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Uzroci porasta broja korisnika odsustva povodom rođenja deteta u Srbiji

Author(s): Katarina Stanić,Gordana Matković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2017

Over the past number of years, the public expenditures for childbirth-related leave benefits have more than doubled – in 2015 amounted to 0.7% GDP in relation to 0.3% GDP in 2002. This increase can mainly be attributed to the increased number of beneficiaries that grew consistently from 24 thousand in 2002 up to 40 thousand in 2015, despite the fact that the annual number of live births has been almost continually decreasing and the registered employment has dropped by almost 20 per cent in the observed period.One of the clear reasons explaining part of this increase is the extension of 3+ order of birth leaves in 2006, from one to two years, which can explain the increase of around 3.5 thousand of beneficiaries. Another reason is high number of beneficiaries using special child-care leave meant for parents with children with disabilities, but which, in reality, is very often used simply as the extension of parental leave. The average number of special child-care leave beneficiaries in the second half of 2015 amounted to 2.8 thousand. When these two effects are taken into account, we still notice significant increase of beneficiaries of around 10 thousand in the observed period. Fictitious employment during the pregnancy can explain this increase to some extent. Available data unambiguously show that a number of women formally employing during the second and third trimester of pregnancy has increased from 800 in 2002 to almost 3.5 thousand monthly average in the second half of 2015. There are two flaws of the childbirth-related leave programme in Serbia, which together lead to the constant increase of the number of beneficiaries. First is the lack of flexibility of the programme, both in terms of eligibility for acquiring the right as well as in terms of flexibility in use. Maternity/parental leave benefit may acquire only those in „standard employment” i.e. employed under employment contract (and entrepreneurs) while other type of contracts is not eligible. Second problem is the loophole in the benefit calculation method and the inadequate special child-care acquiring procedure which brings about the inclusion error. This results in the increase of generosity of the program, in a selective way, which in turn jeopardizes the financial sustainability of the programme as a whole. The reform of the childbirth-related leave program should progress in two directions. First is the change of the benefit calculation method extending the calculation base period so that it disables misuse and inclusion error; enabling the right to those with flexible/non-standard employment; and tightening the eligibility criteria for special-care leave. Second array of reform should tackle the flexibility in use, allowing options such as taking a leave on part-time basis or taking longer periods of leave with lower benefits.

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Attachment Dynamics at Children of 9-12 years old with Divorced Parents in Elbasan, Albania

Author(s): Irena Xhaferri / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

Divorce is a world phenomenon that affects not only the two parents but children too. Divorce is a wound of Albanian society extended during this time of transition. Parents divorce with each other and sometimes they "divorce" from their children. For a child, losing one parent is the same thing with dying.The aim of this study besides recognizing the phenomenon of divorce of parents and its importance for children of 9-12 years old to explore the effects of divorce of parents at attachment dynamics, self-esteem and shame and guilt.The methodology of this study is: attachment questionnaire, self-esteem questionnaire (Rosenberg) and shame and guilt questionnaire applied at 100 children of divorced families and 100 children of non divorced families at 9-years system at 12 schools in the city of Elbasan.This study proved all hypothesis and objectives and results that children of divorced families have more shame and guilt feelings than children of intact families. They feel guilty about the divorce of their parents. We, also, came to an end that children of divorced families have lower rates of self esteem than children of intact families. It was a very large number of children of intact families that had secure attachment compared to children of divorced families where non secure/anxious attachment. A characteristic of divorced children was the presence of avoidant and disorganized attachment among them.It was recommended that parent should not discuss their divorce in the presence of their children, should explain that divorce is for parents and not for children and is not children fault about the divorce.

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Extening Thinking about Elder Abuse. Political Abuse among the Older People in Zambia

Author(s): Isaac Kabelenga / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

This article is aimed at raising awareness about the existence of political abuse among the old people in Zambia. It is also aimed at extending literature on elder abuse. The article which is based on empirical evidence from Kalulu Rural District of Zambia argues that elder abuse does not only take place through physical, financial/material, emotional/psychological, and sexual abuses of the older people or through neglect as widely reported in the available literature on elder abuse, but also takes place politically. The article further argues that since ageing is a normal process of human life which every human being expects to go through, and given the fact that the world is moving towards population ageing, evidence of political abuse among some old people in Kalulu should be taken seriously and immediate concerted efforts should be put in place to stop it. This is because it has serious negative implications on the national development of Zambia and the tenets of democracy that the people of Zambia and the whole world are trying to promote. The causes of political abuse in Kalulu, policy implications on how to address political abuse in Kalulu as well as implications for future research are also provided.

