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The Mystery of the Transmutation of Iron into Copper in the 16th - 18th Centuries

Author(s): Miroslav Kamenický / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alchemy is a special branch of learned magic. In Central Europe it was cultivated more than all the other offshoots of learned occultism. Alchemy, like the mentality supporting it, relied on Aristotelian principles. From the point of view of formal logic, the transmutation of metals was close to Catholic transubstantiation. It was close to the thinking of the early modern person whether from the Catholic or the Protestant environments. Experimental activity was cultivated in alchemy. It combined real and practical metallurgy with speculative metaphysics. There were extraordinarily many real stimuli for alchemy in the Habsburg Monarchy. For example, there were gold, silver and copper mines in the territory of present day Slovakia. These were notable for strange mysteries, for which the scientific knowledge of the time could give only speculative explanations.

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Weather Magic in the Early Modern Period as Reflected in the Minutes of Witchcraft Trials

Author(s): Éva Pócs / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the past few decades I have begun to examine the role that magic played in the lives of village and small town societies in the early modern period, in their mentality, religiosity and belief system. The examination was based on sources related to witchcraft. It is commonly known that the minutes of the witchcraft trials which took place throughout the 16th to 18th centuries are valuable sources with regard to the rural communities of the early modern period, in fact they constitute the only early modern source, which gives a detailed account of the communal role and social background of magic. The witness accounts of these trials reflect almost directly the ‘rural witchcraft’, which took place in the background of the official events and preceded these trials. Contrary to the accused, who may even have been forced by the expectations of elite demonology to make a false statement, the witnesses reconstructed the goings on of their village in the context of traditional witchcraft belief. They relate those of their memories, which can be interpreted as malefactions of a witch in the light of their beliefs. This allows us to gain what might near enough be called direct evidence regarding bewitchment (‘maleficium’) or black magic (or, in fact, its absence, as we shall see in what follows).

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Pohrebné miesta a náhrobné pamiatky Thurzovcov

Author(s): Zuzana Ludiková,Mikó Árpád / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Najstaršie a aj najznámejšie pohrebné miesta podľa súčasníkov najvznešenejšieho uhorského rodu Thurzovcov sú vo farskom Kostole sv. Jakuba v Levoči. Okolnosť, okrem iného, podporuje názor o dlho hľadanom pôvode v spišských Betlanovciach. Nejeden hrob príslušníka rodu Thurzo označuje aj náhrobná pamiatka.

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Svadobné oznámenia Thurzovcov. (Prameň ku genealogickému výskumu ich rodu)

Author(s): Frederik Federmayer / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Súčasný moderný historický výskum spoločenských elít a osobitne aristokracie v Uhorsku sa nemôže zaobísť bez bližšieho skúmania príbuzenských a rodinných vzťahov uhorských magnátskych rodov. Dôležitú úlohu pri objasňovaní týchto vzťahov má nepochybne vedecká genealógia. Napriek tomu, že genealogický výskum má u nás už úctyhodnú, vyše dvestoročnú tradíciu, nemožno konštatovať spokojnosť s dosiahnutými výsledkami. Najmä v slovenskej historiografii chýbajú genealogické pramenné edície, ako aj širšie koncipované analytické práce, ktoré by osvetľovali historické procesy cez zrkadlo rodových a príbuzenských väzieb. Prakticky neexistujú slovensky písané genealogické monografie, ktoré by súborne mapovali nobilitu na našom území a predstavovali ju cez genealogické tabuľky. Nedostatočne spracovaná je najmä aristokracia pôsobiaca na našom území v období raného novoveku. V poslednom období síce vzniklo niekoľko monografií o jednotlivých aristokratických rodoch, avšak ide zväčša o práce kompilačného charakteru, spracované na základe staršej literatúry, bez hlbších archívnych výskumov.

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Uwagi o mądrości i potrzebie zdobywania wiedzy w wybranych przekazach pisarzy kościelnych z XVII i XVIII wieku

Author(s): Beata Łukarska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The present article has been based on particular reflections which appeared in selected texts of ecclesiastical writing in 17th and 18th century. Those texts underscore the necessity of maintaining balance between the value of the human intellect and the spiritual needs of man, between the order of nature (the cognitive capabilities of man, the desire for domination over nature) and the order of grace (subordination to the wisdom of the Providence, wisdom as a gift, the attitude of humility). Simultaneously, the authors of that time (preachers, moralists, authors of reflections) praised human wisdom and the drive to knowledge. The same praise of wisdom finds its reflection in the ways of portraying significant figures in the Christian tradition, in particular the saints and the beatified. Moreover, valuable insight can be derived from the remarks regarding the proper ways of reasoning and, by extension, creative approach to the learning process, both on the part of the teachers as well as the students.

