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Chronological observations and the origin of the appearance of red slip coating on Árpád Age cauldron fragments in the light of the excavations at Végegyháza, Zsibrik-domb site

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Chronological observations and the origin of the appearance of red slip coating on Árpád Age cauldron fragments in the light of the excavations at Végegyháza, Zsibrik-domb site

Author(s): László Lichtenstein,Zoltán Rózsa,Judit Szigeti,Beáta Tugya / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Between 2003 and 2008 a research excavation was undertaken at the site of Végegyháza, Zsibrik-domb, also known as Kaszaper Templom-domb (medieval Pereg). The present paper describes the analysis results of the Árpád Age and the late medieval period features and the artefacts within. The pottery assemblage retrieved from the investigations offers new insights into the ceramic traditions of the Árpád Age within the area, whilst the recovery of baking bell fragments of the same date constitutes some of the best evidence for its use extending into the Árpád Age within Southeast Hungary. Analysis of painted cauldron fragments recovered from the features suggests the tradition originated in the Balkans and was brought to the area by a Slav community towards the end of 12th and beginning of 13th century. Textual evidence suggests that the area was inhabited again by a South Slav community in the 17th century. The recovery of fragments of a different type of baking bell from the late medieval archaeological assemblage corroborates these few written sources. The faunal remains analysis shows that the economy practices of the studied settlement based on animal husbandry and were similar to those of other Árpád Age rural settlements within Southeast Hungary.

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ИСТОРИСКАТА МЕМОРИЈА ЗА ВИЗАНТИСКАТА ЦАРИЦА ТЕОДОРА КАКО ОСНОВА ЗА ИНСПИРАТИВНО ПРЕСЛИКУВАЊЕ ВО КНИЖЕВНОТВОРЕЧКИ ДИСКУРС

Author(s): Marija B. Brndevska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2023

This paper comparatively traces the transmission from the chronographic records in the Secret History, left by the Byzantine chronicler of the 6th century, Procopius of Caesarea, to the literary-creative discourse in the instance of writing the novels Theodora and The Purple Robe by the English author Stella Duffy. The goal is to interpret the character of the Byzantine empress Theodora mainly through a gender perspective. Research shows that this empress, through her individualism, clear mind, courage and obvious leadership abilities, managed to ascend from the margins of society to sitting on the throne next to the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I. This is exactly how this Byzantine empress has been preserved in the historical memory, representative and inspiring enough to be reflected in the literary - creative discourse of the author Stella Duffy. In the paper, we will make a detailed observation of the reign of this Byzantine empress, whose character incorporates real leadership attributes, atypical for the period in which she lived, while on the other hand, we also perceive and analyze the germs of feminist theory in that very same character.

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Studia nad tytulaturą Baldwina I, króla Jerozolimy (1100–1118)

Author(s): Tomasz Pełech / Language(s): Polish Issue: 61/2023

The article analyses the title of Baldwin I, the king of Jerusalem between 1100 and 1118. Based on a corpus of diplomatic sources, supplemented by sphragistic material and historiographical sources, the text pre- sents the socio-political context of the formation of the royal title, forged during the conflict between the mon- arch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Dagobert of Pisa, over the rule of the Holy City. Hence, Jerusalem played a special role in Baldwin I’s title and his ideological programme.

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Régi utakon Székelyföld Árpád-kori hegyi váraihoz

Author(s): István Botár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2023

The location of the ‘hidden’ medieval castles of Székely Land is strongly connected with other sites nearby (prehistoric fortresses, ramparts from the migration period, chapels, abandoned old roads). Therefore the main conclusion is that these mountain castles were built near ancient and ‘continuously’ used routes so they belonged to the 13th century defence system of the Hungarian Kingdom.

