The Enlightenment Idea of Responsibility for Truth and Morality in Politics in the Polish Political Thought

Author(s): Arkadiusz M. Stasiak / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2015

In the 18th century the category of conscience became one of the rudimentary cultural values in Europe. For this reason, the relationship between politics and moral values became vital. However the earlier, modern European political theory was in opposition to the idea of governing on the basis of conscience, which is why the categories of truth and morality from the pre-Enlightenment period did not constitute any significant political values. In the Polish political thought of the second half of the 18th century, there was the conviction that the politics cannot be separated from morality. Nonetheless the unwillingness of the king to interfere with the issues of the conscience, based on the values of the noble freedom and equality resulted in the fact that the Polish authors of the texts within the scope of the political theory had not made the king responsible for the truth and morality.

Un Orléanais en Turquie : Jacques-François Ravé de Baudran

Author(s): Claude Michaud / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2013

The study presents a letter written by Jacques-François Ravé de Baudran in October 1717 from Adrianople to an official in Orléans. Mr. Ravé de Baudran wants to serve prinz Rákóczi who was invited by the sultan Ahmet III to the Ottoman empire. In the meantime the author of the study presents the conflitcs of the Ottomans with Austria and Venice at the beginnings of the 18th century.

The British Rule and the English Constitution in Corsica, 1794-1796

Author(s): Mária Tandori / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Descripción del jesuita Francisco Xavier Eder de la Provincia de Moxos en el siglo XVIII

Author(s): Henriette Éva Szabó / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2013

Les colons français du 18e siècle et les premiers prisonniers des guerres de coalitions en Sud-Est du Royaume de Hongrie

Author(s): Lajos Kövér / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

French presence in the South-East part of the Kingdom of Hungary and the everyday life of the Settlers.

Économie coloniale de la France au 18e siècle

Author(s): Imre Papp / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2013

Le marquis des Alleurs et la diplomatie française en Hongrie au début du XVIIIe siècle

Author(s): Olivier Maurin / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2010

The marquis des Alleurs (1646‐1725), a neglected historical personage, was, despite this lack of recognition, one of the most important actor of the War of the Spanish Succession. This valuable military, lieutenant‐general, honored by the High Cross of Saint‐Louis order, was an experimented negotiator. Emissary of France in Hungary from 1704 to 1710, he supported the Prince Rakoczi and organized the French help. His policy showed mixed results and led to a lasting discord with the Prince. After his return in France, he was appointed Ambassador for France in Constantinople. He then showed constant opposition to any possible other war of diversion in Hungary.

„Vég nélkül való Nagyság”

Author(s): Zsolt Kökényesi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche, Marie-Caroline de Naples et la Méditerranée des Habsbourg

Author(s): François Cadilhon / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2010

In the second half of the 18th century, Marie-Therese of Austria sought an intelligent way of placing her numerous heirs throughout Europe in order to consolidate her diplomatic system. This notwithstanding, the ideas of the „Lumieres” were not seen in the same way by the Empress and her children, who were far removed from the way of life or of government that Marie-Therese would have wished for. The Instructions that she addressed to her daughter, Marie-Caroline, who became Queen of the Two Sicilies in 1768, and which are still conserved in the Hungarian archives, enable us to have a far greater insight into the ambitions of the Empress, as well as informing us about the Italian Risorgimento, the individual desiderata of the Habsburgs and the history of Naples, where „there is great affection for the English and much mistrust of France. It would ill become you to show any preference for the English, being as you are married to a prince of the House of Bourbon and with us being intimately linked with France.”

Les missions secrètes de Casanova

Author(s): Ilona Kovács / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2010

The study presents the missions of Casanova and his relations with rulers and with Freemasonry.

„Más hírrel most nem udvarolhatok…”

Author(s): Olga Khavanova / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2015

The best known symbolic republic in early-modern Europe was “respublica litteraria”, a self-regulating corporation of learned and erudite men beyond political and often also confessional borders. Its “citizens” were communicating through exchange of letters. In earlymodern Hungary, just like in other countries, one can define a network of aristocratic patrons and their noble and/or common clients as a republic, or “respublica clientium”. The present paper consists of two parts: the first deals with the most typical features of epistolary communication between patrons and clients with special attention to their regularity, their compliance with stylistic rules known from widely circulating sample letters and the choice of language. Furthermore, most typical patron addressees, such as secular and ecclesiastic dignitaries, military commanders, counties as collective patrons are also discussed. In the second part, the career of a typical first-generation Hungarian nobleman, Mihály Vass is presented through the prism of his letters to aristocratic patrons (whose family archives are now depositories of Vass’ and other minor clients’ letters). The conclusion could be drawn that clients' letters explored in the context of patronage networks help to reconstruct both single biographies and the discursive features of early modern societies.

