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The present paper (digitally) completes the manuscript of the Diptych of Putna Hermitage, written in 1768 by hieroschemamonk Nathan (the monastic scholar Nathanael Dreteanovschi), which is preserved in the library of Putna Monastery, with 7 folios (14 pages), which are preserved in the Russian State Library from Moscow (fund 722, no. 263). They are rendered full-color.
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This article uses the results of the latest research concerning the works of Unitarian bishop, Mihály Szentábrahámi Lombard (1683–1758): Gizella Hoffmann’s bibliographical notes on the Hungarian translation of the Latin manuscript: The History of the Transylvanian Unitarian Church transcribed from the original by János Kozma (1761–1840), and Zsuzsa Font’s book Transylvanians in the Pull of Halle and Radical Pietism. Between September 1712 and Spring 1713 Szentábrahámi Lombard was in Halle, Germany where he received serious encouragement from authors associated with Halle. While there is only a probability that Szentábrahámi Lombard studied with Jean le Clerc (1657–1736) while he was in Halle, it is known that while he was there he studied the works of Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), Friedrich Gladow (17th c. – 18th c.), and Johann Franz Buddeus (1667–1729). These were the main intellectual inspirations forming the bases of Szentábrahámi Lombard’s thoughts on moderating confessional prejudices. Szentábrahámi Lombard’s travel to Halle was sponsored by Hermannstadt (Sibiu (RO), Nagyszeben (HU)) patrons who wanted him to leave his Unitarian church, but he acted to the contrary.
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There is a rich literature covering the University of Padua’s influence on Hungarian culture. Unitarian pilgrims frequented the university which off ered a versatile, up-to-date knowledge up through the middle of the 17th century. Later they chose Leiden University which became one of Europe’s finest scholarly institutes. István Ágh’s diary is unique as the primary source for the Unitarian peregrinations starting from the beginning of the 18th century. The diary contains details about the subjects Ágh studied, the courses he followed, his teachers, the books he bought, the expenses he incurred, and facts about his everyday life including many dutch sights. But the most important part of his notes are those that refer to the web of Socinian descendants, Mennonites, and Remonstrants and his connection to this web. His thorough and multifaceted studies and variety of experiences made him an educated, fit principal of Kolozsvár’s Unitarian College and later the Unitarian bishop. His diary sheds light on unknown details of the previous generations’ peregrinations.
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The paper observes examples of treason, that is, infidelity in the 13th-century Serbia. The author intends to show how this procedure was sanctioned by common law, since the punishments for such crimes appeared in the Serbian medieval written law only from the 14th century, all that with the aim of getting to know as closely as possible the social context of medieval Serbia.
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The study examines the financial situation of individuals promoted from common gentry to high nobility. Biographic data of altogether ninety-one individuals were gathered to explore their financial situation, primarily their landed estates. The perceptions of promoted nobility were rather poor by their contemporaries and posterity alike. They were often portrayed as upstart court favourites or army officers subordinating everything to the interest of the empire, amassing wealth and building large stately homes to compensate for their humble roots but never attaining the financial standards of the original aristocracy. The study assesses the wealth of the members of the new elite (primarily, their landed property) and places them in the context of the original aristocracy to reveal the differences between their wealth and property. The overview of the whole social segment is nuanced by a case study: the rising of the Malonyay family provides an excellent example for the examination of a possible strategy – also adopted by other families of the same standing – to sustain their wealth and aristocratic status.
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Géra Eleonóra: Házasság Budán. Családtörténetek a török kiűzése után újjászülető (fő)városból 1686–1726. Magyar Családtörténetek: Tanulmányok 3. MTA Bölcsészettudomány Kutatóközpont. Budapest, 2019. 291 oldal.
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Ferdinand Opll – Martin Scheutz: Die Transformation des Wiener Stadtbildes um 1700. Die Vogelschau des Bernhard Georg Andermüller von 1703 und der Stadtplan des Michel Herstal de la Tache von 1695/97. (Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Ergänzungsband 61.) Böhlau Verlag, Wien, 2018. 212 oldal + 2 térképmelléklet.
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A. Wess Mitchell: A Habsburg Birodalom nagystratégiája. (Fordította: Ledó Anna.) Antall József Tudásközpont, Budapest, 2020. 447 oldal.
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The town represented over the centuries a space of diversity manifested in different aspects including food. The present study investigates a component of the Romanian urban hospitality from this vast research topic, recently connected to European historiography and with great potential for originality and novelty. We investigate the food consumption areas – the public ones – between 1750–1850. The research mainly uses documentary sources, the reports of foreign travelers, chronicles as well as specialized works from national and foreign historiography, in order to establish the methodological aspects. The objectives of the study include the identification of the categories of spaces hospitality from Iași and their analysis from the perspective of the symbolic geography, as well as the permanent and temporary urban actors involved, who occupied this scene of public hospitality. The reconstruction of the “world” they formed with all its social and economic components represents the second research direction of the study. At the same time, the culinary universe (food, specialties, fast food, etc.) will be analyzed, as well as other realities of the time considered secondary scenes of hospitality: the sociability, the socio-cultural implications (urban food folklore, smells, sounds and rhythm inside and around these places, which accompanied and animated their existence).
