Alexander Bekovich Cherkassky’s Campaign to Central Asia and India in 1714-1717

Author(s): Michal Wanner / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The study deals with one branch of the Russian policy of the Peter I period, heading towards establishing contacts with India via Central Asia. Author describes in introduction the Russian attempts to establish trade and diplomatic relations with India in the 17th century. Subsequently, he analyses the information and errors, relied on by the Russian policy in this area, their gradual disproving by various expeditions organized both from the Siberian centers, both from Astrakhan. The greatest attention is paid to campaigns of Alexandr Bekovich Cherkassky in Central Asia 1714-1717. Based on a detailed study of sources, he attempts to evaluate the significance of these expeditions both for growing of geographic knowledge of the area as well as assessment of the possibilities of Russian expansion to Central Asia and India. The conclusion is devoted to the analysis of the causes of the tragic end of Cherkassky campaign to Khiva in 1716-1717.

Az új alattvaló

Author(s): Márta Fata / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

Un tezaur de monede otomane din sec. XVIII-XIX descoperit la Brezoianu - București

Author(s): Maria Grigoruță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/1975

The communication presents the Turkish currencies discovered in and around the city of Bucharest, following extensive excavations and public works that have been carried out for more than two decades in the Capital

Maria Theresia und die Zensur

Author(s): Norbert Bachleitner / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Im Jahr 1751 führte Maria Theresia als Teil ihrer Reformen erstmals die systematische Zensur im Habsburger Reich ein. Eine Kommission, bestehend aus ihrem Leibarzt Gerard van Swieten und anderen Gelehrten überprüften sämtliche Manuskripte, die aus dem Ausland kamen. Verbotene Bücher wurden in einem Index geführt (Catalogus librorum prohibitorum), der bis zu ihrem Ableben, 1780, regelmäßig publiziert wurde. Die Zensur war eher tolerant und versuchte im Sinne einer moderaten Aufklärung zu agieren. Kritik an der katholischen Religion war jedoch unmöglich. Aristokraten, Gelehrte und Mitglieder der höheren Bourgeoisie bekamen die Erlaubnis, verbotene Bücher zu lesen, die Zensur anerkannte und befürwortete nämlich die Akzeptanz gesellschaftlicher Unterschiede. Auch wenn man unter Maria Theresia von einer toleranten Zensur sprechen kann, so war sie doch strenger als unter Joseph II., ihrem Sohn. Die meisten der verbotenen Bücher erschienen auf Deutsch, aber mehr als ein Drittel der Werke war auf Französisch geschrieben worden. Auch lateinische Bücher wurden in großer Zahl verboten. Der am häufigsten verbotene Autor war Voltaire und unter den top-ten der verbotenen Franzosen finden wir Namen wie d’Argens, Rétif de la Bretonne, Crébillon fils, sowie Repräsentanten der aufklärerischen Philosophie, wie Friedrich II., Rousseau und Georg Friedrich Meier.

Maria Theresia und die Reform

Author(s): Károly Kókai / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Maria Theresia gilt als Reformerin. Unbestritten hat sie den Reformbedarf ihrer Zeit wahrgenommen. Die anstehenden Reformen betrafen die Bauernbefreiung, die Einführung der Schulpflicht, die Einrichtung einer modernen Gesundheitsvorsorge, die religiöse Toleranz, ein progressives Justizsystem sowie die Förderung eines zukunftsweisenden kulturellen Aufschwungs. Der Beitrag listet die einzelnen Maria Theresia zugeschriebenen Reformen auf und versucht zu bestimmen, was in den konkreten Fällen „Reform“ heißt. Insbesondere wird der Frage nachgegangen, wofür Reform einerseits in der ungarischen Geschichtsschreibung und andererseits in der Epoche der Aufklärung steht, und inwiefern die Reformen von Maria Theresia diesen entsprechen.

Turkophilie am Wiener Hof Maria Theresias

Author(s): Brigitta Pesti / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

In dem Beitrag geht es um die veränderte Rezeption der Osmanen im Zuge der Rückeroberung weiter europäischer Gebiete aus ihrer Oberhoheit. Türkische Mode, türkische Sitten und Musik wurden europaweit modern und waren sehr gefragt. Auch der Wiener Hof übernahm diesen Modestil und selbst Maria Theresa ließ sich wiederholt in türkischer Kleidung von ihren Lieblingsmalern porträtieren. Selbst im Repräsentationsbereich liebte man das Dekor alla turca. Im östlicheren Teil der Habsburger Monarchie blieb das Bild des ehemaligen Erzfeindes allerdings weiterhin ambivalent.