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Use and aesthetics of Iasian marble in presbyteries of the 6th century

Author(s): Diego Peirano / Language(s): English Issue: XXXII/2023

This paper offers a survey of the uses of Iasian marbles and their relationships with other stones. In the 6th century, these marbles were used for wall cladding and flooring, with an aim to alternate with or frame lighter marbles, as was the case in Iasos, in the Agora Basilica. Similar combinations were attested in the cladding of synthronoi of the basilicas A and Cof Nea Anchialos. In the latter, the sides of the presbytery were framed with red cipollino slabs of different lengths and widths.In the prostoon, verde antico was added to red and white veined marbles.Other examples seem to demonstrate the use of the red cipollino to mark thresholds and passageways, as was the case of the solea of Hagia Sophia and the presbytery of the basilica of St. John in Ephesos. There, the templon stylobate and bases made of Iasian marble supported columns of verde antico and gray marbles; some slabs would have been of the openwork type; thus, the variety of marbles, their textures and workmanship must have contributed to the deep impact of the arrangement.

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The role of beauty in the educational programme of the Parisian St. Victor School

Author(s): Wanda Bajor / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Educating a human being is a task that has always stood close to philosophy and sometimes has become philosophy itself, as in the life work of Socrates following the motto with heroic consistency: “Know thyself ” (scire te ipsum). European culture adopted this principle and in- corporated it into its intellectual-spiritual tissue in various guises over the centuries. During the Middle Ages, in the works of Christian thinkers inspired by Neoplatonic philosophy (such as in the views of the scholars of the Saint Victor school in Paris), this tradition was combined with the motif of “being beauty” (pulchrum esse) and enriched by aesthetic thought; beauty with all its richness of form and expression, together with truth and goodness, as Plotinus wanted, marked out the path of man;s “renewal” and showed him the ultimate goal of beatum esse — being happy. The sensitivity and aesthetic sophistication of the Victorine authors of the 12th-century theory of education breathe freshness and an Epicurean joie de vivre, which certainly creates the potential to appeal to contemporary man.

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Who Were the Slavs who Destroyed the Fortress on the River Trave in 1181? The Origins of the Imperial-Pomeranian Alliance in the Early 80s of the 12th Century

Author(s): Marek Smoliński / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

An analysis of the accounts of Arnold of Lübeck, Saxo Gramatik and German Annales, es- pecially those of Pegavian, allows us to formulate a hypothesis regarding the participation of Slavs in the battles between the Saxon-Bavarian prince Henry the Lion and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1178–1181. Initially, due to their political dependence, Slavs, in- cluding Pomeranians, fought on the side of Henry the Lion. Their support was shaken by the political situation of the prince, in which Henry found himself in the second half of 1180. The Slavs (the Polabians, living in the former Wieleck territories and part of the Pomeranians) left Welf after the death of Casimir I of Pomerania in the autumn of 1180. After his death, the Pomeranian duke Boguslaw I, who inherited his brother’s lands, began negotiations with the imperial party. At stake was the recognition of the political position of the Pomeranian duke, who was to be exclusively an imperial fief. Saxo Gramatik claimed that Boguslav ob- tained the title of Duke of the Slavs from the Emperor. This titulature reconciled Danish and Brandenburg claims to rule over Slavic lands. The attack of the Slavic army on Travemünde in the summer of 1181 can be considered a testimony to the agreement reached. The greatest opportunity to do this was the Polabian (Vagrian) Slavs. The destruction of this castle made it possible for the Danish fleet to enter Trave, which headed for a camp near Lübeck. The fall of Travemünde made it possible to close Lübeck with a siege ring in the summer of 1181. At the Lübeck camp, Boguslaw I of Pomerania paid tribute to the emperor. In the Lübeck camp, Boguslaw I of Pomerania paid tribute to the emperor. The prince was probably not the only Slavic ruler who found himself in the Lübeck camp. Some researchers claimed that in addition to him, princeps Niklot appeared before the emperor. It is possible, however, that in addition to Boguslaw I of Pomerania, his eldest surviving adult son, Racibor, also appeared before the emperor.

