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Andrew Jackson O’Shaighnessy: The Men Who Lost America. British Leadreship, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2013.
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„Birodalmam alatt…”. Gróf Grassalkovich Antal a birtokos, mecénás és magánember. Ed.: Noémi Czeglédi. Gödöllői Múzeumi Füzetek 14. Gödöllő, 2015.
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János Ugrai: A központosítás és a modernizáció ellentmondásai. A bécsi állami [uralkodói] oktatáspolitika megszületése a 18. század második felében. Új Mandátum Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2014.
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Count J. C. Hofmannsegg (1766-1849) was an university graduate European traveller of the late 18th century, with strong natural scientific interests, which moved him to visit new landscapes. He was an excellent observer with a friendly nature. His work was published in German language in Görlitz (1800), and the Hungarian translation appeared in 1887 (Budapest, Franklin Társulat, translated by Berkeszi István). The Count wrote excellent descriptions of the Hungarian noble classes' social life, and offered lively portraits of his friends from the Hungarian aristocracy.
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After the 1687/88 Diet, an ample resistance against Habsburg absolutism has built up in Hungary. However, the opinions about the solutions were divided. Some hoped for a political solution of the conflict, while others have put their trust into an armed uprising and fought for eight years against the Habsburgs. This study calls attention to the fact that the rebels themselves have not always been united in all respects. At the same time, the decisions of the prince cannot be adequately interpreted without taking into account his special social and family situation.
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In our study, we are attempting to place a lesser-known member of the 18th century Hungarian societal elite, Mihály Horváth, a trader from Gyöngyös, in the social, political, and economic environment in which he could become the first Orthodox trader to join the ranks of the Hungarian barons in 1794. Our study does not only aim to provide a biographical outline, but we also attempted to use the relevant material of the National Archives of Hungary, the Ráday Archives, the National Archives of Austria, and the Budapest City Archives to find out which factors made it possible for the subject of our study to have a career path atypical among the era's new aristocrats and Greek traders alike. During our research we partially discovered how the family originally known as Manduka, that most likely moved to the Habsburg Empire during the first half of the 18th century in order to leverage the benefits presented by the commercial treaties related to the Treaty of Passarowitz, accumulated its wealth and its relationships, as well as their movements within Hungary. We attempted to form questions about the strategy our subject had in his rise to prominence, and we also tried to answer these questions to the extent permitted by our incomplete source material. We could not form a full picture of Mihály Horváth's life due to our limited resources and the fragmental and unreliable nature of our sources. However, we could shed light on a prominent member of the late 18th century elite, whose career could have served as an example for the Greek traders who rose during the 19th century.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of popularity of military service in the eighteenth-century Habsburg Monarchy. It exemplarily examines cases of entering and quitting the army in a wider context of belated career-start or switch in profession. Most typical models under scrutiny are disillusioned officers losing hope of promotion, ex-Jesuits who had joined the army to compensate the consequences of the dissolution of the Society of Jesus, retired army officers using the patronage networks to get admitted to the administrative elites, and retired Hungarian guardsmen who had chosen administrative career. The study is based primarily on ego documents, such as petitions and private letters, which are supplemented (where available) by the minutes and resolutions of respective administrative bodies. Successful, or unsuccessful, case-studies under scrutiny let describing society of the Habsburg Monarchy as horizontally mobile and highly motivated to reach social ascend through flexibility in the occupations-choice.
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2017 marked the 235th anniversary of the beginnings of Dutch-American relations. On April 19, 1782, John Adams was received by the States General in the Hague and recognized as Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America. The United Netherlands became the second foreign country to recognize the independence of the United States.This, however, was the beginning of only the official relations as the economic ties had already been strong between the American colonies and the Dutch Republic. The Dutch supplies proved indispensable to the Americans during their war of independence against Great Britain. The small Caribbean Island of St. Eustatius played a key role as a transit port between Europe and the American continent. John Adams arrived in the Netherlands in the summer of 1780, but he had a long way to go till he and the American revolutionary cause found support not only among Dutch businessmen who had an interest in furthering economic cooperation and establishing diplomatic relations, but also in the official circles. Based on primary sources, the essay discusses the early history of Dutch-American relations and the way John Adams achieved diplomatic recognition and received financial support for his country from the Dutch Republic.
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The Registry NFS.d. 6445 in the Ottoman Archives that dates back to 1773 indicates provision of human power to the Ottoman-Russian War. This registry which includes neighbourhoods and the three districts of Hezargrad, is composed of 41 pages. This study examines the Divaneorman district, one of the three districts. In order to contribute to the defence of the Tutrakan city in 1773 against the Russians, a total number of 540 people were selected from the Divaneorman district and recorded in this registry. In this respect, the information belonging to the Divaneorman district is evaluated in two categories: First, the information in the registry is explored from a military standpoint. Second, the present data are evaluated in social, economic and cultural terms.
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A Greek scholar by the name of Mihail Schendo said about Prince Cantemir: “He was loved by muses, valued by educated people and honored by emperors.” We, the professors and students of the university that bears his name have the duty to know and to understand his work. The present study reveals the way the legal proceedings were conducted in the Romanian customary law, using as an inspiration point the work entitled “The Description of Moldavia”.