„Die Starken, Helden wanken, doch Theresia stehet.“ Siebenbürgische Traueroden zum Tode Maria Theresias

Author(s): Szabolcs János / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Am 29. November des Jahres 1780 starb die Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia, und ihr mitregierender Sohn Joseph II. übernahm die Regentschaft im Habsburgerreich. Dieser Moment gab für die literarisch tätigen Intellektuellen im gesamten Habsburgerreich Anlass Lob- und Huldigungsgedichte zu verfassen. In erster Linie waren es Epicedien (Traueroden), eine andere, weit verbreitete Textsorte war die literarisch anspruchsvolle Trauerpredigt, die gleichzeitig auch als Panegyrik zu deuten ist. Der Tod der Großfürstin wurde auch in Siebenbürgen von Vielen als historische Krisensituation betrachtet. Welche Ängste und Erwartungen in Siebenbürgen in diesem geschichtsträchtigen Moment auftauchen, lässt sich an den Gedichten ablesen, die aus diesem Anlass von verschiedenen siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Autoren verfasst wurden. Zu den Autoren gehören vor allem Kleriker wie der Stadtpfarrer in Hermannstadt und Dekan des Kapitels, Daniel Filtsch; Professoren der Gymnasien wie z.B. Martin Traugott Closius, Rektor des Kronstädter Gymnasiums; der Konrektor Johann Roth, der Lektor Samuel Schramm. Die wohl bekannteste Persönlichkeit ist aber der Historiker, Sprachforscher und Dichter Johann Seivert, der zugleich stellvertretender Rektor des Hermannstädter Gymnasiums und später Hammersdorfer Pfarrer war. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die politischen Bestrebungen von Maria Theresia in Siebenbürgen literarisch rezipiert, bzw. in verschiedenen literarischen Textsorten beurteilt worden sind. Darüber hinaus wird versucht, das im kulturellen Gedächtnis der Siebenbürger Sachsen erhaltene, literarisch geformte Bild der Großfürstin von Siebenbürgen zu untersuchen.

Maria Theresia und Maria Christina als Prototyp und Vorbild der christlichen Dame für ungarische Adelsfrauen (1765–1780)

Author(s): Katalin Czibula / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Der Text behandelt das Verhältnis von Maria Theresia zu ihren Kindern, allen voran der Erzherzogin Marie Christina, Gemahlin Alberts von Sachsen-Teschen, mit der sie eine innige Beziehung hatte. Beschrieben wird die mehrfach kodierte höfische Repräsentation der hohen Damen, die sich sowohl am Transport weltlicher als auch religiöser Werte manifestierte.

Die vergessene Rolle von Johann Ignaz von Felbiger in Ungarn

Author(s): Eva Kowalská / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2018

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Schulreformen in Ungarn und im Besonderen der Rolle von Johann Ignaz von Felbiger (1724-1788). Seine Pressburger Jahre (1779-1788) werden kommentiert, jedoch nur in Anfangsphase seiner Tätigkeit in Ungarn. Es wird gerne behauptet, dass er dorthin eigentlich verbannt worden sei. Die neuere Forschung, so auch diese Studie, erhellt die frühere Rolle von Felbiger in österreichischen und tschechischen Ländern, die eine ganz ähnliche war: Er sollte Anfang der 1780er Jahre das System der Trivialschulen in Ungarn in Schwung bringen und seine Kompatibilität mit jenem in hereditären Ländern gewährleisten. Der Verlust seiner Position hing mit dem Wechsel in der Schulpolitik nach 1781 zusammen.

