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This paper offers a contribution to the research of the initial stages in the evolution of the thematic system. It focuses on the role of Emperor Justinian II in the formation of the new imperial military and territorial organization. Byzantine scholars have determined a long time ago that it is Justinian II who should be credited with the founding of new military districts (themes) in Hellas and Sicily. This paper, however, suggests that the formation of the themes in Thrace and Kibyrrhaiotai could also be considered a part of Justinian’s policy. In addition, the paper aims to highlight Justinian’s role in the formation of the frontier military and administrative system (the kleisourai of Strymon and Cappadocia), as well as in the reform of military and territorial organization in the Aegean basin. By creating new army units which were not based on the Late Roman heritage, Justinian essentially abandoned the principles that the Byzantine army had previously functioned on. Finally, the paper highlights the fact that the establishment of new thematic units under Emperor Justinian II was coupled with his extensive colonization measures.
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At the church council in Constantinople in 879/880 there was mentioned for the first and only time the „bishop of Vagenitia“, the area of the Slavic tribe of the Vajunits. On the other hand, the geographical area with that name is mentioned consistently in historical sources between the 7th and the 15th century. This paper analyzes the data on the geographical location of Vagenitia during the Middle Ages and the church organization in its territory and comes to the conclusion that the main area of Vagenitia between the 11th and the 15th century belonged to the bishop of Himara. Furthermore, it points out that according to the notitia no. 10 from the second half of the 10th century Himara belonged to the same bishopric as Glavinica, further to the north. As the greater area of Glavinica in the lower reaches of the river Vojuša in today‘s southern Albania has been reliably identified as the area of activity of St. Clement and his Slavic diocese established in 893, it can be concluded that the diocese of Vagenitia mentioned in 879, as the diocese of the Slavic tribe of the Vajunits, could be a Byzantine forerunner of the Slavic bishopric of St. Clement.
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The paper discusses the presence and patterns of use of red ink in the documents of Serbian rulers belonging to the Nemanjid dynasty (cca 1170–1371). Adopted from Byzantium as a means of emphasizing the ruler’s immediate involvement in the creation of his documents, in Nemanjid usage this practice developed and permanently kept some characteristic traits, encompassing not only elements of royal representation, but also those whose purpose was text decoration and organization. With regard to the scope and forms in which it was applied, three distinct phases can be observed – the first covers the 13th century from the time when the Nemanjid rulers took the title of king, the second was inaugurated by King Milutin’s rapprochement with Byzantium in the early 14th century, and the third by Stefan Dušan’s assumption of the imperial title in 1346.
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Ovo je novi-stari pozorišni komad. Novi po svojoj formi, a stari po sadržaju i tematici. U nešto drugačijoj formi, napisao sam ga prije sedamnaest godina. Od Boga je bilo određeno da komad ostvari veliki uspjeh, a potom da se negdje zaturi i da ga ne mogu više pronaći. Naviru mi sjećanja na 1949. godinu kada sam bio jedan od učenika koje su „lovački psi“ oteli i bacili u kazamate Haksetib i Džebelu-t-Tur u Egiptu. Svetili su nam se samo zbog toga što smo pozivali ka ispravnom islamu; islamu koji u sebi harmonizuje religiju i državu, obrede i vođstvo, namaz i džihad, Mushaf i mač!
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Przedmiotem artykułu jest przekaz Jana Długosza zamieszczony na kartach jego Roczników pod 1198 r. Tematem kronikarskiej relacji jest walka o księstwo halickie, która wybuchła po śmierci Włodzimierza Jarosławowicza. Jan Długosz, opierając swą relację na przekazach wcześniejszych kronikarzy, nadał tym wydarzeniom inny wydźwięk polityczny i ideowy. W Długoszowym przekazie bezpotomna śmierć Włodzimierza otworzyła spór o jego dziedzictwo między książętami polskimi, Leszkiem i Konradem a książętami ruskimi. Wyraźnie uwypuklona została idea objęcia tronu halickiego przez polskiego władcę, Leszka Białego. Pierwszy człon relacji, znacząco różniący się od przekazów prymarnych, stanowi czytelną manifestację poglądów kronikarza na sprawę przynależności ruskiej ziemi do Polski. W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o przyczyny zmian dokonanych przez kronikarza w materiale źródłowym, z którego korzystał przy pisaniu relacji. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wydarzenia z czasów Długoszowi współczesnych, mogących mieć wpływ na kształt narracji.
