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The ethnic and religious compositions of Nordic populations have been projected by Eurostat (Lanzieri, 2011), the Pew Research Center (2015), and Statistics Denmark (2015). These studies are updated and complemented in this paper. Lanzieri's consideration of the native population is supplemented by taking into account assimilation via marriages between natives and foreign-background persons. Immigration to Nordic countries increased significantly in 2015, but, on the other hand, immigration restrictions have been put in place. Therefore, there are no reliable estimates of future immigration. In this situation, the paper's "what if " projections, incorporating the average 2012-2014 net immigration level, serve as useful reference information. The projected demographic changes are similar in the four Nordic countries. The development is fastest in Sweden; in 2065, the share of the native population is to decrease to 49%, the Western population is projected to fall to 63%, and the Muslim population increase to 25%.
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The first part of this study outlines the history of youth since the age of the “Sturm und Drang”. Since the 1980s, sociologists have been seeing a growing segregation between youth in an underclass and a new, “postadolescent” generation. The second part of the study explores the new patterns of this generation. The author argues that changes corresponds to the development of a post-industrial society; it is a second demographic transition, the changing world of learning and work, a transformed ‘coupling’ and family relations, along with transitions in values and attitudes.
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Based principally on data obtained from youth studies carried out in Hungary, this paper seeks to answer questions relating to what tendencies are observable in the lifestyles (learning, consumption, leisure activities), the conception of culture and the mobility of young people. The author gives special attention to activities having low frequency, and comes to the conclusion that the separation of the “self”, the shifts in responsibility and the avoidance of problems have become more dominant among young people. In the lifestyle of youth, change and permanence are present simultaneously, causing significant degrees of differentiation within their own grouping.
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Peter Tibor Nagy offers two competitive hypotheses: 1) The values of young (aged 18–30) people differ from the average of society, as persons in their 30s and 40s are like the average but not like the youngest generation. 2) They differ from the average, but they are similar to the next generation (i. e. people just a little older). Thus the dividing line is not between the young and middle-aged generations, but between the middle-aged and older ones, or somewhere within the middle-aged one. If the second hypothesis true: “the young” as a real social category does not exist. Data relating to the sociology of religion – based on several different databases – shows that the second hypothesis more reliable than the first one.
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Aim: The aim of this research is to examine whether the level of work engagement differs depending on the hospital type and hospital location, and on some socio-demographic and occupational characteristics of the health personnel.Method: The research sample group consists of 659 non-physician employees working in three training and research hospitals, two state hospitals, one special-branch hospital in Istanbul and one state hospital in Kırklareli. The UWES-17 scale developed by Schaufeli et al. (2002) was used to measure the level of work engagement. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to analyze the factor structure of the scale. Analysis of the research data was performed with SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 software. Findings: Whereas the level of work engagement differs significantly depending on the socio-demographic and occupational characteristics of the employees and hospital location, it doesn't significantly differ depending on the hospital type.Result: The health personnel working in a hospital located in a smaller city which suffers less from urban problems like busy traffic and high patient density, has a significantly higher level of work engagement compared to those working in hospitals in Istanbul
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Archidiakonat wieluński był kościelną jednostką administracyjną o określonych granicach i strukturach gospodarczych i demograficznych. Stanowił część archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej utworzonej na synodzie rzymskim w 999 r. za pontyfikatu papieża Sylwestra II. Wtedy bowiem przyjęto zaproponowany przez Bolesława Chrobrego projekt podziału jego państwa na diecezje i zgodzono się na powstanie metropolii gnieź- nieńskiej. Ostateczne zorganizowanie nowej prowincji kościelnej i ustalenie jej granic nastąpiło na zjeździe w 1000 r. w Gnieźnie. Obok istniejącego od 968 r. biskupstwa z siedzibą w Poznaniu powstały archidiecezja gnieźnieńska i trzy diecezje: krakowska, wrocławska i kołobrzeska. Podział kościelny był prawdopodobnie zależny od struktury politycznej kraju. Metropolitą gnieźnieńskim został brat św. Wojciecha, bł. Gaudenty. Trudno określić jednoznacznie ówczesne granice diecezji polskich. Uczeni wysuwają różne hipotezy.