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Od biedy do bogactwa. Kariera ekonomiczna angielskiego chłopa na przełomie XI i XII wieku na przykładzie żywota św. Godryka z Finchale

Author(s): Karol Banach / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2023

Godric of Finchale (c. 1070/1080) was born into a peasant family in Walpole in East Anglia. He was a merchant who achieved great eco‐ nomic success and became a rich man. His economic career lasted for about 16 years. During this time, he made his way from a beachcomber to a merchant owning shares in two merchant ships. At the end of the 12th century, Reginald of Durham wrote Libellus de vita et miracu‐ lis S. Godrici de Finchale. In it, he focused not only on the hermit stage of Godric’s life, but also described a period in which he was a very successful and affluent merchant. In this essay, based on Regi‐ nald’s account, I analyze the successive stages of Godric’s economic career and reassess the current views of researchers on Godric’s life. In addition, I supplement them with sofar undeveloped topics, such as the description of Godric’s place of birth, and the analysis of the func‐ tion of bailiff, which was exercised by Godric. At the end of the essay, I also try to answer the question: to what extent was Godric’s career unique at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries?

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Pojedynek Béli I z księciem „Pomorza” – prawda historyczna czy fikcja literacka? Analiza narratologiczno-komparatystyczna rozdziału 79 "Chronicon pictum" oraz relacji "Gesta Hungarorum"

Author(s): Maciej Stachowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2023

The paper is a narratological analysis of the 79th chapter of the Hungarian Chronicon pictum and the 52nd Chapter of Gesta Hungarorum, which describe a duel between the Hungarian prince Béla and the Pomeranian prince. The author opts for a symbolic interpretation of both the aforementioned chapters. He casts doubt on the historicity of the duel. He suggests that the figure of Mieszko, mentioned in the chronicles, was not an actual, historical ruler of Poland. According to the author’s interpretation, Mieszko was only an embodiment of the Piast dynasty and all rulers of Poland. Next, the author compares the duel scene with the duel scenes in contemporary narrative sources. He concludes that this scene fits into the literary motif of an exiled prince who, being in exile in a foreign kingdom, saves it by defeating the army of a pagan invader. He stated that this scene fits into the literary motif of an exiled prince who, being in exile in a foreign kingdom, saves it by defeating the army of a pagan invader.

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TU BYŁO ŻYĆ TRUDNO, ALE SIĘ OPŁACAŁO... WIELOKULTUROWE SKUPISKA OSADNICZE NA URZECZU JAKO PRZYKŁAD DŁUGOTRWAŁEJ I UPORZĄDKOWANEJ KOLONIZACJI TERENÓW ZALEWOWYCH WISŁY

Author(s): Łukasz Maurycy Stanaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article addresses the issue of multicultural settlements from ancient until modern times, located on the Vistula floodplains within Urzecze micro-region. Archaeological, historical and partly ethnographic research indicate an “island” rather than dispersed nature of the local settlement. The sepa- ration of clusters allowed to discover many hitherto lost medieval villages or parts of them. The main advantage of long-term settlement on the floodplain was the proximity to a large navigable river (trade, fishing) and fertile soil, compensating for the losses resulting from the frequent floods.

