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As the small rural villages in Bulgaria are defined villages with a population of 200 inhabitants. Half of the 5,000 villages in Bulgaria fall into this category, but they occupied only 8.2 percent of the country's rural population according to the census of population and housing in 2011. Due to the prolonged impact of the processes of depopulation on vast, predominantly agricultural areas in the country, the category of the smallest villages increased significantly in scope during the period after 1946. The main reason for such kind of development is depopulation of villages with a population of 500, 1000 or even 2000 people who have passed into the category of the smallest settlements. At the same time, at least a large number of settlements from viewing the category is deleted in the past 6 decades by the complete depopulation, and in nearly 200 existing smallest villages no longer lives. Demographic situation among residents of the smallest villages, located mainly in mountain regions, is very difficult because of the marginal population aging. Only in inhabited mainly by pomacs in Rhodopes mountains small villages a positive natural growth is registered. This region has a chance for sustainable development due to relatively low migration mobility among the youngest rural population in Bulgaria.
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The basic characteristics of natural increase and migration of the population are being analyzed in this research, with the aim to establish the level of demographic transition in the Raška region in the beginning of 21st century. In the period (1961 – 2002), changes of natural increase are reflecting in the decreasing of birth-rate and the increasing of rate of mortality. One of the most important aims of this research is to answer the question why those differences exist in the natural increase in the population among urban and rural settlements, as well as which are the directions of even regional development. In this research different methods are used (statistics, cartographic, analytics and synthetics), and results of it might have applicable value in the future planning of demographic and economic development of Raška region.
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One has not still investigated the functional area of Belgrade sufficiently in adomain of domestic urban geography. For that reason, this paper analyzes the territory of the municipality of Stara Pazova as a part of Belgrade functional area, which does not belong to it administratively but connects the main city by firm spatial-functional interactions. The mentioned territory will be analyzed from the aspect of demographic development, i.e. in the example of population growth trend. The negative trend has characterized the dynamics of the vital element development for almost several years. However, even with the declining trend, the natural development of the population on the territory of the municipality of Stara Pazova differentiated in comparison with there maining parts of Srem and Voivodina, owing to the late phenomenon of negativenatural development of the population. Such legality of biological component development firmly connects the geographic legalities of the location and gravitation.The mentioned researches should point out if the territories belonging to the functional area of some town settlements represent the places of the demographic polarization, concentration and territories also differing from the areas that do not belong to the functional area of a town, according to the indicators of the vital trends. The results of the researches should confirm the thesis that urban regions represent relevant factors of the demographic polarity.
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The existing state of gender inequalities has led demographers to give their contribution to the research of female and male population relations. Differentiation of demographic characteristics is an aspect of enlightening the social structure of population of both sexes and revealing gender differences as a consequence of demographic and social factors. Socio-demographic structures of population, according to data from the 2002 census were analyzed from the gender perspective. The accent was placed on the differences between male and female population in view of age, marriage state, education and economic activity. Gender inequalities were perceived not only on the level of Central Serbia but according to settlement type as demographically and socially different contexts.
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Analysis of movement of Goc and podgorina population in the second half of XX and on the begging of XXI century is elaborated in the paper. Parameters of natural and mechanical movement of population have showed that population number of Goc and podgorina increase because of mechanical movement. In the period between two last censuses, the greater part of immigrants has arrived. Refugees and outcast population from Ex-Yugoslav Republics represents smaller part of immigrants. Greater part of immigrants belongs to population from others municipalities of Republic of Serbia, especially to population from Kosovo and from municipalities of Raska region. According to the results of exploration, there are many differences in the movements of population between twenty six settlements of Goc and podgorina. As consequences of that, among other, there are some geographic factors. Among geographic factors, traffic-geographic position and relief are relieved. Importance of the paper is that it enriches the knowledge about West Morava valley and Goc, which is northernmost mountain of Kopaonik mountain system.
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Lig and Belanovica are two main settlements in the municipality of Ljig and the only ones which, according to the legal criterion, have a status of town settlements. They originated out of need for the smaller local centers in the regions of the District of Kolubara, with villages and hamlets dispersed or semi-dispersed in type. They originated as road settlements in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Ljig developed at the major traffic artery Belgrade-Gornji Milanovac,at the crossroads where from the road branches off towards Mionica and Valjevo, while Belanovica originated at the old road Belgrade-Rudnik, which nowadays does not have the former significance and occupies the peripheral location in relation to Ibarska Highway.The settlements originated spontaneously along with passing from natural to the economy of goods in order to carry out certain economic function in relation to the territories which gravitate towards them. Belanovica was declared to be a small town in 1904. Ljig was declared in 1922 when it was formed as a traffic, trade and commercial center of the wider region. Ljig then obtained its first regulative plan, and later three more. The development of these settlements went differently into several phases, so that Ljig was formed as the primary, and Belanovica as the secondary center in the system of the settlements of the municipality of Ljig with certain spheres of influences on other settlements in the surroundings.