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The Jesuit Gymnasium of Pressburg [Bratislava/Pozsony], founded in 1626, was one of the first members in the Jesuit school network of the Kingdom of Hungary. The catholic Gymnasium in the capital of Hungary soon assumed not only regional but national importance, which was reflected by its catchment area and in the numbers of matriculations. Moreover, in the second third of the 18th century the Jesuit school of Pressburg (with its often more than 700 matriculation numbers a year) became the most attended Hungarian school, surpassing even the Gymnasium of Tyrnau [Trnava/Nagyszombat], which functioned near the only university in the Kingdom of Hungary. The purpose of this paper is to survey the changes in student numbers between 1650 and 1773. The paper approaches the subject from two perspectives: at first, it analysises the complete numbers of matriculations decade by decade, and then the changes in the scales of school grades.
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This article offers a brief comparison of the coronations in early modern Germany and Hungary by examining the German and Hungarian coronation of Emperor/King Leopold II in 1790. I reconstruct the two coronations relying on two monumental printed sources: the detailed imperial coronation diary of 1790 (Diarium), and Sámuel Decsy’s History of the Hungarian Holy Crown and the Objects Related to It. The latter one provides a thorough description of the Hungarian coronation in general, and that of Leopold II in particular. The Holy Roman Empire was an elective monarchy, and so was Hungary until 1687, when the estates relinquished the right to elect the king. The transformation of Hungary into a hereditary monarchy did not change however that the coronation had to be performed by the diet. Similarly, the German election and coronation had to be prepared and executed by an exclusive corporate body, the electoral college. Both ceremonies had their own obligatory elements: the place, the actors, and the insignia, although there were alterations at times (e.g. a few coronations were held at Sopron instead of Pozsony [Bratislava]). In the Empire, the compulsory components of the rituals were codified in the Golden Bull of 1356, while no such legal prescriptions existed for the Hungarian coronation. The coronation ceremonies consisted of ecclesiastical and lay rituals. Apart from minor differences, the ecclesiastical part was rather similar. The lay part of the coronation, however, presented significant differences. The first lay ritual after the coronation was the creation of new knights, but in Hungary, the accolade was followed by two other lay ceremonies: the king took the coronation oath, then rode on a pile of soil called the “royal hill”, where he brandished his sword to the four cardinal directions. In both cases, a coronation feast closed the ceremony, but clear differences could be observed between the two banquets. In the Empire, the electors as holders of the high offices (e.g. arch-cupbearer) had to perform their symbolic tasks at the emperor’s table publically, and at the feast, the emperor’s table had to stand 6 feet higher than the electors’ tables, and everyone should dine at separate tables. By contrast, in Hungary, the banquet was held behind closed doors, and the participants were not physically detached from each other.
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This paper is dedicated to illustrating the social changes that have taken place in XVIII century in the space inhabited by Romanians. I tried to sum up the major political changes that triggered social events and to explain them depending on the impact they had over local population. There are also some other aspects regarding migration betwen Transilvania, Moldova and Walahia at the height of those events. I also wrote something related with antropology, more precisely about how the Hungarians saw the Romanians from Transylvania.
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As part of the study of the military history of Dalmatia and the Venetian Republic through several centuries of existence in a common state union, the share of Croats in the Venetian military forces has been assessed as extremely significant. Operating as the local (territorial) units, as well as members of professional forces (Fanti oltramarini – infantry; Croati a cavallo, Cavalleria Croati – cavalry), soldiers from Dalmatia made a notable contribution to the preservation of Venetian territorial acquisitions from Veneto (terraferma) to the south of the eastern Adriatic coast. Investigation of this issue is complex and requires an analysis of documents stored in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia and the State Archive in Zadar, as well as other Croatian and international archival institutions and libraries. Following several years of research on this issue, this paper focuses on the role of Spalatans in the Croatian cavalry under the standard of St Mark in the 18th century, and is based on an analysis of sources from the collection of Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli in the central Venetian state archives. Based on the said documents, as well as previous historiographical insights, the author focuses on the time frame of the Spalatans’ participation in the abovementioned cavalry unit, the method of their documentation, the duration of military service, the share of members from the same families, personal (physical) features of soldiers, the location of their documentation, and the command staff of the units in which they operated. The presence of Spalatans in Venetian cavalry can been observed throughout the century, while the places of their activity (documentation) reflect the distribution of Venetian acquisitions from the terraferma through Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor to Greece, also testifying to the mobility of elite Venetian land units. The Spalatan cavalrymen fit into the wider sample of Croatian soldiers in the land forces of the Serenissima at that time in terms of age and personal (physical) features. The lists of soldiers reveal various aspects of the military careers of individual families such as the length of their military service, their career advancement, as well as a number of surnames that we believe can be an interesting source for studying the onomastics of Split during the period in question. The conclusion of the paper is that the Spalatans formed a very notable part of the Croatian cavalry under the standard of St Mark and that the analysis conducted here contributes to the military history of Dalmatia (in this case the city of Split) and the Venetian Republic in the last century of living in a common state.
