Životní a ekonomické strategie obyvatel horských regionů v Makedonii

Author(s): Barbora Machová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The author deals with the life and economic strategies of people inhabiting mountain regions of the Republic of Macedonia, during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The strategies can be studied either by means of analyses of economic behavior of an individual/a household or by research of socio-cultural aspects of human behaviour and motivation. The research of value systems became popular. The value system seems to be an impulse to the particular strategies. In addition to that potential strategies of individuals and households are defined by many other factors, e. g. current situation on the labour market, land ownership, capital or external intervention of the state policy. The strategies differ in particular regions depending on the local environment or a distance from the center. A case study from the village of Bitovo shows the present situation (2011, 2012) and goes back to the second half of the 20th century. Bitovo is situated in the region of Poreche in Western Macedonia and lies at 1200 m. a. s. l. In 2011 it had 43 inhabitants. The current occupation of local men was mostly woodcutter, wood transport and sheep breeding. The men procured a financial income of a household. Women were used to work as self-sufficient farmers and they procured a non-monetary income. After the World War II the village Bitovo had 360 inhabitants. It stands for the most common strategy of the villagers during the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century was emigration. The motivation for emigration was principally economic. We distinguish two agricultural streams of migration and two industrial ones. First there were the agricultural streams with motivation to get a land to Vojvodina (the towns of Kačarevo, Jabuka) and to the Pelagonia lowland (around Prilep, Macedonia). During the 70’s the villagers started to settle to cities (urbanization) to be employed in industry and to go to work to Germany (as gastarbeiters).

Social Business in the Czech Republic – New Approach to Employment

Author(s): Mirka Wildmannova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Social entrepreneurship is characterised by a high degree of creativity and innovation, not only in technical terms but also in relation to management-social aspects. Social entrepreneurship is a relatively young sector which is not legally addressed in the Czech Republic. Its development dates back to the 19th century but its main development comes in the second half of the 20th century. In the CR there is a missing government conception of social entrepreneurship and legislative definition of the social business which would direct the formation and development of social businesses in a long–term horizon.

Znaczenie lokalizacji we wzmacnianiu pozycji rynkowej firmy. Wybrane przykłady centrów dystrybucji w aglomeracji poznańskiej

Author(s): Waldemar W. Budner,Kinga Pawlicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

International corporations with a dispersed location have distribution centers that are independent units or a complex of production and distribution facilities. Distribution centers have become a relatively new but important element of the country’s economic landscape. The location and development of these facilities depend on specific conditions. The aim of the study is to present the essence of distribution centers as economic objects with special functions and tasks. Against this background, a comparative analysis of three selected distribution centers located in the Poznań agglomeration, but with different characteristics, is presented in order to verify the theoretical considerations carried out before. The results and conclusions of the analysis are of a utilitarian nature. They also indicate the important role played by distribution centers in strengthening the market position of companies.

Анализ на съществуващите стратегии за биоикономика

Author(s): Petia Branzova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The purpose of the report is to analyze selected national strategies and policies with respect to defining the bio economy and to selecting similarities and differences between them. Representative is a comparative overview of the strategy and policies for bio economic development in the world. In the analyzed documents can present strategies and policies to stimulate the bio economy as the base of our suggested that is in focus. In this way, it is known that there is a need for enhanced results and developments in the field.

Anti-inflation policy in Poland’s economy during the period of transformation and integration

Author(s): Ryszard Barczyk,Zuzanna Urbanowicz / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse the origin, course of inflation and scope of operation concerning the instruments of monetary and fiscal policy applied by the anti-inflation policy, as well as to evaluate their effectiveness for Poland’s economy in the years 2000–2021. To measure the relationship between decisions in the area of stabilisation policy and inflation, the authors carried out an econometric analysis using the dynamic autoregressive model with distributed lags. The parameters of the model confirmed that among the applied tools of monetary and fiscal policies, an anti-inflation nature was found between the monetary policy instruments and prices, and also linking budget expenditures with price level. Changes in budget incomes, according to the obtained results, were not conducive to price stabilisation in our economy. Anti-inflationary policy was dominated by monetary policy instruments. The anti-inflationary significance of fiscal policy has been much smaller since the beginning of the transformation of the Polish economy. Its anti-inflationary role increased in the period of difficulties related to the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular at the time of a strong increase in budget spending in the environment of rising price level.