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Byzantine and Turkish Glazed Pottery Finds from Aphrodisias

Author(s): Muradiye Öztaşkın / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study consists of initial observations made upon Byzantine, Seljuk, Begliks and Ottoman pottery finds from the Aphrodisias excavations since 2013. Chronology of the pottery finds uncovered in the North Avenue, South Agora, Hadrianic Baths, Theatre and Temple of Aphrodite will be presented briefly. To resolve the contexts in which the potteries belong to, the emphasis is on the history of the city and political events that could have potentially caused considerable changes to the economy. By establishing analogies and considering the chronology of the city, an attempt is made herein to put the pottery finds into their possible contexts.Through the end of the 9th century in Aphrodisias, a sudden rise in the quantity of Byzantine potteries is observed. The city was in commercially connected to Constantinople and centers such as the Adriatic Coasts or Corinth. Pieces of Fine Sgrafitto Ware, Green and Brown Painted Ware and Slip Painted Ware produced from the middle of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century have been found in many areas of the city. Very few pottery finds belonging to the Seljuk period have been uncovered. In Aphrodisias, glazed pottery production probably started during the Byzantine or Begliks period.There was a period of growth in Aphrodisias from the first quarter of 15th century to the mid 16th century. In excavated areas, a large number of pottery finds have been found. With the change of commercial routes in the 17th century, the city was increasingly reduced into a rural settlement and has subsisted to the present day.

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Beyrouth post-médiévale. Étude de cas : la céramique

Author(s): Grace Homsy-Gottwalles / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Whereas historical, political and cultural studies reach the postmedieval period in Lebanon, interests for archaeological artifacts remains neglected.The archaeological excavations undertaken in 1996 and 1997 in Beirut, sites Bey 070, Bey 071 and Bey 111, led to the discovery of tableware ceramics (in the surface layers) dated to the 16th —19th centuries.In this paper, we examine tableware ceramics of various origins: Didymoteicho and Çanakkale (Thrace), Kütahya and Iznik (Analolia), Pisa and Montelupo (Tuscany), Albisola in Liguria, Varages in Provence, European porcelain, as well as local and/or regional ceramics.

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Замок Хаджибей: история исследований, датировки, локализация

Author(s): Andrew V. Krasnozhon / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The solution of the problem of localization of the Khadzhibey castle on the territory of modern Odessa became possible due to the first geo-radar exploration in the area of its most probable existence. The work revealed at a depth of more than 2 m an anomaly that coincides in size and contours with the plans of the stone castle in Khadzhibey, known by cartographic materials of the 1780s. The castle was located opposite the modern houses no. 4—5 on Primorsky Boulevard. The depth of occurrence corresponds to the horizon of the surface of the Khadzhibey period, revealed by the expedition of A. O. Dobrolyubsky during excavations near the Vorontsov Palace in 1997.The castle existed at this place (almost unchanged) in the period from the 1420s to the 1790s. It was built in connection with the defensive initiatives of Witold or T. Buczacki. In 1593, the Turks attempted to reconstruct the castle. In 1765, the structure was slightly modernized — a coastal artillery battery was added from the north-east, coastal side. In 1789, it was incapacitated by blasting two mines. After 1794, it was disassembled to harvest building materials.

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К изучению закономерностей формирования русско-кочевнического пограничья в Среднем Подонье в IX—XVII вв.

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to revealing regularities of formation of the Russian-nomadic frontier in the Middle Don region based on the analysis of the geographical location of the archaeological sites of the 9th—17th cc. The sites of Slavic Borshevskaya culture (the end of the I Millennium AD) are located in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river and on the right Bank of the Middle Don (Central Russian upland). The sites of the Saltov culture are located on the right bank of the Middle Don, to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don (the Oka-Don plain, Kalacska hill) was not an area of active colonization by the bearers of the Borshevskaya and Saltov cultures.In 12th — first half 13th centurie, the Russian population is documented in the lower reaches of the Voronezh river, Semiluki area reaches of the Don. Polovtsian nomads used to camp on the right bank of the Middle Don and do not spread beyond the South of the Tikhaya Sosna river and on the left bank of the Middle Don to the Bityug river.In the Golden Horde period, the Russian population colonized the left bank of the Middle Don. There is archaeological evidence of the coexistence of different ethnic groups. Nomadic sites do not extend to the North of the Tikhaya Sosna river, on the right bank of the Don river, and the mouth of the Voronezh river, on the left bank.Belgorod defensive line reproduces the line formed by the fortified settlements of Slavic Borshevskaya cultures on the rivers Don and Voronezh, and fortified settlements of the Saltov-Mayaki culture on the Tikhaya Sosna river. The left bank of the Middle Don in the 17th century, just like in the time before that, was still the region of the original colonization by the Russian population.

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Władza kobiet w czasach anarchii, czyli rządy regencyjne księżnych wdów w dynastii Piastów mazowieckich na przykładzie Perejasławy, wdowy po Siemowicie I

Author(s): Jan Jeż / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author presents the subject of the regency of Duchess Pereyaslava after the tragicdeath of her husband Siemowit I of Mazovia, which took place in June 1262. Hedescribes the circumstances forcing her to sweep to power and the activities undertakenby her to bring order to the Duchy of Mazovia. The article also includes a review of theliterature discussing this issue.