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This article discusses selected aspects of the way Lithuanian sejmiks proceeded in the times of Permanent Council (especially in the years 1776–1786). The author refers to particular pieces of information on the county of Kaunas which were mentioned in Akta sejmiku kowieńskiego w latach 1733–1795 published by Monika Jusupović in 2019. The information found in the abovementioned book was tested against the relevant data concerning the sejmiks of Lida and Ukmergė collected in the process of research in the archives of Minsk and Vilnius. For comparative reasons the author of this article makes use of the results of research by Lithuanian historians (on the sejmik of Vilnius) as well as the contributions of Polish and Belarusian historians. The author focuses (among others) on the functioning of economic, relational and electoral sejmiks. The article also contains information on different types of sejmik documents which were typical for Lithuanian parliamentary practice. Besides, it discusses additional items of information related to the political life in the county of Kaunas which were not referred to by M. Jusupović. The final part of the article emphasizes distinctive aspects of research on the Lithuanian parliamentary practice. Owing to the custom of signing the sejmik lauda by the unlimited number of participants, it is now possible to state roughly how large the gathering was. In the second part of the 18th c. there were still considerable differences between the sejmiks in the Crown and Lithuania even though the models in respective countries tended to converge.
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Borsi-Kálmán Béla: Elvetélt bizánci reneszánszból Nagy-Románia. Egy állameszme etnogenezise, Budapest: Magyar Szemle, 2018. 232 o. (Magyar Szemle Könyvek).
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A discussion on modern shoes is limited on account of the scarcity of sources provided by archaeological research. This gap is to a certain extent filled by museum collections and iconography. This is why it is so important to publish new finds as one can only initiate discussion on isolated artefacts of open-back shoes based on such publications. Such a pair was found in the southern crypt of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Piaseczno. These are unique objects as it is possible to identify all their elements and to determine the quality of leather, which was rather thick. Their general state of preservation is good. The condition of the leather on the soles, heels, and uppers indicates that the shoes were intensively used when their owner was alive. There is no difference in cut between the left and the right shoe, however, deformations resulting from wearing allow to say which shoe was worn on which foot. The pair of shoes found in Piaseczno and described above represents a valuable contribution to the discussion on open-back shoes. When interpreting such finds, the basic difficulty is the determination of their function. In specific circumstances, functions of overshoes and home shoes could to a certain extent overlap. However, it seems that in the modern era separate pairs of shoes were made to serve these different purposes. Unfortunately, the only evidence that would allow to lean towards one of the options involves the categories of massiveness and size of the shoes, and the diversity of the materials used. The paper uses a number of names for open-back shoes (pattens, mules, chopines, slippers, pantables) to reflect the linguistic richness. There is no doubt that different designs used to have individual names, however, the scarcity of accounts makes it very difficult to reconstruct the linguistic reality of old.
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An important feature of 18th-century Russian History was the advent of female rule, after the death of Peter the Great in 1725. Beginning from the reign of Empress Anne (1730–1740) female figures became prominent in the coronation medals of the empresses which could not be accidental: they clearly served, in my view, to legitimize the given woman on the throne. This phenomenon marked an important shift in the gender of the iconography of power. The 17th-century “Christo-centric”, i.e. male-gendered iconography had to be replaced with a new, female-gendered iconography corresponding to reality. Neutral (in the sense of gender) visual representations of divine right, namely through rays radiating from a cloud or a triangle (with or without the all-seeing eye) of course remained crucial. At the same time, divine will had to be personified in a way that made possible to associate it with the gender of the reigning monarch. This task was accomplished mostly by the female allegorical representation of Divine Providence.
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The article provides a historically informed exposition of Immanuel Kant’s notion of enlightenment. The 18th century marked the zenith of absolute monarchy in Europe. The century was accompanied by the emergence of new social, economic, and technological conditions and the simultaneous rise of an intellectual culture that sought a wider public adoption of independent critical thinking through the proliferation of schools and academies across the Old Continent. This was the semantic setting in which Kant poses and answers the question of enlightenment. The article explicates the individual and societal aspects of the Kantian concept of enlightenment, while stressing their argumentative dependency on the analytic distinction between the public and private uses of reason. Enlightenment is conceived by Kant as a gradual progress both of the individual and of society towards a fuller mastery of their rational capacities, especially as they pertain to the public sphere of life. The philosopher’s insights are as relevant to our times as they were to his.
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