Równoważenie funkcji mieszkaniowej w obszarach dużych miast

Author(s): Agnieszka Mrozińska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to assess spatial cohesion of suburban areas in terms of balancing the volume of housing functions and accompanying functions in the gminas (communes) of the Poznań agglomeration in the years 2012–2016, based on the analysis of the functions of buildings under construction. Design/methodology/approach: The author has conducted the following tasks: reviewing the literature on suburbanisation processes, in particular in the Poznań agglomeration; performing a statistical analysis on the basis of data from Statistics Poland (GUS); assessing the volume of construction activity performing various functions in the area of the Poznań agglomeration; indicating the main function of newly constructed buildings and analysing measurable characteristics depicting the scale of construction activity, including the number and usable floor area of buildings or the number of dwellings (in the case of the residential function); assessing the relativised characteristics relating to the area and population numbers. Findings: The processes of suburbanisation and the implementation of the residential function are spatially diversified in the Poznań agglomeration. The balance of the housing and supplementary functions differs in individual gminas of the area under analysis. The relation between the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for non-residential purposes (supplementary functions) to the usable area of newly completed buildings intended for residential purposes in the Poznań agglomeration reflected the situation that took place all around Poland. The balance of the residential and supplementary functions depends on the following factors: the state of spatial development in the past (e.g. the presence of land that could be transformed for the needs of a new function), the existence of environmental or administrative development barriers (e.g. marshy ground, military training ground), thecurrent scale of the occurrence of individual functions (e.g. the degree of market saturationwith commercial space) or their location on important transport routes. Originality and value: In the face of the inevitability of the development processes, changing the spatial structure of areas surrounding large cities is a challenge for present and future generations, and in particular for local authorities. Even today, we may observe spatial changes affecting rural and rural-urban gminas neighbouring large cities. Under the pressure of the suburbanisation process, the developed residential function in such gminas forces them to take care of other functions that rural areas (so far unprepared to provide most ofthe functions characteristic of cities) perform or will perform in the future.

Rynek mieszkaniowy w erze pandemii COVID-19. Studium porównawcze Poznania i Warny

Author(s): Slawomir PALICKI,Ivo KOSTOV / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to characterise and interpret the impact of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) as an unexpected stimulus on the participants of the housing market. The research was designed not only to obtain knowledge about contemporary market trends (the cognitive aspect) but also to support market entities in shaping optimised investment and housing decisions (the practical aspect). Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on official statistical data describing transactions on the housing markets of two selected European countries and their cities – Poznań (Poland) and Varna (Bulgaria), in the period between 2018 and 2020. The methodology of comparative analysis has been applied to purpose fully selected case studies. Furthermore, the authors have drawn on the possibilities offered by the analysis of the activity and volatility of transaction prices on housing markets. Findings: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant, yet short-term impact on the functioning of residential markets in Bulgaria and Poland in 2020 (based on Varna and Poznań). The dissemination of global information concerning the scale of the epidemic has most severely disrupted the activity on both the primary and secondary housing markets in Bulgaria. The secondary housing market in Poland reacted in a similar way, which resulted in a significant instability of the trend. The primary market in Poland turned out to be relatively most resistant to the stimuli related to the pandemic situation. What is common for both analysed countries and cities is a change in the shape of house price indexes in 2020 compared to 2018–2019. Originality and value: The research is a part of the contemporary trend of assessing the impact of atypical factors disrupting market trends. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of housing markets, forcing unprecedented global responses. The example ofthe comparative analysis of the two European countries presented in the article allows for indicating the directions and scale of rapid changes which reflect the process of sudden adaptation of societies to previously unknown conditions. Such analyses, which serve asex-post evaluation to some extent, allow for better preparation of specialists in the field of housing market activities to meet the needs created by unusual stimuli. They also allow for more effective planning of measures to mitigate the effects of market shocks in the sphere of housing.