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ŚLĄSK W X WIEKU: ŹLE POSTAWIONE ZAGADNIENIE

Author(s): Borys Paszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Researchers of the Polish past often discuss Silesia in the tenth century but the entity later referred to by this name did not exist at that time while its individual parts had different runs of history. The first evidence of establishing contacts between the middle Oder basin and the Mediterranean world after the Migration Period are three Arabic coins from 770-776, bereft of notches, graffiti or other traces of circulation, found on Trzebnica Ridge (Figures 1-3). Unlike the wave of Arabic silver coinage a quar- ter of a century later, these coins arrived not via the ‘Northern Arch’ but from the south, via Venice. They probably mark the attempts of slavers to penetrate the Oder basin. After 950, the route from Bohemia to the mouth of the Oder river was established, leading alongside the Neisse and the Oder but it was soon disrupted by the expansion of the Milceni to the east. Behind the Milceni, however, was the power of the East Frankish Kingdom, so the Přemyslids expanded to the north-east to bypass the Neisse. The Přemyslid expansion consisted in collecting tributes from the tribes occupying the left bank of the Oder River: Zlasane, Trebouane, Pobarane and Dedosize – and in establishing permanent military outposts in Niemcza and Wrocław. The result of including the local dwellers in the trade and tributary network was the concentration of power in the tribes and the spread of silver hoarding. After the alliance between the Boleslavs of Prague and Mieszko I of Gniezno was established in c. 964, both states met on the middle Oder line and co-operated within the great trade corridor connecting Central Asia, Scandinavia and Western Europe. Political destabilization in Germany after 983 enabled Mieszko to break off the alliance, cross the Oder to the west and spread his influence along the Kaczawa to Milceni and Meissen lands, and then in 990 to drive the Czechs out of the area between Wrocław and the Sudetes. In this way, a route from Mayence to Kyïv was created, bypassing Prague, cut off the city from contacts with the mouth of the Oder River, which led to the crisis of the Czech state.

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GROBY O DOMNIEMANYCH SKANDYNAWSKICH ATRYBUCJACH ETNO-KULTUROWYCH Z OBSZARU PAŃSTWA PIERWSZYCH PIASTÓW W KONTEKŚCIE ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH PARADYGMATÓW BADAWCZYCH

Author(s): Michał Kara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

In spite of the differences in the interpretation of early medieval graves of the discussed Norman or Ruthenian attribution, derivatives of different theoretical and cognitive paradigms, successive generations of researchers are united in their conviction of the exceptional nature of these graves in the Oder-Vistula interfluve. Archaeologists are also unanimous in treating them as burials from the 2nd half of the 10th to the 1st half of the 11th century which present a set of specific burial practices, distinguishing one of the groups of the secular elite of the first Piast state. However, researchers have different views on ethno-cultural valorisation of the discovered objects. In this case, the author maintains his earlier opinion that the burial practices of the individuals buried there are ‘rooted’ in the Scandinavian model of funerary culture of the Viking period. However, in the research process, it cannot be a sufficient premise for prejudging the ethnos. In order to give credibility to the conclusions, in line with the modern model of integrated multidisciplinary research, the hypotheses formulated by archaeology require verifi- cation by the results of molecular and isotopic studies of human bones. Limiting the ethnic study of ar- chaeology’s necropolis sources to the indications of bio- and geochemistry is cognitively inadequate, as aDNA analyses only establish biological affinities. Isotopic studies determine the relationship of a de- ceased person to a specific geographical region, in both cases providing no insight into important aspects of early medieval human life like the mentality-determining membership of a socially and politically organised religious and mythic-ethnic-cultural community.

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WĘGRZY W MAŁOPOLSCE W X-XII WIEKU W ŚWIETLE ŹRÓDEŁ TOPONOMASTYCZNYCH I ARCHEOLOGICZNYCH

Author(s): Marek Florek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article deals with the interpretation of toponyms and archaeological materials from early medieval Lesser Poland that may be associated with the Hungarians or the Khazar Kabars. So far, they have most often been interpreted as traces of invasions by Hungarians – nomads (single monuments) or the operations of watchtowers they established to control the passes through the Carpathians and subju- gated the local Slavic population (the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl) in the late 9th and 1st half of the 10th century. It could have been related to their participation in the armed squads of the Piasts or the Rurikiviks, the activities of Hungarian merchants or prisoner-of-war settlements. The dating and interpreting the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl remains an open issue until it is fully developed and the results published.

