Paradoxy marxistické medievistiky z pohledu současnosti.
Koncept státotvorné družiny raného středověku v české a německé historiografii
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Koncept státotvorné družiny raného středověku v české a německé historiografii
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This article deals with the issues of an 11th century grave field in Morawy village in Kuyavia. In the first Piasts times, the area was an integral part of the dynasty’s dominion. Discovered in the 1930s, the grave field is of great importance from the point of view of considerations of ethnically foreign settlement in Poland. At the same time, the grave field registered by Stanisław Madajski supplements our knowledge of the advancement of Christianity in the 11th century in Poland. The knowledge of the necropolis, especially general access to the results of the excavations in Morawy, were unsatisfactory. Therefore, an attempt was made to re-discuss the results of the excavations from 1937, verified in the field in 2015. As part of the new research, the formerly excavated material was verified, topped with archive search queries aimed at recognising open settlement in the village of Morawy and the grave field itself.
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The boat imprint unearthed at the site of the Benedictine abbey from Bizere (Frumuşeni, Romania) is a unique discovery for two reasons: its preservation as a negative imprint, due to its reuse for preparing mortar, and its dating back to the 12th century, based on the context of its discovery. It has been identified as a logboat, due to the absence of any technical details specific for plank boats, and now stands as the only vessel of this type with known dating for the territory of Romania. The article also enquires into the wider historical context of the discovery, thus bringing forth the archival data available with regard to medieval inland navigation.
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The Hegykő cemetery (and the Hegykő group) has strong ties with the 6th-century cemeteries of Lower-Austria both regarding its material culture and its funerary rites, and thus any interpretation must be set in this context. The comparative analysis of the cemetery’s two grave groups sheds light on the tendency that the community using the cemetery gradually acculturated to the population using the 6th-century cemeteries of Pannonia.
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The cemetery at Vác-Kavicsbánya was used by two communities characterised by differing material cultures and cultural contacts from the mid-7th century onward. The later phase of the cemetery’s use attests to a process of cultural blending. The archaeological record enables the reconstruction of how the earlier local community lost its identity and of the process leading to the emergence of the new, Late Avar culture.
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Beside publishing the stampled ceramics from the Avar period settlement at Kölked-Feketekapu this article aims groupping and levelling the early Avar period stampled ware bearing continuous local Germanic tradition; comparing the patterns and the decoration systems; detecting the spread and frequency of these vessels in the Carpathian basin; including the short analyses of each ware/ technological group turned on quick wheel with stampled decoration and in addition gives a view of the standard groups of the early Avar fine grey pottery found together regularly in cemeteries.
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Vessel fragments of the Árpádian Age were found at Baktó on the outskirts of Szeged during the construction of the M3 Motorway. We uncovered the scattered features of a settlement dating from the 12th–13th centuries. A total of fifty archaeological features were excavated, about one-half of which could be assigned to the Árpádian Age. The western edge of the settlement fell into the excavated area; the settlement’s northern boundary could only be tentatively identified. The marginal area of the settlement was characterised by animal pens and a periodically renewed ditch system of rectangular ditches enclosing areas of different sizes.
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The aim of this article is to examine the use of infinitives in Sinai Paterikon, a manuscript which was copied from an Old Slavic manuscript in the Old Russian language area in the 11th and 12th centuries. The author mainly concentrates on the use of infinitives 1) in compounds with auxiliaries, 2) as various parts of the sentence, and 3) in the syntactic construction “dativus cum infinitivo”, which was used for shortening various clauses. Besides, the author also studies other constructions with infinitives such as “accusativus cum infinitivo” and “nominativus cum infinitivo”.
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The topic of the study is the description and complex analysis of the Ló-hegy site uncovered at Dunaföldvár in the spring of 2009. Features of the economic area of an Árpádian period village were uncovered during the excavation preceding the construction of highway M6. The metal and ceramic finds unearthed in the archaeological features date the settlement from the 12th– 13th centuries. The observations made during the excavation suggest that the village perished in consequence of the Mongol Invasion.
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This paper is concerned with the problem of the appearance and distribution of the traditional nomadic weapon – the composite bow – in Ancient Rus. The authors have summarised evidence on fifteen complexes with new finds of composite bows at the most ancient Russian sites. The preserved overlays of the bows enable us to reconstruct the technology of assembling bows of various types. The article also summarises evidence on the characteristic items of the equipment of eastern archers, which together with a composite bow constituted a single set: bowcases for keeping the bows and quivers. The results of the present studies have drawn the authors to the conclusion about the wide distribution of complex nomadic bows throughout Ancient Rus in the 10th century. The outmost concentrations of the finds have proved to be related with early towns and the culture of the rising Ancient-Russian elite – “druzhinas”. In the present study, the use of two types of bows in Rus – the “Hungarian” and the “Pechenegian” (“Turkic”) types – has been demonstrated. Among the Ancient-Russian finds, bows of the “Hungarian” type hold a prominent place. The most ancient finds are dated to the third quarter of the 10th century. The appearance of composite bows was part of the process of distribution of items of armament, horse-gear, costume and accessories connected with the nomads of Eastern Europe among the Ancient-Russian military subculture. Some of the finds come from rich funerary complexes which belonged to professional warriors of a high social status, who may have been participating in the war campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav in the Balkans and on the Danube.