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The paper aims to present the current and potential role of transport infrastructure development in socio-economic development of Wieluń district (powiat, county). For this purpose, it discusses briefly a methodology of spatial accessibility assessment—by way of which the level of district’s accessibility has been shown against the background of the whole country, as well as presenting it by means of simulation model, making use of the Multimodal Index for Transport Accessibility, that allow for evaluating the expected effect of construction of selected road routes. All these made it possible to briefly assess the transport policy currently being carried out from the point of view of inhabitants and economic entities of Wielun district. It has been shown that at present transport accessibility for Wielun district can be viewed as being at relatively adequate level. However, it is not a result of infrastructure development, but only a side-effect of beneficial geographical location (in relation to demographic and economic potential). To this it can be added that this accessibility is distributed unevenly among specific directions. In particular accessibility to the capital of Lodzkie Voivodeship, and towards Warszawa, is found to be poor. The road investments being carried out at present (and especially the construction of Łódź section of expressways S8 that has just started) will undoubtedly contribute to improving the overall accessibility of the district. The time of journey from Łódź to Wrocław will be significantly reduced. Expressways S8 and S11 as well as motorway A1 should be mentioned as the most important road investments at the national level which ought to be supported by district’s local authorities. A separate issue is the development of voivodeship roads (or even district roads) that could enhance access to national roads which are known to exist or to be finally completed by 2014.
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The censuses of 1921 and 1931 show a steady Turkish population decline in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Turks populated the areas that until 1912 were under Ottoman rule and the Balkan Wars prompted a process of their migration to Asia Minor. Due to this migration, while in 1912 there was about 195,000 Turks in Vardar Macedonia, in the census of 1931 the number of residents whose native language was Turkish (by the statistical methodology of the time) totaled 105,407. The statistics of 1931 reveal that less than two decades of the Balkan Wars, Turks were no longer a majority in any of the administrative areas in which they constituted a sizable part or the majority of the population until 1912. Part of the urban Muslim population (Albanian and South Slavic) reported their mother tongue was Turkish in both censuses taken between the two World Wars, just as they did before the Balkan Wars because of the Turkish influence, culture, deeply rooted Islam and their coexistence with the Turks. This was characteristic of the cities in the northern and western parts of Vardar Macedonia and of several urban centers in the region of Kosovo and Metohija and was also the reason why certain scholars raised doubts about the accuracy of the official statistics. Most of the Turks who lost hope in the reinstitution of the Ottoman rule and who did not migrate to Turkey, were loyal to the authorities of the Kingdom, which frequently relied on the most distinguished individuals of their community as representatives of a significant Muslim minority. That, however, was not the case with the Albanians.
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Archidiakonat wieluński był kościelną jednostką administracyjną o określonych granicach i strukturach gospodarczych i demograficznych. Stanowił część archidiecezji gnieź- nieńskiej utworzonej na synodzie rzymskim w 999 r. za pontyfikatu papieża Sylwestra II. Wtedy bowiem przyjęto zaproponowany przez księcia polskiego, Bolesława Chrobrego projekt podziału jego państwa na diecezje i zgodzono się na powstanie metropolii gnieź- nieńskiej. Ostateczne zorganizowanie nowej prowincji kościelnej i ustalenie jej granic nastąpiło na zjeździe w 1000 r. w Gnieźnie. Obok istniejącej od 968 r. diecezji z siedzibą w Poznaniu powstały archidiecezja gnieźnieńska i trzy diecezje: krakowska, wrocławska i kołobrzeska. Podział kościelny był prawdopodobnie zależny od struktury politycznej kraju. Metropolitą gnieźnieńskim został brat św. Wojciecha, bł. Gaudenty. Trudno okre- ślić jednoznacznie ówczesne granice diecezji polskich. Uczeni wysuwają różne hipotezy. W źródłach archidiakonat wieluński pojawiał się w XV w. Był on naturalnym przedłu- żeniem archidiakonatu kaliskiego i pierwotnie wchodził w jego skład.