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KILKA UWAG O SZKLANYCH NACZYNIACH Z GRODU NA OSTROWIE LEDNICKIM

Author(s): Joanna Sawicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This paper presents the results of an expert study of several glass vessels from an early medieval castle at Ostrów Lednicki. They come from the so-called second church, a single-nave small buil- ding erected in the 1060s and destroyed in 1038 or 1039. In its ruins, a collection of high-grade artefacts was discovered, furnishings of the same temple, as well as fragments of glass and fragmentary preserved glass vessels.The three specimens, examined in the laboratory, were made of potassium glass, of the calcium-potassium variety, of the CaO-K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 type. Interpretation of the analytical results has led to a con- clusion that all the vessels could come from a single workshop, attributed to Carolingian and Ottonian workshops in Imperial Germany. Another vessel, discovered in the eastern part of the stronghold and not associated with any of the sacred buildings, has an early date (6th to 9th century).It is believed to be a conical goblet of the Kempston type, made of sodium glass, of the mineral variety, of the Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 type, from one of the many Western European workshops.

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MUSZLE – ZAWIESZKI – AMULETY WE WCZESNYM ŚREDNIOWIECZU Z TERENU POLSKI NA PRZYKŁADZIE ZNALEZISK Z KRUSZWICY

Author(s): Aldona Kurzawska,Anna Głód / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

In this article, the author takes a closer look at the finds of sea shell ornaments in the early Middle Ages, based on artefacts discovered at two sites (Nos. 2 and 4) in Kruszwica. The four pendants in question come from settlement levels dating from the 11th to the 12th centuries. A malacological ana- lysis suggests that the ornaments reached Kruszwica from the Mediterranean area (Acanthocardia tuber- culata and Bolinus brandaris), and probably the Red Sea (Monetaria moneta), and from southern Poland (Turritella sp). These objects had been in use for a long time, as evidenced by the microtraces and damage visible on their surface. During the early medieval period, among the various species of shells that were ‘imports’, money cowrie shell ornaments with the most ‘exotic’ origins were the most common in Europe. It is highly probable that during this period of time, they were used in the exchange/trade and their value as a female symbol object and an amulet. Most likely, the shell pendants reached Kruszwica via trade routes that have been previously documented, alongside other artifacts. These ornaments pro- vide additional evidence of long-distance trade.

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WCZESNOŚREDNIOWIECZNE GROTY STRZAŁ Z POROŻA I KOŚCI

Author(s): SZYMON MITElSZTET / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The text aims to draw attention to the issue of early medieval antler and bone arrowheads, rarely discussed in historiography. Tracing the history of research and bringing closer the opinions of individual researchers shows how the interpretations of these monuments in archaeological literature have changed over the years. The text discusses and characterizes the findings of arrowheads from the territory ruled by the Piast Dynasty together with an attempt to divide them into types according to the typology of A. F. Medvedev for finds from the territory of ancient Rus. These issues are only an intro- duction to further research in this field.

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Bankers and Usurers in the Early Byzantine Hagiographical Texts

Author(s): Ireneusz Milewski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2023

The text discusses accounts from early Byzantine hagiographical texts depicting the activities of bankers and usurers in the period from the early 5th to the second decade of the 7th century. Texts by Palladius of Helenopolis, John of Ephesus, John Moschos, and Leontius of Neapolis are analysed. In the collated material we find relatively little information depicting the activities of bankers and usurers. Neither do we find any further details of the conditions under which money loans were granted. However, we note the statement that the cancellation of a loan, even if forced by circumstances (even if due to the intervention of a holy man), is charitable in nature and the ‘lost’ capital by the creditor in such a case bears the characteristics of a merciful deed. Most of the analysed accounts are presented in a somewhat fanciful way, which, however, should not question the information conveyed by the narrative. Two aspects of the analysed accounts are most significant. Firstly, the absence of any criticism of the Alexandrian Church deriving, even if not high, some profits (interest) from monetary loans. Secondly, in the accounts analysed we note a peculiar narrative, or in fact a new way of reasoning, by means of which the authors wanted to reach their audience, the potential benefactors. Thus, we become acquainted with somewhat naïve tales of how the benefits of granting a non-refundable loan to the needy, not only to the poor but also to merchants who traded on the high seas (?) would quite quickly return to the merciful benefactor, in a tangible material benefit, while he was still alive. We do not find such an argument in the patristic texts of the 4th and 5th centuries, where accounts of this kind merely refer to a prediction or even a guarantee of ‘heavenly interest’ that could tip the scales in favour of the merciful donor (creditor) at the Last Judgement.