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Глобалното стареене

Author(s): Valentina Zlatanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2015

The unprecedented increase in the relative size of the older population has created major challenges for many countries around the world. It strains existing systems of social and financial support for older people as the burdens of intergenerational dependency increase. In addition to these demographic changes, the trend toward ever-increasing economic globalization is in many countries transforming existing social institutions including the social welfare policies that support older people. The purposes of this article are twofold:First, the author reviews the main areas of research on global aging, including issues such as (1) family structure and living arrangements; (2) care burdens and (3) retirement and old-age financial security. In each of these areas, the research we suggest economic globalization that in the decades ahead developing countries are likely to be confronted with even greater challenges than the developed countries linked to population aging in an ever more competitive global economy. Second, the author suggests directions for future research on global aging for more adequate analysis of the links between global aging, economic globalization and social policies designed to deal with the well-being of workers across the life course up to and including old age.

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Seksualnost odraslih osoba s intelektualnim teškoćama iz perspektive osoblja za podršku

Author(s): Katarzyna Ćwirynkało,Stanisława Byra,Agnieszka Żyta / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2017

Historically, people with intellectual disabilities have been labeled as asexual or as perpetrators or victims of sexual abuse (McDaniels, Fleming, 2016). They often face discrimination because of their sexuality, regardless of whether they live within residential facilities or family homes (Wingles-Yanez, 2014). This paper presents research results from qualitative studies of the sexuality of adults with intellectual disabilities. Applying a phenomenographic method (Paulston, 1993), the authors conducted 16 interviews with professionals at several daycare and residential centres in north eastern Poland who work with intellectually disabled people. The specific research aims were to answer the following questions: (1) How do support staff workers perceive sexuality and intimate relationships of adults with intellectual disabilities? (2) Which factors contribute to the sexuality and intimate relationships of adults with intellectual disabilities according to support staff workers? (3) What kinds of support related to sexuality and intimate relationships do support staff workers think is essential for people with intellectual disabilities? The authors focus on presenting the professionals’ perceptions of sexuality and intimate relationships of adults with intellectual disabilities and to depict the discourse those workers use. Implications for practice are also discussed, especially the need to provide sexuality support to adults with intellectual disabilities, their therapists and parents.

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Povezanost obiteljskih, vršnjačkih i školskih odnosa s eksternaliziranim rizičnim ponašanjima adolescenata

Author(s): Goran Livazović / Language(s): English Issue: Supp./2017

The aim of this paper was to examine the role of family, school and peer relations as protective factors in adolescent risk behaviour. The goal of the empirical research was to examine the frequency of risk behaviour with a focus on the significance of sociodemographic traits and relations with family, peer and school as important factors. A multidimensional survey was conducted in 2016 with 133 adolescents, 69 male (51.9%) and 64 female (48.1%). The highest reported individual risk behaviours among adolescents were "Alcohol consumption" (M=2.69), "Socialising with problematic peers" (M=2.25) and "Smoking cigarettes" (M=2.15), while "Theft" (M=1.05) and "Deliberate property destruction" (M=1.15) were least reported. The mother’s and father’s educational level, the father’s work status, school success and family configuration were not significant factors in relation to adolescent general risk behaviour, quality of peer relations, quality of family relations or school attainment. Age was significant for general risk behaviour (p<.01), with older adolescents receiving higher scores. Girls reported significantly higher satisfaction with the quality of peer relationships (p<.05). Participants with employed mothers reported higher quality of peer relations (p<.01). Participants from vocational schools reported significantly more risk behaviour (p=.007) tha students from gymnasiums and art schools. Art school students reported most school satisfaction (p=.001), and gymnasium students reported highest peer satisfaction (p=.043). General risk behaviour negatively correlated with quality of family relations (p<.05) and school attainment (p<.001). Quality of family relations positively correlated with quality of peer relations (p<.01) and school attainment (p<.001). The correlation matrix on individual adolescent risk behaviour showed high positive comorbidity. Socialising with problematic peers correlated positively with all but one risk behaviour, theft. Gambling positively correlated with all risk behaviours except smoking. Smoking positively correlated with consumption of alcohol (p<.001) and psychoactive drugs (p<.001), while deliberate property destruction strongly correlated with theft (p<.001).