A város, a boszorkány és a kancellária

Author(s): Gergely Brandl / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2015

The Szeged witch trials held between 1728 and 1744 included several proceedings, the most prominent period of which was the witch-craze of 1728–1729. This latter can be regarded not only one of the biggest but also well researched legal proceeding of the kind. The events have been thoroughly studied and we have a significant amount of literature and source publications at our disposal, but historians have not provided comprehensive explanations yet. Not even this paper can answer all the questions related to the great Szeged witch trial. Accordingly, it focuses on the triple relationship between a single defendant, the city conducting the trial and the chancellery that ordered the witchcraft investigation. Through this, it attempts to present how the events of the trial unfolded and how the economic and political interests of the city came into conflict with the centralizing reform efforts of the central government. It is especially interesting that it does so from a “low viewpoint” to let personal motivations and social roles manifest more sharply. In accordance with this, it explores the case of an accused woman: “Bogadussánné, Horváth Mátyásné Ilona aliter Eörse”. Through her trial we can also examine those social motivations and interests that were the driving force behind the largest Hungarian witch hunt. The life of Mrs. Mátyás Horváth is suitable for such an analysis as she was present at all the stages of the events and the vast majority of sources related her are available. Accordingly, the paper intends to discuss four topics in detail: the history of the trial according to the stages of the legal proceedings, the history of the town in the period preceding the trials, Mrs. Mátyás Horváth's role in the trial and her fate, as well as the investigation of the Hungarian Chancellery in the witch hunt case. Her case does not only raise the possibility of corrupt legal proceedings, which were a consequence of the city's internal discord, but it also pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the investigation by the court.

András Vári – Judit Pál– Stefan Brakensiek: Herrschaft an der Grenze. Mikrogeschichte der Macht im östlichen Ungarn im 18. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Tamás Szemethy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 65/2016

Búcsú Szentpétervártól. Gróf Esterházy Miklós elhagyja az orosz fővárost

Author(s): Olga Khavanova / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2016

Count Nicolas Esterházy (1711-1764) was among the first Hungarian aristocrats, employed by the Vienna Court as career-diplomats. His most important mission was to the imperial Russia where he spent more time, than any of his predecessors – the long eight years (1753-1761),. This period was the time of a tight cooperation of the two allied powers before and during the Seven Years War (1756-1763). The article suggests a brief overview of his activities in Russia and concentrates on the much desired and many times postponed recalling from the Russian capital. Inasmuch as his private archive has perished, the article suggests a biographical reconstruction based on his ambassadorial reports to the state chancellor Count Wenzel Anton Kaunitz and Empress Maria Theresa.

Sprawa Andrzeja Piotrowskiego na sejmie grodzieńskim 1718 roku i jej polityczne okoliczności

Author(s): Wojciech Kriegseisen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

In the first half of the 18th century Protestant nobles were virtually excluded from the politicallife of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A precedent had been set 1718 with the removalof a deputy of the Wieluń Land, the Reformed Andrzej Piotrowski, from the lower house of thePolish-Lithuanian parliament. Until the Four-Year Sejm (1789-92) the Protestant communityhad no political representation in the Commonwealth, not even a nominal one. The text presentsAndrzej Piotrowski, his descent, family ties and activity in defence of the rights of the Protes-tants in Greater Poland, as well as on a broader, nationwide stage. After a reconstruction of thecourse of events, that had led to the said removal of Piotrowski from the sejm 1718, the authoranalyses their political background. His theses is that after 1717 all efforts of the Protestant com-munity for the defence of Piotrowski and the political rights of the Protestant nobility seeking aidof the royal court were doomed to failure. Augustus II and his political collaborators defendedthe resolutions of the sejm of 1717 against attacks of the opposition supported by Russia, byappealing to the public opinion. Therefore, the court could not afford to openly back up the de-mands of the dissidents, as it would risk a conflict with the Catholic episcopate and a major partof the Catholic nobility. The result was that the interest of the non-Catholic nobles fell victim tothe defence of reformatory and anti-Russian politics of Augustus II.