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Relacje małżeńskie Henryka Brodatego i Jadwigi Śląskiej w świetle „Legendy świętej Jadwigi”

Author(s): Marta Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of the text is to analyse the vitae (the Lives) of the Polish princessHedwig (Jadwiga, 1178/80–1243) who was commonly recognised as a saint. This is anattempt to show how the marriage of Henry the Bearded and Hedwig of Silesia wasdescribed in the Lives of the saint. The aim of the research was to examine the specificperception of social relations between sexes and especially the problem of the reversal ofsocial order and the issue of the autonomy of the princesses.

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Elżbieta Granowska jako zła królowa. „Epistola taxans matrimonium Vladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum”

Author(s): Kalina Słaboszowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to analyse how Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło are presented in the lampoon “Epistola taxans matrimoniumVladislai regis cum Elisabeth Granowska contractum” by Stanisław Ciołek. The piece waswritten as an animal tale at the beginning of the 15th century. The first part of the article isfocused on animal representations of Elżbieta Granowska andWładysław Jagiełło and theirsymbolism, the second on the image of Elżbieta Granowska and her marriage toWładysław Jagiełło created by Stanisław Ciołek and on his possible inspirations.

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Maria, królowa Anglii. O postrzeganiu Marii I Tudor jako monarchy w czasach jej panowania

Author(s): Magdalena Makówka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present Mary I Tudor as the queen regnant. She wasthe first English female ruler who wielded authority over England, which causednumerous problems related to the scope of her power. The Queen was perceivedas a monarch and as a woman. A particularly interesting issue is the perceptionof Mary after her marriage to Philip of Habsburg.

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Kobiety rządzą. Walki na dworze perskim za Artakserksesa II według Plutarcha z Cheronei

Author(s): Radosław Domazet / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Plutarch’s Life of Artaxerxes II presents the character and the ruling style of the Persianking, focusing on the moral aspect of his attitudes and actions. As an experiencedbiographer, he shows history through people controlled by emotions and experiences.Artaxerxes II for the most part of the work is exposed as a weak ruler, subjected to theinfluence of his mother and of his wife, who fight each other. Based on their struggle,Plutarch creates a war of good, represented by Stateira, versus evil, personified byParysatia.

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Kobiety a władza ustawodawcza w II Rzeczypospolitej – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Katarzyna Jóźwik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an introduction to the issue of the presence of women in the politics of theSecond Polish Republic at the parliamentary level. The activities of women in the Sejmand Senate of the interwar period have been discussed with particular emphasis on thechanges in the legislation on women. The most important provisions limiting women’srights have also been presented. Although Polish women had received full electoralrights in 1918, they had to fight for total equality in the legal system for many years.

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Krwawe i przebiegłe? Kobiety władzy w wybranych państwach socjalistycznych

Author(s): Martin Gumiela / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Julia Brystygier, Elena Ceauşescu, and Margot Honecker were in positions of power instate socialist dictatorships. Compared to many other representatives of the AnciénRegimes, the images of these women became extraordinarily negative after 1989. Thisarticle discusses their careers and their public image post 1989 and considers the role ofgender in the way these women are currently perceived.

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„My rządzim światem, a nami kobiety”. Wpływ kobiet na konfederację barską na przykładzie działalności Marii Amelii z Brühlów Mniszchowej

Author(s): Natalia Młodzińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper is an evaluation of female activity in the Bar Confederation in the 18thcentury using the example of Maria Amelia Brühl Mniszchowa. The main goal of thepaper is to introduce Mniszchowa and her activity within the Confederation based onhistorical sources and scholarly literature. The query showed that the activity of womenin the Bar Confederation, and especially that of Maria Amelia Mniszchowa, had not beenfully explored until now.

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„Mistrzyni i Matka” – autorytet i charyzmat siostry Marii Franciszki Kozłowskiej w kierowaniu zgromadzeniami mariawickimi

Author(s): Artur Jemielita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article intends to present the profile of Maria Franciszka Kozłowska. The paperfocuses on the process of her growing charisma among her subordinates. In the first part,the author presents the sister’s biography, next he analyses the specificity of hercharisma. Historical sources which had been omitted so far, have been analysed alongwith the diaries of the nun’s closest partners. As a result, it was possible to present thefoundations on which the authority of the spiritual guide was built.

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Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945). Sylwetka niestrudzonej działaczki ruchu ludowego

Author(s): Tomasz Sumara / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

During the interwar period, many colourful women’s personalities appeared. Such figuresinclude undoubtedly Irena Kosmowska (1879–1945), activist of the people’s movement,social and member of parliament representing the Polish People’s Party’s “Wyzwolenie”club in the years 1919–1930. This text presents the character of Kosmowska. Thepresented bibliographical sketch discusses the social and political initiatives undertakenby her, as well as the problems discussed in the forum of the parliament.

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Margarete Himmler jako żona, matka i zwolenniczka narodowego socjalizmu. Próba biografii

Author(s): Paulina Fronczak-Chruściel / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this article is to present the figure of Margarete “Marga” Himmler – the wifeof Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler. In the beginning, information about Marga’sbackground and education has been presented. Afterwards, issues mentioned in the titleof the article have been described – the marriage with Heinrich Himmler, her approachto maternity and relations with children – her own daughter and adopted son. In the end,Marga’s attitude to National Socialism has been described.

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