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Organization of settlement of attractive mountainous regions of Serbia was always, and still is, very interesting for different solutions especially because of its director indirect tourist functions. With slow or sometimes sporadically fast changes the development of settlements has chronologically gone through different stages, especially in those low-mountainous regions that took part in tourism in the last decades of the 20th century. In those regions we can definitely include the vast area of Suvoborski Rajac the most eastern hill-side of well known Podrinjsko-Valjevske Mountains. Mostly bordered with appearance of new structures for accommodation of tourists, already mentioned stages permit chronological recognition of their settlement parts, mostly attributed through the social conditions with socio-economic character of that time period.The first stage (1954-1961) of settlement genesis was marked with construction of new mountain house and initial construction of objects for rest and relaxation. After slow construction of objects of this type in this stage, more intensive construction in the next stage (1962-1972) followed during next period of the development of settlement. It is the time when the region also got its tourist marks since they were represented through operation of other accommodation capacities (three rest homes of closed and semi closed type). In the following two stages (1978-1982 and 1983-1992) of settlement genesis of the region only construction of objects for rest and recreation was evident. It has also shaped the region. With twenty newly constructed objects for rest and recreation, two completely new an one renovated , settlement area of Rajac got its newest physiognomy at the end of the 20th century.
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Increasing life expectancy and ageing population put fiscal challenges facing government programs for social security and create a need for policy to extend the retirement age. The largescale and longtime worked out project “International Social Security“ (ISS) studies these problems including 12 developed countries in the world. The project is organized by the National Bureau of Economic Research, supported by the National Institute on Ageing of the Population in the United States. The article considers part of the project, in particular empirical work on the seventh stage, which is focused on health as a potential of older people to increase their employment to a later age. The subject of the study is the population aged mainly 5569. Two alternative methods and an additional approach based on selfassessment of health are applied. The results obtained show that people in preretirement and retirement age have significant additional health potential to work to a later age.
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Under the conditions of long-term and significant reduction of the economically active population in Bulgaria, the dynamics of the educational structure has been becoming more and more significant. The major results of the forecast of development of the economically active population according to the educational level in Bulgaria to 2021 are presented in the article. Since there is no average term demographic forecast to 2021 or an official long-term demographic forecast the demographic scenario of the National Statistical Institute for Bulgaria for the period to 2060 (the realistic variant) has been used to develop the forecast. Moreover, no forecast on the changes in population according to the education level is published for the period considered. The economic activity rates have been projected for four categories of education: high educated, those who graduated from vocational or secondary schools, low educated or functionally uneducated. The hypotheses were built on the basis of analytical results and conclusions for the period 19852012 and more special attention was paid to the last eight years of the reference period, namely the period 20052012. The reference information on the economically active population by sex, age and education category was calculated according to data of NSI publications on the censuses conducted in the country in 1985, 1992, 2001 and 2011, as well as annual data of the “Employment and unemployment“ Labour Force Survey for the period 20012012.
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This paper presents the main results from the study of the concerned of the active labour market policy employers. The analysis begins with a description of the main characteristics of the organisations that participated in employment programmes and measures. It continues with a presentation of participation in programmes and measures, an assessment of the respective programmes/measures by the employers, as well as of their influence on the organisation. The analysis finishes with a description of the regional characteristics of the employers that participated in employment programmes and measures. In times of economic recession, the most important thing is to place the emphasis on the efficient programmes and measures which can produce the highest possible effect with a limited budget. However, the most vulnerable groups on the labour market must not be forgotten because they are the main target group and rely most heavily on the programs and measures that are implemented. The final conclusion that can be drawn from the study is that the programmes and measures must be viewed comprehensively, and the more varied they are, the greater the number of target groups that will be able to benefit from them is. In the final account, a programme or a measure must not be scrapped for not being effective. Theineffective programmes should only be minimized, and more funds should be transferred to those with high economic efficiency.
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The employment is a subject of the labour law which as a branch of the legal system regulates the legal relationships between employers and hired workers on the providing labour occasion. The aim of this study is to clarify the building of concept in the Bulgarian legislation in the period 18781912 in regard of one of the main directions of demographic policy, the one linked to the birth rate of the country, in particular on the combining of opportunities of work with the population reproduction. The main conclusion of the analysis is that it is mainly oriented to women and children. At the end of the period studied, an aspiration of the Bulgarian lawmakers to extend this policy towards different types of work and different sectors of economy is ascertained.