KUGA U ISTANBULU SREDINOM XVIII VEKA PREMA IZVEŠTAJIMA EVROPSKIH SAVREMENIKA

Author(s): Marija V. Kocić,Nikola Samardžić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 38/2019

Konstantinopolj – Istanbul zauzima važno mesto u istoriji pandemija kuge. Njegova lokacija na istorijskoj mapi pandemija stoji u vezi sa njegovom geografskom pozicijom i složenim sanitarnim uslovima. Istanbul je jedan od najvećih evropskih gradova, koji delimično leži i na azijskoj obali, dok ga sa Afrikom vežu snažne ekonomske veze. Međutim, epidemije kuge koje su sredinom XVIII veka izbijale u Osmanskom carstvu nisu dovoljno istražene. Stav vlasti i društva prema epidemijama i bolesti je generalno bio takav da ih je smatrao Božijom kaznom, koju je potrebno mirno i trpeljivo izdržati. Shodno tome, lekari u Osmanskom carstvu nisu posmatrali kugu ko medicinski fenomen, tako da nisu ostavili dovoljno zapisa o njoj. U ovom radu se služimo izvorima evropske provenijencije, pre svega pismima doktora Mordaha Mekenzija (1712–1797), koji je u prepisci sa svojim kolegama u Londonu izneo zapažanja u vezi sa kugom u Istanbulu 1848-1762. U tim pismima se nalaze vredne informacije o njegovoj lekarskoj praksi, kao i uvid u manifestacije i lečenje kuge u Istanbulu sredinom XVIII veka.

Turkish Captives in Hungary during Austria’s Last Turkish War (1788–91)

Author(s): Balázs Lázár / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

During the last Turkish war of the Habsburg Monarchy (1788–91), several hundred Ottoman soldiers were taken prisoner by the Habsburg army and accommodated in Hungarian fortresses. Numerous rules and orders were issued by Joseph II regarding the treatment of these prisoners. These rules represent interesting mixes of the new ideas of the Enlightenment and old habits. According to these regulations, the captured Turks were given the status of prisoner of war and were provided with regular supplies. The study also examines the circumstances of the capture, the lives, and often the deaths of the Turkish prisoners in Hungary, as well as the exchanges of prisoners, which began only slowly but eventually resulted in their release. The fate of the Austrian prisoners in Turkish captivity is also briefly discussed. The paper was completed exclusively on the basis of primary sources.

Date noi despre Rosetești și pământurile lor la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea

Author(s): Andrei Pippidi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IV/1971

Articolul prezintă date referitoare la proprietățile familiei Roset (Rosetti) la finalul secolului al XVIII-lea.

Tezaurul monetar din secolul al XVIII-lea descoperit la Mănăstirea Cașin (Jud. Bacău)

Author(s): Alexandru Artimon,Constantin Eminovici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: IV/1971

Articolul prezintă tezaurul monetar din secolul al XVIII-lea descoperit la Mănăstirea Cașin (Jud. Bacău).

Peacetime Changes to the Landscape in Eighteenth-Century Transylvania: Attempts to Regulate the Mureş River and to Eliminate Its Meanders in the Josephine Period

Author(s): Dorin-Ioan Rus / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The article focuses on the attempts of Habsburg authorities in eighteenth-century Transylvania to regulate the Mureş River and eliminate its meanders in order to improve salt and timber transport to Hungary and the Banat region. These attempts ultimately led to changes in the landscape of the province by reshaping riverbanks and removing their vegetation. These changes were prompted by the need to change the type of transport vessel as a result of the timber crisis. To this end, specialists from Upper Austria were brought to build the new softwood vessels that were cheaper and corresponded with the characteristics of the Mureş River. The engineer Mathias Fischer was appointed project leader. He also initiated and planned cleaning operations on the river. The article also presents the work methods and machines employed during these operations and discusses the failed operation to eliminate the meander at Ciugud. In addition, the efforts of the Transylvanian Gubernium and Salt Office led to the accelerated development of towns such as Alba Iulia and Topliţa.

From Courtship till the Morning After: The Role of Family, Kin and Friends in the Marriages of László Székely

Author(s): Andrea Fehér / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2018

This study presents the different stages of the eighteenth-century Transylvanian marriage rituals, from betrothal, wedding ceremony, and bedding until the morning after. It also examines the roles played in this process by the “kinship-family.” The study draws on a wide range of published and unpublished biographical works from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Among these diaries, autobiographies, and memoirs written by members of the political elite, the unpublished autobiography of Count László Székely stands out, as it provides a considerable amount of data regarding some customs and traditions related to Transylvanian marriages and marriage rituals. Building on the count’s very personal and emotional narratives, we offer a sketch of the ways in which Transylvanians entered into marriage. We consider marriage a long process rather than a single act, in which family, friends, and kin played a significant role.