Determinanty wpływające na obniżenie wartości nieruchomości mieszkaniowych na rynku wtórnym

Author(s): Piotr Bartkowiak,Tomasz Nowacki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The aim of the study is to determine the impact of noise, treated as a phenomenon accompanying transport infrastructure, on the market value of residential real estate. Design/methodology/approach: The article presents a study of the seasonality of phenomena, which makes it possible to determine their cyclical character, e.g. price jumps on the market taking place for a specific period of time. The analysis of the dynamics of these phenomena allows to show changes in the economic situation, e.g. an increase or decrease in the price for 1 m2 of living or usable space. Additionally, the authors have also included a study of the interdependence of phenomena (correlation), which made it possible to determine the interrelationships between the phenomena (or their absence), i.e. the impact (or no impact) of noise on the price for 1 m2 of flat area in dwellings located in the civil or military flight zones. The compilation of the obtained data has been combined with the analysis of the structure of dwellings in terms of their area, floor on which they were located, number of rooms, as well as the age of the building. Findings: The conducted research has shown that noise is an important price factor on the housing market. A number of residential real estate offers have confirmed the relationship between the falling price and increasing noise, and vice versa – the lower the noise level, the higher the price. However, the amount of research into the effect of noise on the price still seems to be insufficient, which makes it difficult to forecast the impact of the noise level on the future value of dwellings. Therefore, it is problematic to determine the trend of such an impact. Originality and value: The noise factor is an important element not only in the decision-making process concerning the purchase of a dwelling, but also during investment activities carried out by developers. Locating an investment in the vicinity of a source of noise may significantly reduce the potential income from the sale of dwellings due to a drop in their value. Noise, which affects human life processes, is indirectly reflected in land and housing prices. The impact of the noise level on the decrease in the real estate value is determined by the noise depreciation index (NDI) or noise sensitivity depreciation index (NSDI). These indices show how a change of 1 dB in the noise level in the vicinity of a real estate affects its value.

Metodyka porównywania wartości nieruchomości mieszkaniowych na rynku międzynarodowym na przykładzie rynku Polski i Stanów Zjednoczonych

Author(s): Krzysztof Piasecki,Michał, Dominik Stasiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: Comparing the values of residential real estate in individual countries is a complex task which requires taking into account a number of factors relating to both the economic situation and the quality of life in a given country. The aim of the study is to present an original and universal method of determining the index that allows to compare the value of residential real estate in cities located in different countries. Design/methodology/approach: In addition to the absolute average prices of a square meter, the approach to determining the above-mentioned index proposed by the authors utilises the analysis of parameters related to the quality of life, the level of public services offered to residents by a given country, as well as economic parameters. Findings: On the basis of the presented methodology, the authors have compared the values of residential real estate in two sample cities with similar population and characteristics, i.e. Poznań in Poland and Denver in the USA. The conducted research shows that the value of residential real estate in Poznań is higher by 6.14% in the city centre and 18% outside the city centre. Originality and value: The proposed method of comparison is original and universal in nature and may be successfully applied both in theoretical research and in practice, e.g.by investors.

SWOT analiza inovacionog sistema u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Miloš Trifković,Dženana Husremović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Aktualna globalna pozicija Bosne i Hercegovine potvrđuje nalaz prethodnih istraživanja da u našoj državi ne postoji jedinstven ili barem harmonizovan i efikasan inovacioni sistem, primjeren potrebama razvoja društva i ekonomije znanja. Prvi koraci u utvrđivanju razloga ovakvog stanja su SWOT analize položaja i uloge inovacionog sistema u okviru opšteg strateškog planiranja i sektorskog planiranja istraživanja i transfera tehnologije. Najvažniji rezultati dobiveni iz tih matrica su diskutovani u radu. Oni su potom uspoređeni sa rezultatima naših najnovijih istraživanja. Prvi rezultat je sažeta SWOT matrica inovacionog sistema. Rezultate razrade pojedinih faktora smo prikazali u detaljnoj SWOT matrici zasnovanoj na elementima snage. I ova matrica je pokazala da je ujednačeno i stabilizirano visoko obrazovanje najvažniji element snage inovacionog sistema. Zbog toga su obilježja univerziteta kao subjekta inovacionog sistema posebno razmotrena.