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Vjenčanja u župama općine Metković od 1850. do 1918. godine, na temelju matičnih knjiga vjenčanih

Author(s): Žarko Dugandžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 14/2017

The work is based on the analysis and research of the Wedding registry of Metković municipality, i.e. the Wedding registry of parishes Metković, Dobranje,Vidonje and Slivno Ravno in the period between 1890. and 1918. Te analysis of those sources provided space for the observation of the dynamics ofweddings in the part of Lower Poneretvalje. Te frequency of weddings in the Metkovic municipality is similar to the rest of Croatia. Te maximum number of weddings is noted in February and January, whilst the minimum in December and March. Cousin marriages are more frequent in smaller communities. In this research we looked at parish communities Dobranje and Vidonje. Te smallest number of such cases is in Metkovic, a more open environment in comparison to the other parish within the municipality. On average, men would marry at the age of 28.7, whereas woman at 24. Te average age difference between men and women was from 4 to 6 years. An insignificant number of men married under the age of 20 (2%). Regarding women, that number is slightly higher (11.01 %). Remarrying was more common among men (14,97 %) than women (6,86 %). In the period in question, the rate of weddings are: from 5,22 to 14,02% in the Metkovic parish; from 2,50 to 8,70 % in the Vidonje parish, and from 4,82 to 10,40 % in the Dobranje parish.

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Kilka uwag o polskiej opiece społecznej w aspekcie ekonomicznej analizy prawa

Author(s): Artur Kokoszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

The article discusses Polish social welfare within the context of the economic analysis of law. Specific issues addressed in the article are: cost, time, ways of setting matters, the number of issued decisions and the beneficiaries of social welfare in Poland. Following the presentation, the obvious question arises concerning the legitimacy of the use of certain solutions, particularly in the context of their financial performance. Reflections on the social care model used in Poland are presented in the article, as well as the crisis of law as part of the broader issue of the crisis of the modern Western democratic state.

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Akt małżeński jako poznanie w świetle Katechez środowych Jana Pawła II

Author(s): Antoni Jucewicz / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 54/2017

The author of this essay examines a series of short talks on marital act delivered by John Paul II on his Wednesday Catechesis, where the pope described it as the act of the conjugal knowledge. The essay includes the following themes: sexuality in the context of the original sin; marital union of persons as knowledge; parenthood as the sense of knowledge; motherhood in the perspective of knowledge; knowledge-labour in the eschatological perspective. Marital act implies a mutual gift of the whole person. Conjugal union between man and woman reveals the sense of their bodies as those of the husband and the wife. Mutual, unconditional and irrevocable acceptance echoes, as it were, the loving act of God towards them. God loves man for his own sake. Communion between spouses stimulates their deep mutual affirmation. Marital love, realised in the marital act, is the act of procreation. Marital relationship gives rise to the reality of another person. Conjugal knowledge leads to the unveiling of the mystery of another person, the fruit of the love between the spouses. The child appears as a kind of the synthesis of their love, and the shared image of the spouses. God reveals His creative power in the marital act of love and conception, and then extends it far beyond the horizons of death. The innermost sense of childbirth lies in the opening up to the life-giving power of God. In that, it demonstrates the Paschal tenacity of life.

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Attitudes of Polish households towards cash payments

Author(s): Janina Harasim,Monika Klimontowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2017

A growing number of countries are introducing far-reaching legal restrictions concerning the use of cash and are stimulating the development of cashless transactions. The tendency towards the gradual replacement of cash by electronic payments is observed all over the world, but in many countries, including Poland, cash is still most often used in retail payments. The purpose of the paper is to identify the attitudes of Poles towards cash and their propensity to reduce cash usage in retail payments. Results of the research conducted so far among Polish households show that cash still remains the most frequently used form of payment in retail transactions, especially in low-value ones. In general, people living in villages, elderly people, less educated, with low incomes and non-working persons (unemployed, retired, students, etc.) pay in cash more frequently. Using cash in retail transactions is often just a custom which could hamper payment habits’ change among Polish households. Findings presented in the paper show that despite the relatively large openness of Poles to payment innovations, they are still not ready to resign from cash payments. High assessment of attributes of cash (which was recognized as the cheapest and the easiest to use form of payment) in comparison with instruments of non-cash payments, both traditional and innovative may be the reason for this.