A pozsareváci békekötés és a magyarok

Author(s): Sándor Papp / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

From the perspective of Hungarian historiography, the Treaty of Passarowitz means the restoration of the territorial integrity of the historical Kingdom of Hungary after almost two centuries. The author of this study aims to examine if there were any possible alternative ways to resolve this conflict other then what became known as the Treaty of Passarowitz, when the war initially broke out in 1716. After the failed uprising (1703–1711), Francis II Rákóczi continued his diplomatic efforts to reclaim the lost Principality of Transylvania. Despite the difficult international situation, he left France for the Ottoman Empire and tried to use the military conflicts between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire to achieve his goals. The study also examines the circumstances of Rákóczi’s invitation to the court of the Sultan, and explains that the first letter of invitation sent to him was a formal political treaty, in which the Sultan gave him the Principality of Transylvania. However, he never received this document, instead he got another letter, but this one only promised his confirmation as prince at a later date. The second half of the study analyzes an unpublished Turkish manuscript from the 18th century, which contains the Turkish exchange of letters regarding the peace negotiations at Passarowitz. In this volume several references to Rákóczi can be found, as well as four documents originating from him and two letters sent to him by the Grand Vizier. Through these documents we can examine the prince’s international relations, and how the Ottoman Porte tried to use Rákóczi to decrease its international isolation.

A francia külpolitika és Magyarország a pozsareváci béke idején

Author(s): Ferenc Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

After the defeat of the Rákóczi uprising European diplomacy went through drastic changes. Following the War of Spanish Succession, the great European powers made stronger commitments to peaceful conflict resolution and “balance of power” politics. The death of Louis XIV also caused significant changes in French foreign policy. The new French government aspired to improve French-English relations, which led to the alliance of these two great powers, and later to the creation of the Triple Alliance when the Dutch Republic joined in January 1717. The conspiracy led by Cardinal Alberoni questioned the division of the Spanish inheritance established in the peace treaty and seriously threatened peace in Europe. As a reaction the Habsburg Empire also joined to alliance in 1718, forming the Quadruple Alliance. The new European political landscape was not favorable for the continuation of the Hungarian independence movements, and the new shapers of French foreign policy did not support the Hungarians working against their legitimate ruler either. For Francis II Rákóczi, who fled to France after the Treaty of Szatmár, the reignition of the Habsburg-Ottoman war in 1716 presented a new chance to spark rebellion in Hungary. Rákóczi accepted the Sultan’s invitation in 1717 and travelled to Turkey. To the disappointment of the emigrant Hungarians, the war was near its end, and the Treaty of Passarowitz extinguished all their hopes. After this, French foreign policy treated the question of Hungarian political emigration as a primarily Ottoman issue. However, on the level of secret diplomacy they kept the fate and plans of the Hungarian emigrants under surveillance, and in certain political situations -like during states of war- sometimes they renewed their relations with Hungarian emigrant leaders through Hungarian agents in French service.

Karlócától Pozsarevácig. A Velencei Köztársaság és az Oszmán Birodalom kapcsolata olasz szemmel

Author(s): Mónika, F. Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

In this study the author first gives a short summary of Venetian–Ottoman relations from their first contact in the 15th century to the Treaty of Karlowitz (1698-1699), focusing on the nature of these relations and the occasional military conflicts. After briefly discussing the creation of the Treaty of Karlowitz – which can be considered a direct antecedent of the Treaty of Passarowitz –, primarily from a Venetian perspective, it describes the military conflict of 1714–1718, originally between only Venice and the Ottoman Empire, with Austria joining in two years later. Finally the author attempts to review the process and outcome of the 1718 peace conference in the light of the relations of the Rebublic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, using the work of Vendramino Bianchi, the secretary of the Venetian representative during the peace negotiations at Passarowitz as a primary source, that was published in Italian in 1719 in Padua (Bianchi, Vendramino: Istorica Relazione della Pace di Posaroviz di Vendramino Bianchi. Padova, 1719).

A „szerepváltó” uralkodónő

Author(s): Krisztina Kulcsár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Thomas Lau: Die Kaiserin Maria Theresia. Böhlau Verlag, Wien–Köln–Weimar, 2016. 440 oldal

Lét vagy csak látszat?

Author(s): Ágnes Deák / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2018

Gerald Stieg: Sein oder Schein. Die Österreich-Idee von Maria Theresia bis zum Anschluss. Böhlau Verlag, Wien−Köln−Weimar, 2016. 283 oldal