SWOT Analysis of the Innovation System in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Author(s): Miloš Trifković,Dženana Husremović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current global position of Bosnia and Herzegovina confirms the findings of previous research that in our country there is no single or at least harmonized and efficient innovation system, appropriate to the needs of the development of knowledge society and the knowledge economy. The first steps in determining the reasons for this situation are SWOT analyses of the position and role of the innovation system within the general strategic and sectorial research and technology transfer planning. The paper discusses the most important results of matrices obtained and compares them with the findings of our latest research. The first result is a concise SWOT matrix of the innovation system. The results of the elaboration of individual factors we present in a detailed SWOT matrix based on elements of strength. This matrix also showed that uniform and stabilized higher education is the most important element of the strength of the innovation system. Therefore, the paper specifically discusses characteristics of universities as subjects of the innovation system.

INTRODUCTION

Author(s): Katherine Nichols,Sanda Svetoka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Given its rapid economic growth and expanded geopolitical ambitions, China’s influence projection has grown globally. The World Economic Forum projected that China may overtake the U.S. as the world’s largest economy by 2024. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aimed at optimising and expanding China’s economic cooperation with the Eurasian continent, makes Europe a prime destination for Chinese investment. Countries in Europe have largely treated economic cooperation with China as an opportunity, and the Nordic-Baltic region (NB8) has not been an exception to this trend. However, several European countries have grown apprehensive regarding China’s intents, as economic cooperation has become a backdrop to undesirable political influence via bilateral and multilateral fora. At the same time, buoyed by pride from its rapid economic growth, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has become more assertive in defending its national interests, including in the South China Sea region and in response to Western critics of China’s expansionist foreign policy, undemocratic practices and human rights violations. In reaction to these developments, a growing number of European countries have started to look at China’s activities as a challenge or threat to national security. This shift has also become increasingly visible among the countries of the Nordic-Baltic region.

CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN THE LATVIAN INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova,Egle Klekere / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Different opinions have been expressed regarding the avenues and scope of influence of the People’s Republic of China in the Nordic-Baltic region. This study approaches the research topic by examining the Latvian information environment. There are several reasons behind the choice of Latvia for analysis. First, it is the country with the most populous city in the Baltics – Riga, which serves as a transport, political, cultural and financial hub. Second, with reference to the previous point, the overseas representations of various PRC institutions, including the government, state media (e.g. Xinhua), and public diplomacy (e.g. China Cultural Centre), have chosen Riga, the capital of Latvia, as the headquarters of their Baltic network. Third, during the period from 2012 to 2016, the early days of China’s engagement with the region, Latvia invested significant political capital into the idea of pragmatic cooperation with China, most notably in the transit sector, export, and FDI attraction. It is the only Baltic country to have hosted a ‘16+1’ Summit (the 5th Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries, 2016).

CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN THE SWEDISH INFORMATION ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Viking Bohman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sweden provides one of the most striking examples of the Chinese government’s ‘wolf warrior diplomacy’. Between 2018 and 2021, the Chinese Embassy in Stockholm was engaged in an intense campaign of public criticism and threats against media outlets, journalists, human rights activists, scholars, politicians and authorities. The campaign targeted media reporting and policy decisions described as biased against China. Meanwhile, Sino-Swedish relations deteriorated, Swedish media reporting became more critical, and Swedish public opinion on China plummeted. Points of contention include China’s treatment of Gui Minhai, a Swedish citizen imprisoned in China, and more recently, the decision to exclude the Chinese companies Huawei and ZTE from some parts of Swedish 5G telecommunications networks.

Bezpieczeństwo banków – od transformacji do COVID-19

Author(s): Małgorzata Zaleska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to identify the most significant, selected changes in the activity of the Polish financial safety net institutions, which occurred during the first three decades of the system transformation. The paper also attempts to evaluate these changes. Moreover, it analyses the structure and the situation of the Polish banking sector as well as its safety from the start of system transformation till the end of 2020. Thus, our analysis also refers to the short term impact of COVID-19 on the Polish banking sector. An attempt to identify the most important challenges posed by the safety of the sector in the future has also been made.

