu ni tu nije bilo dobro. Nastavnici su ga stalno opominjali, drugovi ismijavali, drugarice izbjegavale. Sanjin ima majku koja nosi tugu u očima i sestru koja ima karcinom. Jedan dan, u školskoj radionici, Sanjin je uzeo veliku ručnu pilu i počeo mahati njom. Svi su se razbježali u strahu, a jednog druga je vrhom pile ozlijedio.
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In cultures that suffer from a lack of dialogue and addressing the roots of certain conflicts, traumatic experiences are commonly multiplied and transmitted to the next generation. The traumatic experiences permanently mark a powerless entity and all his/her subsequent experiences imbued with the fear of the abuse or abused subject is transformed into a new abuser. Learned behavior patterns are easily transferred to the next generation daughters or sons, instead of analysis and dealing with problematic aspects of upbringing. Most effects of these abusive patterns are forming a part of identity of people exposed to violence. The theoretical work draws on feminist theory which examines the role of mothers in different historical periods, as well as their role in the childhood of every person. The aim of this paper is to point out the relationship between mothers and daughters, and their invisibility in patriarchal culture. Fathers and mothers usually punished their children by silence, causing a feeling of guilt, which represents some of mainly forms of daughters' identity. Selected texts for analysis are those that deal with family relationships in South Slavic communities.
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U ovom će poglavlju biti prikazano poimanje dostojanstva žena, rodnih odnosa, položaja žena u braku i obitelji, javnom životu i ulozi žena u izgradnji mira u okviru kršćansko - katoličke tradicije i to pod vidom konstrukcije i rekonstrukcije spolnih stereotipova. To znači, u središtu pozornosti bit će filozofsko - teološke postavke koje su u kršćansko - katoličkoj tradiciji utjecale na određenje rodnih identiteta i rodnih uloga te njihova provjera na biblijskim tekstovima, posebice novozavjetnim. Na taj se način želi analizirati kako i koliko katolička tradicija može pridonijeti provođenju pete točke Konvencije o uklanjanju svih oblika diskriminacije žena (CEDAW), odnosno promjenama društvenih i kulturnih obrazaca u ponašanju muškaraca i žena s ciljem uklanjanja predrasuda i običaja utemeljenih na ideji o podređenosti ili nadređenosti jednoga ili drugoga spola ili na stereotipnim ulogama muškaraca i žena.
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Menstrualno siromaštvo u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) se uopće ne istražuje i ne postoje podaci o tome koliko žena ne može kupiti najnužnije menstrualne potrepštine. Ključni argument rada je da poreske politike u BiH nisu rodno odgovorne u smislu smanjenja ili ukidanja poreza na higijenske menstrualne potrepštine i da to dodatno utječe na siromaštvo žena te da je menstruacija još uvijek tabu. Rad se teorijski temelji na konceptima društvene stigme i feminizacije siromaštva koji su usko povezani s menstrualnim siromaštvom i rodnom neravnopravnošću. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je menstruacija još uvijek tabuizirana tema, da žene osjećaju sram javno govoriti o tome, da koriste eufemizme i da ne postoji sistemsko rješenje podrške kako bi se olakšalo ženama, a posebno onima koje žive na granici ili ispod granice siromaštva. Pretpostavljalo se da će globalizacija donijeti ekonomski napredak i unaprijediti položaj žena, što se u određenoj mjeri i dogodilo, međutim, negativni efekti globalizacije su najviše pogodili žene koje i dalje rade u manje plaćenim zanimanjima, manje zarađuju i u svojim rukama imaju vrlo malo ekonomskih resursa u odnosu na muškarce. Uz sve to žene moraju plaćati higijenske menstrualne potrepštine, što ih dodatno ekonomski opterećuje, a zbog menstruacije su izložene i društvenoj stigmi.
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Příspěvek se zabývá představením sesbíraného lexika rodičovského sociolektu internetových diskusních fór zachycujících fenomén nošení dětí. Spolu s definicí 52 nových výrazů sociolektu prezentuje prostředí internetových diskusních fór a jeho specifika. Znázorněny jsou rovněž metody interpretace celostní filologie, tj. využitého aparátu pro zkoumání rodičovského sociolektu.
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