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As a result of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Istanbul was invaded by the Latins. Prior to this invasion, however, the elders of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos Komnenos (1183-1185), descendants of Manuel, the elder sisters of Alexios and David, escaped from the capital Istanbul with the help of the Georgian Queen Tamara, and in September 1204 the Eastern Black Sea Region 'Trabzon in the name of the Greek Empire succeeded to establish a new state. This empire, which had been established, continued its existence for 257 years, and in 1261 it continued to exist until the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Trabzon. In this work; It is aimed to reveal a bibliography about the Greek state of Trabzon and to assist in the researcher bibliography in the future research on this subject. In this context, studies, books, articles, theses and reports about the subject in the period between 1923 and 2015 were included in this study. The National Library, YOK National Thesis Center, Bibliography of Turkish Bibliography, Trabzon Governorship, Trabzon Metropolitan Municipality, Trabzon Provincial People Library, Trabzon Provincial Culture and Tourism Directorate and Karadeniz Technical University Library, and the resources that can be reached in the end were searched collectively here.
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In his modern novella, King of the Benighted (Shāh-e siyāh-pushān), an Iranian writer, Hushang Golshiri grafts a twelfth-century Nezāmi’s epic, Seven Beauties (Haft Peykar), into an Iranian contemporary context, which strongly implies that the fate of Iranian revolution of 1979 has been foretold by a medieval tale.
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The Primary Chronicle (The Tale of Bygone Years) is believed to have incorporated and preserved the very archaic West Slavic segments from the unknown historical source belonging to the Great Moravian or Pannonian literary tradition of the late 9th and early 10th centuries. These parts bear the precious testimony about the archetypal motherland of the Slavs on the Danube River, from where they gradually spread out over the extensive parts of Europe, preserving, however, solidly the consciousness of their initial unity. This motherland on the Danube, which they called Slovyenskaya zeml’ya [Slavic land/country], was later then occupied by the Hungarian tribes and consequently renamed into Hungary. Acknowledging this West Slavic tradition as their own, the East Slavs became the apparent successors of the Great Moravian and Cyrillo-Methodian ideological concept of the Slavic world. The analogical case of an adoption of the Great Moravian tradition into the particular, this time, the South Slavic tradition can be detected in the Chronicle of Pop Dukljanin. Here we have witnessed how the interjection of the (Great Moravian) Svatopulk’s tradition with the tradition of the Slavonic-Croatian statehood laid the basis for the South Slavic tradition of Sclavinia as the powerful and archaic Balkan country of the Slavs. A very similar message is brought forward by the Hungarian-Polish Chronicle, where Sclavonia as Great Moravia is explicitly considered to be a predecessor of the Kingdom of Hungary. The last discussed concept of Sclavinia, as the vast country of many Slavic tribes, arises when dealing with the Chronicle of Gallus Anonymus. Within this widest portrayal and territorial depiction of Sclavinia we have witnessed the gradual evolution of an idea of the ethnic unity of the Slavs, which was gradually extended into the geo-political dimensions (e. g. references to St. Adalberts’s plan of Sclavinia as the political union of the West and possibly the South Slavs; also to Otto’s III plan of Renovation Imperii Romanorum). Again here, we come to a touch with the Great Moravian legacy and its genius loci, which was influencing the ideological movements in this region for many centuries. Summarizing the outcomes from the analysed historical sources, we presume to identify the three basic Slavic traditions, which trace their roots back to Great Moravia of Svatopluk and its ideological and territorial legacy: 1) Old-Russian tradition; 2) South Slavic tradition; and 3) Latin West Slavic tradition. All these traditions, as it was shown, are alleged to have fixed the historical memory of the Slavs themselves about their first statehood on the Danube — the river, which as a result acquired a «totemic», sacral character both in oral and written traditions of almost all Slavic peoples. Great Moravia, which served as the model of the powerful and in all aspects important Slavic state, stamped the evolution and history of the majority of its Slavic descendants. These, in order to receive a hallmark of their own legitimacy, preserved, modified and spread further the memory on the common Slavic country (motherland), called Sclavinia.
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The article considers the current situation in the field of studying the history of Old Rus’ and the Eastern Slavic Middle Ages in general. A thesis states that currently there is a tendency to disintegration of the formerly single field of research, and that medievalists from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine are increasingly locked in their national historiographies. Such a situation is figuratively compared with the «great schism» of the Western and Eastern churches in 1054. The article invites to a discussion on this issue.
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The dominant nomadic tribe in the Nort Caucaus and the Nort Blacksea was the İskit bringing a new culture since 8th century B.C. Although there are lots of discussion about this tribe’s root, the most common is that they are from Middle Asia. The most important resource about the early age “the history” by Herodot is the base of this opinion.However, the first settler was Kimmers the İskits held sway from the North Caspian Sea to Volga, Don, Dinyeper, Bug Dinyester rivers and the north Blacksea and the East Europe. Moreover, they organized lots of expeditions to the Balkans and Anatolıa. They put the products got during the expeditions in the kurgans. The belief living in the other world and ancestor cult caused the kurgan yo come out. They cared the kurgans and they built kurgans in the different size and prosperity. The first excavations about the kurgans made by Russian scientists and they classified according to the building techniques . Also, the archeological offering provides us important information about steppe life style. According to the information we learn thanks to the archeological offering İskit’s animal style art spread from Asia to the East Europe. And these works were found in the kurgans in Caucaus, North Blacksea East Europe.
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