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Die großflächigen archäologischen Ausgrabungen im vergangenen Jahrzehnt haben zahlreiche neue Angaben zu den klimatischen und Umweltveränderungen des Karpatenbeckens in historischer Zeit erbracht. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die mittelalterliche Klima- und Umweltveränderung in den Siedlungen am Südufer des westungarischen Plattensees sowie den Städten am Donauknie im mittleren Landesteil auf Grund von archäologischen Ausgrabungsbeobachtungen dargestellt. Die dem Autobahnbau der M7 vorangehenden Freilegungen am Südufer des Plattensees haben aus der Periode des 11.–13. Jahrhunderts ein sehr reiches Siedlungsgeflecht skizziert. Dieses dichte Dorfsystem aus der Arpadenzeit veränderte sich seit dem 14. Jahrhundert erheblich: In dem beobachteten Gebiet verringerte sich die Zahl der Siedlungen bzw. gestaltete sich die Struktur der früheren Siedlungen anders. Hinter der Veränderung können sich mehrere Gründe verbergen. Außer der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Umgestaltung im 13.–14. Jahrhundert kann auch mit umweltgeschichtlichen Gründen gerechnet werden. Zu dieser Zeit begann die gut bekannte Periode der kleinen Eiszeit. Der Plattensee, der größte See mit klimaabhängigem Wasserstand Mitteleuropas, reagierte empfindlich auf die Tendenzen der in dieser Periode eingetretenen Niederschlags- und Temperaturveränderungen und hat damit schon relativ früh, am Beginn der Periode, Einfluss auf die Siedlungsstruktur an seinem Südufer ausgeübt.
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The actually standing Calvinist church of Boldva is of a royal founding. The building functioned as a Benedictine abbey around 1175–1180. The archaeological excavations conducted between 1976 and 1982 uncovered 68 graves within the church. A 14–16 years old girl lay in grave no. 21 in perfectly preserved renaissance clothes. She probably died in 1567 or 1568 and she was a member of the Putnoky family of the Rátót clan. This family owned Boldva until 1570, and then the Basó family owned it for about 160 years. The girl’s uncle Mihály Basó lay in grave no. 14 and her mother Klára Basó in grave no. 17.
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The study analyses the topography and the burial customs of the 11th–13th century graves excavated at Cluj-Mănăştur (Kolozsmonostor), together with their relationship to the settlement- and stone building remains of the site. It concludes how and how long could coexist from the 11th century onwards a county seat and a monastery surrounded by the same ramparts.
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Several publications since Czihak have dealt with the shape, decoration and origin of a peculiar group of conical glass beakers with cut ornaments called after Saint Hedwig of Silesia (1174-1243). Fourteen complete beakers and fragments of ten additional vessels are known from the respective literature. They have thick walls, a foot ring and range in height from 8 to 15 cm. Their relief shaped ornaments, cut on a wheel, represent pictures of lions, eagles, griffins, ivy leafs, life trees, stars, shells, almonds, etc.
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I took part in the archaeological excavations preceding the construction of road no. 405 between March 1 and June 26, 1994. The stretch between 0 km and 3 km where I was the director of the excavation started at the Dabas exit of highway M5 (marked by a triangle in Fig. 1), and lay within to the administrative borders of Újhartyán village. The archaeologists of Pest county had already carried out field walking in the track and in its environment. It indicated a single site on my territory: site no. 42.1 About two thirds of the territory was covered with planted pine and acacia forests, while the stretch between 2000 m and 3000 m was a wheat field on a soil composed partly of wind-blown sand and partly by a more compact humic soil. The area was segmented by N-S directed, 1–2 m high elevations. It could already be observed before the excavations that a few of the depressions between the elevations were former water courses or the remains of a waterlogged territory.
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It is a well-known fact that organic remains represent only minute percentage of the archaeological finds from the 10th – 11th centuries due to the climatic and soil conditions of the Carpathian Basin. Most of the surviving objects are of small size and of poor condition. However, in order to shed light on the material culture of previous centuries, it may be of importance to re-examine this evidence.
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Within the framework of the project of the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Genetics of the Szeged Biology Centre, titled “Archaeogenetics in the research on the ethnogenesis of the Hungarians”, a number of tenth-century cemeteries, incompletely investigated in the 20th century, have been re-investigated. In September 2002, a new excavation was carried out by Péter Langó and Attila Türk at the site of “Derékegyházi oldal, Berényi B. 129. tanya földje” southeast of Szentes, in the Great Hungarian Plain, originally investigated by Gábor Csallány in 1940 (Fig. 1.1–2). During the successful identification of the site four new 10th-century graves were found, which complete the cemetery (Fig. 2.1). The graves of eight buried individuals were oriented to west-northwest and were placed roughly in a row. Based on the grave-goods, the burials can be dated to the mid-third or second half of the 10th century AD, which was confirmed by radiocarbon dating as well.
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