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Mokrsko jest wsią leżącą w południowej części powiatu wieluńskiego. Miejscowość ta posiada średniowieczną metrykę. Pierwsza wzmianka źródłowa o wsi pochodzi z 1273 roku. Początkowo w całości była własnością panującego, ale już w XIV wieku w jej obrębie istniały dwie części: książęcokrólewska oraz szlachecka.
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Like most of the countries around the world, European member states are suffering from the declining population, due to low birth rates and decreasing death rates. Romania’s population is undergoing a series of changes that will continue to unfold in the foreseeable future. Demographic transitions are taking place in the case of all member states that are part of EU-28, with various degrees of intensity. Romania’s population has been shrinking and undergoing a continuous process of erosion since 1992 when it hit a peak of 23.2 million. Under the influence of a decreasing birth rate and death rate, the population is projected to decrease from 19.8 million in 2015 to 14.5 million in 2080. This article examines how these inevitable changes will shape Romania's demographic landscape, with an emphasis on the changes over time suffered by the total population, birth rates, and life expectancy, as seen through the ”Demographic Transition Model” stages as put forward by Thompson in 1929. Also, this article will touch upon some of the main economic consequences that arise as a result of these demographic transitions.
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On the basis of empirical studies and available sources, the author presents tourism as undertaken by young Poles from Generation Y, with reference to demographic, and above all generational changes. She focuses on presenting tourism preferences and typical behaviour. The analysis shows that their behaviour is similar to those observed by Generation Y globally. The similarities are also visible in tourism - new, post-modernist trends, such as gap year and internet couch surfing portals, as forms of independent travel organization, are becoming more and more popular. On the other hand, the consumptionist habits of Generation Y (preferences for comfort and entertainment), as well as an orientation towards family and friends, frequently travelling companions, can also be observed.
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W artykule tym podjęto zagadnienie analizy najważniejszych wskaźników demograficznych ludności żydowskiej wchodzącej w skład toruńskiej gminy wyznaniowej. Materiał opracowany został na podstawie dostępnych dla Torunia źródeł: ksiąg sądowych, w których od 1847 roku odnotowywano zdarzenia demografi czne dotyczące Żydów (w praktyce jednak głównie śluby), oraz akt Urzędu Stanu Cywilnego. Podejmując się omawiania sytuacji demografi cznej wśród toruńskich Żydów, należy cały czas mieć na uwadze, że analizie poddajemy małą liczebnie populację, co może powodować, iż wyniki badań mogą nie być w pełni zgodne z ogólnie przyjętymi tendencjami demografi cznymi.
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Brain death is one of the most important yet difficult issues in contemporary medicine, as well as in the field of ethics. The fundamental issue concerns the legitimacy of employing brain death as the criterion for determining the death of a human being. While acknowledging the reasons for introducing brain death as an indicator of human death, the controversial nature of this criterion cannot be ignored. The definition of death, when human beings are involved, must be free from arbitrary judgements. Thus, efforts to reach a precise definition cannot be reduced merely to issues related to organ transplants, which, unfortunately, have all too often played a paramount role in such discussions. The magisterium of the Catholic Church, while not claiming the right to establish the criteria of brain death determination, or to pronounce on the diagnostic tests aimed at arriving at such a conclusion, insists that the discussion of bioethical issues concerning death per se must take into account a sound anthropological vision, and that criteria of death must be formulated with the utmost rigour and certainty. In this way we are called to act as servants of life, and not the opposite.
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Great hopes are put on stem-cells experiments, as they show new possible treatments for terminal diseases whose complete cure could only be dreamed of before. In this long and ongoing research, the ethical question must not be overlooked. This is so because progress is to be measured by the good which it provides for the well-being of humankind, both materially and spiritually. Financial profits, which are now to be expected in the field of medicine and biomedical technology, can by no means justify actions which would threaten the inviolability of human life. Every possible step should therefore be taken to ensure that the increasing knowledge base of this field is wisely deployed for the objective good of every human life.