"Tot norodul Bucureștilor" în luptă pentru dreptate socială și libertatea patriei (sec. al XVIII-lea)

Author(s): Panait I. Panait / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/1983

Starting with medieval chroniclers and documents issued in the 18th-19th centuries. The author presents significant aspects of the mass actions of the Bucharest population against the regime of the Phanariotes and foreign occupation. On the basis of the sources of the time, the participation of all the people is emphasized, the decisive role of the inhabitants of the city, craftsmen and traders, to the peasants of the surrounding villages, Progressive elements belonging to feudalism, indigenous boards disappointed by the policy promoted by the Phanariotes, ad

Documente inedite privitoare la Dimitrie Cantemir păstrate în arhivele din U.R.S.S

Author(s): Elena Ionescu Georgescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

After the reign (1711), Romanian ruler and scholar Dimitrie Cantemir fled to Russia, where he remained until his death in 1723. To study this period of his life, Romanian scholars should have regard to the Russian archives, which But it has not happened so far. In this context, the article makes known the contents of an archive fund looking at Dimitrie Cantemir, which is kept at the Moscow State Central Archives. The most interesting of the documents, covering the period 1713-171

În jurul unui nou exemplar al celui dintîi formular diplomatic tipărit în limba română

Author(s): Alexandru Ligor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/1974

Among the medieval documents recently entered into the heritage of the History Museum of the Socialist Republic of Romania is a printed form, dated 7218 (1 Septembrie 1709 - 31 August 1710), completed (text - manuscript) for Şerban de Risipiţi, district of Mehedinţi, serving in the corporation of small cupcakes, teamed up with his brother, Pascul, exempt from taxes for lands not cultivated by Constantin Brincoveanu, reigning prince of Wallachia.

Ziemskie urzędy sądowe w życiu politycznym województwa sandomierskiego w latach 1777–1783

Author(s): Witold Filipczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

At the beginning of the article the author draws attention to the legal aspects connected with the election of candidates who would hold judicial offices, and the changes taking place in this process from the 16th till the 18th c. In the years 1777–1783 there were three district judicial offices, six offices that bore the name starostwo grodowe, and only one office of succamerarius in Sandomierz Voivodeship. In the period under discussion seven sejmiks that gathered in Opatow and one that gathered in Radom chose candidates for the judicial offices of Sandomierz and Radom. In 1783 the sejmiks in Stężyca (for Stężyca district) were probably held three times, but their resolutions are not known. The article discusses preparations for particular sejmiks, their course and decisions that were made. In the years 1777–1778 decisions of two sejmiks that took place in Opatów were questionable from the legal point of view. It was connected with the fact that the judicial office held by a districts’ judge of Sandomierz was regarded as vacated. After the first partition of Poland its holder’s estates found themselves outside the boundary of the voivodeship which was now smaller. Besides, he acted as a judge in the territory occupied by Austria. In 1782 a project approved by the king came into being; it stated that three offices of succamerarius should be established instead of one. The turbulent sejm of 1782 made it impossible to pass the bill on that matter. The following year the king gave up his proposal, which may have been caused by the attitude of the majority of the envoys from Sandomierz Voivodeship during the recent sejm. In compliance with the king’s recommendation candidates for the position of succamerarius of the whole voivodeship were elected in Opatów in 1783. / W początkowej części artykułu przypomniane zostały obowiązujące w Rzeczypospolitej zasady elekcyjności kandydatów na urzędy sądowe, z uwzględnieniem zmian, jakie w tym zakresie zachodziły. W badanym okresie w województwie sandomierskim istniały trzy sądy ziemskie, sześć starostw grodowych, ale tylko jeden urząd podkomorzego. W latach 1777–1783 zebrało się siedem sejmików w Opatowie i jeden w Radomiu, które wybrały kandydatów na sandomierskie i radomski urzędy sądowe. W 1783 r. prawdopodobnie trzy razy obradowały sejmiki w Stężycy (dla powiatu stężyckiego), jednak ich uchwały nie są znane. W artykule omówione zostały przygotowania do poszczególnych sejmików, ich przebieg oraz podjęte decyzje. W latach 1777–1778 w Opatowie dokonano elekcji, dyskusyjnych z prawnego punktu widzenia, które wynikały z uznania za wakujący urzędu sędziego ziemskiego sandomierskiego. Po I rozbiorze jego dotychczasowy posiadacz nie miał już dóbr w pomniejszonych granicach województwa, a ponadto pełnił obowiązki sędziowskie na terenach zajętych przez Austrię. W 1782 r. powstał projekt, zaakceptowany przez króla Stanisława Augusta, powołania trzech urzędów podkomorzego na miejsce jednego, dotychczas istniejącego. Na burzliwym sejmie w 1782 r. nie było możliwości przyjęcia ustawy w tej sprawie. W następnym roku król wycofał się z propozycji, zapewne ze względu na postawę polityczną większości posłów sandomierskich na ostatnim sejmie. Zgodnie z zaleceniem królewskim dokonano więc w Opatowie (w 1783 r.) elekcji kandydatów na urząd podkomorzego całego województwa.

Huszárok – újratöltve

Author(s): Géza Szász / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2017

Ferenc Tóth: Magyar huszárok francia földön – hussards hongrois en France. HM Hadtörténeti Intézet és Múzeum, Budapest, 2016