Polski Ład z perspektywy wsparcia innowacji

Author(s): Maciej Cieślukowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Purpose: To present the construction of tax reliefs for innovations in companies and attempt to generally assess their effectiveness against the background of the degree of use of similar solutions in other countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study is of a literature and empirical character. The research consists of five stages. The first stage describes the degree of innovation in economies in the world. The second stage presents the system of public suport of innovation in OECD countries (direct subsidies and tax reliefs). In the third part the conception of a tax relief and its role in the public policy is explained. The next two parts present constraction of new tax reliefs in income taxes in Poland. Summary includes a general assessment of new tax instruments. Findings: The degree of innovation in economies varies, but the leading countries have been fairly stable for many years. They dominate, among others Western European countries, the United States, South Korea. OECD countries support the development of innovation with subsidies and tax allowances, mainly reliefs for R&D activity. The main beneficiaries of the support are SME. The share of the granted allowances in GDP is growing dynamically. This proves that tax reliefs are an important tool for stimulating innovative activity, mainly in smaller enterprises. The use of the concessions varies across individual countries, and this instrument is successfully used by both better and less developed countries. However, taking into account the size of the granted allowances in GDP, in 2019 selected countries of Western Europe, along with Canada and South Korea,dominated. Unfortunately, Poland fares very poorly compared to the EU countries and even the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in terms of the degree of innovation in the economy, as well as in terms of public support for innovation. The structure and rules of new tax reliefs are rather simple and transparent, and thus should not be a problem for entrepreneurs from a formal point of view. Consequently, the mere fact that the allowances in question were introduced into the tax system must be regarded as appropriate. On the other hand, another issue is the actual degree of interest and use of the reliefs by the entrepreneurs themselves. Reliefs usually consist in deducting the relevant expenses from the income from economic activity, so the real condition is first to achieve a sufficiently high income. In this context, non-returnable subsidies seem to be a more attractive solution than allowances for smaller entrepreneurs. So far, the interest of entrepreneurs in investment tax reliefs in Poland has been quite weak.

ZAKLJUČCI

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Четвъртата индустриална революция и Образование 4.0 в COVID времена

Author(s): Kaloyan Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Global technological advances continue to bring about major changes. The present study aims to address important aspects for the application of Education 4.0 for the fourth industrial revolution, immediately following the COVID-19 pandemic. The research work focuses in particular on modern technologies for education and training, responding to the challenges and opportunities of business in the conditions of Industry 4.0. Research methods and techniques based on desk research and data from secondary sources, including strategic document analysis and content analysis, were used. The findings indicate that investments in the development of environmental infrastructure and human, technical and financial capacity must be strengthened to reach an adequate participation of Education 4.0 in the post-Covid Industry 4.0.

Diferenciace předpokladů nabídky venkovského cestovního ruchu jako konkurenční výhoda při tvorbě regionálních produktů cestovního ruchu na příkladu vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka

Author(s): Jiří Šíp / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Příspěvek si klade za cíl pokusit se o konstrukci teoretických základů vinařského cestovního ruchu v kontextu venkovského cestovního ruchu v prostředí teorie a praxe českého cestovního ruchu a na základě analytické komparace moravských vinařských podoblastí Znojemska a Slovácka deklarovat základy jejich konkurenčních výhod.

Кръговата икономика и нейната роля за обезпечаване на енергийната сигурност на България

Author(s): Ivelina Dimitrova Dimitrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In order to demonstrate how circular economy could contribute to the energy security in Bulgaria, it is important to analyse and explain the model of the circular economy itself. It is also of utmost importance to investigate how this model is planned to be applied in Bulgaria and what are and would be in future its benefits for the energy field. Considered that this is a new economic model, different from the linear economy, which is still diffused all over the world, a definition of circular economy will be offered in the present article. Also, the term energy security and its definition on global and national level will be analysed in details. Once the scientific terms are explained, the interdependency between these concepts will be outlined and analysed with the purpose of demonstrating the positive contribution that circular economy could have for ensuring the energy security in Bulgaria.