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The goal of this paper is to research the motivation of women for giving birth in Cazin region concerning the social-economic status and at the attitude of society to giving birth. The research was done on the pregnant women and women in the reproductive age who live in Cazin region ( V.Kladuša and Cazin) as well as the students of Pedagogic High School and Medical High School in the Bihać University. The total of 1195 patients was polled. Out of them 630 were pregnant, 350 of them were the women in the reproductive age and the 90 students from the Pedagogic High School who didn’t give the birth as well as the 105 students from the Medical High School. The pool was conducted from 1st July to 30th September 2008. Results: The patients’ average age was 23,5±2,8. 84,70% of them were not employed and the 15,39% were employed. 47,02% live in the apartment, 28,87% live in the family house and the rest of them, 24,20% , live in the rented houses and flats. 52,50% of them have finished the primary school, 23,50% have finished the high school and 6,30% have finished the university. 48,76% of them have one child, 47,84% have two children and the 3,23% have three children. 49,10% of them said that they want to have only two children and 49,10% of them said that they are not motivated to have children. 71,79% of the students said that they want to have only one child and 72,82% of them don't want to have any children. 43,76% of the patients don't see enough support from the country during the birth and after, 50,20% of the patients don't see any kind of the support from the country. 63,68% of the patients would have children if the state changed the law and the 30,79% of them wouldn't have the children at all. 65,43% of the patients think that they don't have enough money for themselves because of the economic situation, while the 23,93% think the opposite.
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Modern lifestyle and technical achievements initiated many questions that were not considered by classical Islamic jurists. The Qur'an, the last Revelation of God, and the Sunnah, the sayings and actions of the Prophet, sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam, as the fundamental sources of Islamic faith, directly or indirectly contain judgments about all the innovations and trends that will happen until the Day of Judgment. In order to recognize Sharia regulations regarding these phenomena, we can clearly see the divine light and perfect knowledge through the Quranic verses and words of the Prophet, sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam, who does not speak of his whim. They are in perfect conformity with modern knowledge and scientific discoveries even though they were expressed at the time when human knowledge was at a very low level,. Formation of embryo gender, like everything else in nature that surrounds us, is regulated by the law which were established by Allah. Modern man discovered details of that law, which had previously been unknown to humankind. That opened the possibility of influencing the sex of the embryo. On the other hand, the believer knows that Allah is the One who creates and selects and to Whom everything returns. He is the One who gives to whom He wants male and female children and He leaves some without offspring.
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The paper analyzes the changes of the basic characteristics of the population of North-Western Croatia. Population of North-Western Croatia has increased by 8.5% between 1900 and 2011 and the maximum number of inhabitants was recorded in 1953. Since the latter year, the number of inhabitants of this area has been steadily decreasing, and the latest census in 2011 showed that the population decrease in comparison with 1953 was 11.9%. Considering the census dynamics of the number of inhabitants per county in three characteristic periods (1900-2011, 1948-2011 and 2001-2011), the significant bipolarity was noticed. Krapina-Zagorje County and Koprivnica-Križevci County have a population decline, while the counties of Međimurje and Varaždin recorded a significant population increase in the first two periods and the population decline in the period 2001-2011. The natural population dynamics was researched for the period 1996 – 2015. In those twenty years North-Western Croatia has lost 35 thousand inhabitants by natural population drop (more deaths than births), while the population drop caused by emigration can not be determined due to changes in the methodology of censuses after 1991. Indicators of the age structure of North-Western Croatia are also extremely unfavourable. The 2011 census showed that 21.6% of the population was aged between 0 and 19 years and 22.8% of the population was aged 60 years and over. Although between 1981 and 2011 the educational structure of the North-Western Croatia population was improved considerably, its characteristics are still below the Croatian average. The latest population census from 2011 showed that there was only 10.6% of the highly educated population aged 15 years and more.
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Schyłek XX wieku jest okresem biologii. Zakres problemów biologicznych poszerzył się w ostatnich latach m.in. o sferę zdarzeń możliwych – głównie chodzi tu o możliwość istnienia życia w przestrzeni kosmicznej. Możliwość ta, to nade wszystko wskazanie uniwersalnych prawidłowości życia. Biologia jest dziedziną wiedzy, która podejmuje zadania wyjaśniania funkcji i struktury żywych organizmów i przesuwa akcent z tego, co koniec zne na to, co możliwe, jak również dokonuje zaakcentowania tego, co niepowtarzalne i lokalne w powtarzalnych i globalnych uwarunkowaniach czasoprzestrzennych.
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