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The paper deals with the demographic topics of ageing, age and the elderly people in Europe. Seeing as these topics still take up marginal space in most research fields except gerontology, the aim of the paper is to deepen the thematic framework. Because of that, but also because it is difficult to reach more detailed data on generations over 65 in Europe, this paper will present the results of the research on the basic socio-demographic characteristics of elderly people in 11 European countries. The data on which this research is based comes from the last waves of census; they were harmonized and obtained in the LIS center of the University of Luxembourg. The data show the basic socio-demographic characteristics classified into three groups: where do people over 65 live, with whom do older than 65 live, how do older than 65 live. The data also show that in northern and western countries, which are economically more developed, the elderly population lives in cities more. The number of households with one elderly member in rural areas increases in Central Europe, and the highest percentage of those older than 65 in rural areas live in Greece and Serbia. The connection between certain countries and the education level of the elderly is statistically meaningful. Therefore, in northern and western countries, which are more developed, there are more highly educated elderly people than in less developed countries in Central and South Europe.
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The second phase of census operation in India — population enumeration — collects data on individual’s characteristics from every household. Out of 30 questions that are asked the pivotal query is that of the age and the sex. Both these data have certain crucial demographic, an economic and social angle which helps to build future policies and alleviating any concern. However, the available age information procured through census operation shows age heaping around the digits of “0” and “5”, which seems to be declining with age. Besides, the data also have a gendered perspective on the question of age heaping. Owing to such misleading information future policy prescriptions stand questioned. This descriptive study is a step forward towards resolving the lacunae by estimating the magnitude of age heaping in every state of India, secured with the help of Whipple’s Index. In addition, the study relates the accuracy of age reporting to characteristics of literacy, urban population, and level of birth registration. And concludes that with raising the level of these predictors reporting of correct age can be effectively secured.
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The National Population Census 2011 showed that over 2 million of Polish citizens have been temporarily staying abroad for at least 3 months. The aim of analysis is to present an impact of temporary emigration on the present and future demographic situation of our country, especially the change in the population size and number of births, as well as the advancement of aging process in the coming years. The results of the census 2011 indicate that the population losses due to temporary emigration may exceed 10% in the age groups 25-29 and 30-34. The results for 2014—2050 based on the CSO modified forecast including temporary emigration and immigration show a relevant decrease in the number of population at the age of economic activity. The possible return of emigrants could counteract the depopulation of our country, but in the long run will be intensified by the aging of the population.
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Afyonkarahisar is located in the inner West Anatolian part of the Aegean region and at an important junction point in terms of transportation. In 1927, when the first census of the republican period was carried out, while Afyonkarahisar was the 18th most populous city in the country with a population of 258.743 people, by 2019, its population reached 729.483 but declined to 31st in the country. Afyonkarahisar, which has a very mountonious structure, Since it could not provide its economic development at the desired level, it send imigrants primarily to İzmir and its surrounding cities metropolitan cities such as İstanbul and Ankara. In the province, whose economy is based on agriculture and animal husbandry, approximately 40.2% of the population lives in rural areas as of 2019.In this study, some characteristics of the population of the city of Afyonkarahisar have been examined within the scope of population geography. In this context, development of the population of the province during the republic period, growth rates over the years, rural-urban rates, gender and age structure, migrations and thedistribution in the province was examined during the census years.
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Today, the use of tobacco and alcohol, which is known to cause serious health problems, is important for both individuals and the state. General purpose of “Health Interview Survey” is to introduce the health profile of individuals and to get information about health indicators. The data obtained from the TURKSTAT data sheet and obtained with a limited number of variables were used. The test were done among the relevant variables were determined by considering gender, age, tobacco and alcohol use, and the reason for use. The first three reasons for tobacco use in men and women are the same.
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The Katowice conurbation is the largest traditional economic region in Central Europe and simultaneously a complex settlement system. Yet it faces numerous problems. The article attempts to answer the questions: (1) Does the hitherto relatively uniform economic structure of the Katowice conurbation, based on mining and metallurgy, cause similar intensities of depopulation, demographic ageing and urban shrinkage in 16 neighbouring towns? (2) Is the scope of policies mitigating the effects of these processes similar? The analysis of statistical data for 1999 and 2018 and the development strategies of individual towns shows that both the trends in population changes and the policies adopted towards them differ. The severity of the negative processes varies, with the largest being in Katowice, Sosnowiec and Bytom. Most towns recognize the problem yet consider its solution through selective actions (improvement in housing conditions, development of services or launching new industrial activities). There are also towns that, although seeing problems, marginalize them in their development strategies. Only Czeladź has a multifaceted approach to this problem. The general conclusion shows a need to coordinate the policies of local governments of the entire conurbation for the benefit of multifaceted measures to mitigate depopulation, demographic ageing and urban shrinkage.
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Preoccupation with the evolution of the population, globally or regionally, is the core activity of various international bodies. Demographic policy programmes are included in the agenda of European Union summits and special bodies. Family planning programmes initiated by non-governmental organizations all over the world are financed through the United Nations Fund for Population Activities. The purpose of population programmes consists, beside reduction of the growth rate of the world population, in fighting against demographic pollution phenomena: demographic explosions and implosions, lack of demographic education, limited access to education, information and training, imbalance between the population growth rate and the diminution of natural and processed resources, the population ageing, genetic and behavioural degenerations, etc.
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