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Female Monastic Patronage in Medieval Georgia: Queen Tamar and Her Monastery in Tighva

Author(s): Natia Natsvlishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2023

Tighva Monastery was founded by Queen Consort Tamar, the daughter of David the Builder, a famous Georgian king who succeeded in uniting the country and making it a dominant regional power. According to the written sources, Tamar was married to Shah Manuchehr III, the Muslim ruler of Shirvan (modern Azerbaijan) around 1111, in order to “rule over Shirvan”. Tamar lived and reigned in the Muslim court for more than twenty years. Resulting from a need to secure a retirement home and final resting place, she initiated the construction of Tighva Monastery soon after her return to Georgia in the 1140s. As her husband Manuchehr died in 1160, it seems that Tamar left Shirvan still a married woman, for unknown reasons. Tamar cut ties with her family and spent the remainder of her life as a nun in Tighva.The Church of the Crucifixion in Tighva Monastery, which represents the main focus of this paper, gives a good example of how the place occupied by women during the Divine Liturgy not only indicated their social status, but also determined their visibility, demonstrating how architecture could be used to establish the limits of physical appearance of royal women in the twelfth century Georgian monastic space.

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Władza w mieście podczas kryzysu Przykład Brugii w latach 1127–1128 na podstawie kroniki Galberta z Brugii

Author(s): JULIA NOWAKOWSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

On 2 March 1127, Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, was assassinated at St Dona- tian’s Church in Bruges. The aftermath of his demise marked a period of profound political and social unrest in the county. The restoration of peace on 29 July 1128, under Thierry of Alsace, brought stability, as he became the sole universally recognised ruler of Flanders. During this turbulent period, various factions within Flemish society seized the opportu- nity to reconfigure existing power dynamics, both at the county level and within individual cities. Of particular significance were the endeavours of Bruges residents who sought to redefine their authority within the city. These events were meticulously chronicled by Gal- bert of Bruges in his work, De multro, traditione et occisione gloriosi Karoli, comitis Flan- driarum (1127–1128). In Polish historiography so far, a comprehensive analysis of Galbert’s text is notably absent. While Belgian and American historians have utilised De multro to explore the concept of power, their focus has predominantly centred on the laws and insti- tutions shaping governance. This article aims, primarily but not exclusively, to explore the social dimension of power dependencies in Bruges and several other Flemish cities during this period. The analysis reveals that the governance of the city underwent constant legal, social, and political changes between 1127 and 1288. There was no fixed, singular model of conduct, and within a single year, the landscape of power dependencies underwent sig- nificant transformations.

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The Town of Gölnicbánya in the Árpád Era

Author(s): Péter Galambosi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

In this article, I describe the emergence and early development of Gölnicbánya (today Gelnica, Slovakia) from a settlement-historical and historical-geographical approach, mainly based on the diploma material of the Árpád and the early Angevin Eras concerning the settlement and its region. I examine the origin of the town in the context of the northern expansion of the royal forest-estate of Torna and the economical upgrading of Szepes, which dates to the beginning of the thirteenth century. I show how Gölnicbánya became the primary center of the county’s southern part in the second half of the thirteenth century thanks to mining and holding markets. I offer a detailed analysis of the provisions of the privilege charter from 1287, emphasizing that the border description covered a larger area far beyond the original extent of the settlement. I contend that although the charter refers the donations of two predecessor kings, the points set new provisions. Finally, I show how the economic importance of Gölnicbánya became apparent during the internal wars following the extinction of the Árpád dynasty and the consolidation that was underway in the early fourteenth century.

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