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THE STUDY OF THREE GENERATIONAL SWABIAN AND HUNGARIAN MARITAL MOBILITY IN A PEST COUNTY VILLAGE

Author(s): Barbara Sólyom / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The topic of this study is social mobility, namely the analysis of marital mobility in a multinational village, mostly inhabited by Swabians and Hungarians: Dunabogdány. The article is based on empirical fieldwork and the analysis of historical sources. Social structure, social stratification and mobility represent a voluminous field of research in social sciences embracing multiple dimensions. The relating theories and researches also treat the issue of marital mobility; some superficially, some in more detail. Nonetheless, marital mobility as such is researched only by a few. This study aims to show that marital mobility can only be properly interpreted through the overall consideration of social mobility; however, certain case studies on marital mobility might allow us to get a better and deeper understanding of social mobility. In my research I examine the factors that affect marriage-related social mobility, trying to identify new, hidden components to this phenomenon. I discovered such “new”, prominent factors influencing social mobility in a Swabian village in Pest County called Dunabogdány. In my analysis I will discuss ethnicity, religion and financial status, as well as the forced relocations (1947) significantly marking the lives of the villagers, and their collective and complex effect on partner selection, marriage and social mobility. I will relate these aspects to three generations by comparing their memories and experiences.

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Les Roms: Une communauté de gens mariés. Réflexions sur le genre et l’ethnicité à partir du point de vue des femmes

Author(s): Iulia Hasdeu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2014

The paper examines the gender and ethnicity tie in a Roma community from Romania by considering the women’s point of view towards marriage, couple relations and domestic violence. We can call these Roma “married people” as far as the marriage is the crux point where the danger of sexual impurity, the gendered adulthood and the ethnicity are managed. For women, the marriage is both patriarchal oppression and self-emancipation, space for being exchanged (the bride price is practiced) and for becoming a R(r)omni [married woman as well as romani woman], which is the only gender identity admitted as adult for them: the marital status, the couple relation and the social roles concerning the family life make Roma women protagonists of their own life, human subjects not just objects.

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CARING FOR T[]E INHERITANCE: ELDERLY CARE, INHERITANCE RIGHTS, AND SUBJECTIVE TENSION IN A VILLAGE FROM NORTHERN DOBRUJA

Author(s): Mihai Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

In this paper I show how inheritance is exchanged for old age care in a village from Northern Dobruja, Romania. The elderly have to insure their old age care while managing relations with their children who are not always able to provide care. In Romania internal and international migration has made future prospects of care in the family uncertain. While according to the regulations of the Civil Code the children are the almost certain beneficiaries of their parents’ property, local arrangements for inter vivos transfers can subvert these regulations and work according to an alternative principle justifying inheritance other than legal filiation, namely care. By discussing one complex case I show how the tensions associated with inheritance and care obligations can illustrate more generally subjective experiences of old age in present-day rural Romania.

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Godność osoby starszej w nowej rzeczywistości społecznej

Author(s): Ireneusz, Marian Świtała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

In times of dynamic socio-cultural and moral problem of human dignity becomes the subject of interest ethicists and educators. Conflicts, misunderstandings and increase social pathology leads to dilemmas axiological and undermining moral standards. In the case of the disappearance of authority and the depreciation of merit, there is a need to make the public aware that human dignity is the foundation of social and moral human functioning. Especially the elderly, the disabled, experiencing negative situations affecting their self-esteem and social belonging.

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W dorosłe życie... Proces usamodzielnienia wychowanków przebywających w pieczy zastępczej

Author(s): Józefa Matejek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

While analyzing the functioning of the foster care system special attention needs to be paid to the process of transitioning into adulthood and independent living by youth placed in foster care. Every person who has reached the age of majority and is being emancipated from foster care is entitled receive help while gaining independence. However, the basic idea of the process of becoming independent is the individual preparation of the youth to take responsibility for their adult life and independence as well as the integration of the already independent ex-foster children with their social environment. The below study presents the theoretical aspect of the preparation and conduct of the transition into adulthood and independence of the youth aging out of foster care.