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A Greek scholar by the name of Mihail Schendo said about Prince Cantemir: “He was loved by muses, valued by educated people and honored by emperors.” We, the professors and students of the university that bears his name have the duty to know and to understand his work. The present study reveals the way the legal proceedings were conducted in the Romanian customary law, using as an inspiration point the work entitled “The Description of Moldavia”.
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Villim Ivanovich Hennin was a prominent organizer of the mining and metallurgical industry in Russia under Peter the Great. In 1711, Peter I granted Hennin the village of Asila for seizing the fortress Kexholm. The history of the estate has not been previously presented in the national historiography. The purpose and objectives of the study are to ascertain the period of ownership of the estate by Hennin and his descendants, clarify the composition of the villages belonging to the estate, and determine its economic value. Data from archival sources and rare Finnish publications are introduced into scientific circulation. For the first time, the estate is described as an economic complex comprising the villages of Asila, Kilpola, Vejala, Hiitola and Raivattala of the Hiitola Pogost in the Kexholm Uezd. The study applied methods of localization and cartographic documentation of the studied places. It gives a brief historical overview of the surroundings of the village of Asila from the XII to the early XVIII centuries. The main value of Asila since ancient times was salmon and other valuable species fishing. Grain milling, sawmilling and husbandry served as the economic basis of the estate. The article traces the line of inheritance, the evolutionary path of the estate and its economic structure until the XIX century. Key words: Asila, Villim Hennin, donated lands, Karelia, Kexholm Uezd, Kokkolanjoki, salmon fisheries, Hiitola, Hiitolanjoki
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Kaisarios Dapontes, the son of a prosperous family in Chios, spent much of his life in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Following his studies at the Princely Academy in Iași, he was entrusted with administrative roles. After series of professional and personal crises, he became a monk on Mount Athos. During a six year fundraising tour equipped with the relic of the True Cross from the Monastery of Xeropotamos, he also visited the Holy Putna Monastery. He was also a prolific author of historical, educational and edifying works in poetry and prose. After a brief introduction to his life, this article discusses the motivations and social context of Dapontes’ literary production. Particular focus is placed on his attitudes towards the Byzantine past.
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The second half of the 18th century was one of the thriving times for Putna Monastery. Apart from the fact that the church of the monastery and the monastic complex were restored and adorned, at some point the entire superior ecclesiastical hierarchy of Moldavia was comprised of hierarchs who were tonsured at Putna. Also, many of the hegumens of the Moldavian monasteries were Putna monks or had close connections with Putna. But this “golden generation” had to face a lot of obstacles, playing an important role in the life of the Church of Moldavia. The Russian occupation and the estrangement of the northern part of the country, with all its social, political, economic and ecclesiastical consequences, were the most difficult moments. The author presents the main personalities of the Church of Moldavia from the second half of the 18th century and their role in the key events. The main contribution of the present paper is a hitherto unknown letter, dated December 1781, from Metropolitan Gavriil Callimachi to Bishop Dosithei Herescu of Rădăuți, in which the former exhorts the latter not to go against the canons and break the ties with the Mother-Church. The letter also testifies of Bishop Dosithei’s special care for his diocese, which the Austrians eventually severed from the Moldavian Metropolia. The author brings further arguments to show that the Metropolitan from Iași and the Bishop of Rădăuți did not abandon the struggle and tried, even after secession, to maintain canonical communion between each other, thus correcting the common view of historians that this secession took place without the opposition of the two hierarchs. The “blame” of these hierarchs should thus be removed or regarded more objectively. The author also publishes in the appendix a document which shows how the most important clergymen of Bukovina, most of them Putna monks, appealed to the new authorities so that the latter preserve the old traditions within the new ecclesiastical organization.
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Die Maria Theresianische Urbarialverordnung führte im Wesentlichen, vornehmlich in Hinblick auf die Abgaben und Leistungen keine grundlegenden Änderungen ein, schuf aber in den mitunter unübersichtlichen Zuständen Ordnung und führte landesweit ein einheitliches System ein. Neben etlichen Erleichterungen waren dies Schritte, die den Weg in die Zukunft wiesen.
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This paper is intended to shed some light on several aspects of Queen Maria Theresa’s urbarial regulation introduced in the Kingdom of Hungary after 1767. The author argues that her chief councillor’s, Count Kaunitz’s stance on the tax free status of the Estates of the Kingdom of Hungary largely influenced the Queen’s attitude to the Hungarian nobility, but her motifs of being compelled to protect the peasantry against seigneurial excesses were truely based on her Christian consience as well. At the same time, he also argues that the process of elaborating on a system of peasant rights and obligations towards their landlords were quite revealing of the discontent mood of contemporary Hungarian society. Finally, the paper conludes that the various provisions of the urbarial regulation of 1767 worked out by the Queen’s councillor on Hungarian affairs, Pál Festetics, had long lasting effects on the evolvement of Hungary’s land ownership rights even after the abolition of feudalism in 1848.
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