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Odpowiedzialność prokreacyjna i jej przejawy

Author(s): Urszula Dudziak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Procreative responsibility includes a conscious, competent and well prepared conception of a child, taken in the most appropriate time and in freedom and care of the child's health as well as proper conditions for the development. The responsibility involves the awareness women's and men's procreative capabilities, the ability to recognize fertile and infertile days and keeping prudence in sexual behaviour and procreative intentions. A manifestation of procreative responsibility is planning fertility with consideration for health, material, residential, occupational; moral and religious context of family planning as well as present social and demographical situation. It is also a positive attitude towards parenthood and the readiness for accepting a child and engaging in preconception and prenatal care. Personal dignity of human being and cognitive skills of mature adults induce to setting requirements for responsible human procreation.

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Poczucie sensu życia a retrospektywna ocena postaw rodzicielskich wśród kobiet z niepełnosprawnością

Author(s): Małgorzata Grabowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

In the present article they concentrated on the issue of the meaning of the life. A definition of the meaning of the life was analysed suggested through many outstanding Polish and of foreign researchers, next factors shaping feeling the meaning of the life were exchanged. In the more distant part of the article comprehending the parental attitude, as well as two models of these conducts were discussed: the model of Terrestrial Maria and the model of Mieczysław Plopa. Findings showed that the constructed hypothesis in examinations had only partly proven correct. It is possible so to conclude that a connection exists between feeling the meaning of the life, but the retrospective evaluation of parental postures at examined women with disabilities. The attitude of mothers towards adult daughters with disabilities is positive and stable, and negative and unstable attitude of the father.

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Zróżnicowanie postaw rodzicielskich ze względu na płeć dziecka u rodziców dzieci z mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym uczestniczących w Systemie Nauczania Kierowanego

Author(s): Dominika Zarosińska,Mirosław Brzeziński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as „diverse and changing with age motion and posture disorder, coexisting with other symptoms, conditioned by permanent damage to the brain being in the stadium of unfinished development”. Owing to this, making a child more functional should include all spheres of life and this need was met by Andras Petö – the creator of Conductive Education System (CES). The specialists from different fields have an important role in the programme, but the greatest significance is ascribed to the role of parents of a child. Thus, shaping and developing the right relationship between a child and a parent is substantial. It is justified to analyse the attitudes exhibited by the parents of disabled children. What also deserves attention, is the difference beteween the attitudes towards sons and daughters with CP taking part in CES. The researched group is 28 parents of the children with CP who take part in CES in rehabilitation and therapy clinic in Zamość. The Parents Attitude Scale by Mieczysław Plopa has been used for verification of the parents' attitudes. The results of the research show that there are statistical differences between the parents of girls and the parents of boys in the subject of intensification of the excessively demanding attitude. The tendencies for statistically vaild differences have also been noticed, concerning intensification the attitude of acceptance.

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Preferencje żywieniowe kobiet i mężczyzn aktywnych zawodowo

Author(s): Julia Gorbaniuk,Maria Monika Chuchra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2017

Food choices of professionally active men and women. Eating habits are an important factor that contributes to the diseases of affluence. Gender is an important explanatory variable for attitudes towards food, and a significant determinant of food behaviour. The purpose of this article is to address the question. Are there any significant differences between the food choices of working men and women? In order to answer this question, the study examined 100 men and 100 women using the Food Choice Questionnaire, as designed by the author. Study findings show that women are more likely to display nutritional behavior that is characteristic of health-conscious attitudes.

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Radicalization and Family Values. The Case of Muslim Youth among the Somali Community of Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya

Author(s): Reginald Maudlin Nalugala / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2017

This paper investigates the role of families in the radicalization of the youth today. The global perspective based on literature review helps to address the influence of parents on their children and how radicalization can be overcome. The findings in Eastleigh, Nairobi add value to the conclusion that the radicalization process cannot be placed on one faith like Islam but people of all faiths, creed, races, groups, can be radicalized depending on their situation. The strong point presented by the push and pull factors can have a negative impact and radicalize local communities against foreigners. Discrimination can be used by leaders as a rallying call for resistance. Those in other parts of the world, sympathetic to suffering brethren can rush in to help, at times not knowing the details of the problem at hand. The paper calls for tolerance to all people and show restraint when one's space is infringed upon by the so called foreigners.

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