Un document inedit privind Ajutorința de iarnă în Moldova în anul 1794
An unpublished document on the Winter Aid in Moldavia in 1794
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An unpublished document on the Winter Aid in Moldavia in 1794
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Ferenc Rákóczi II is a favorite figure in European history, which is partly due to the fact that after the fall of the war of independence (1703-1711) he was forced into a long exile. The story of the emigrant prince and his comrades was one of the most popular and controversial topics in our national history, whose perception changed from era to era. The study tries to point out the significance of the Rákóczi emigration through the historical sketch of the Peace of Satu Mare, based on recent research. The prince, who was forced to emigrate to Turkey after the years spent in France, and the Hungarian fugitives who have followed him not only received refuge in their new home in Tekirdağ, but also established a new Hungarian emigrant political and spiritual center. Here, along with the unrealized foreign policy plans, such masterpieces were created as Rákóczi’s Confessions (Confessio peccatoris) or the Letters from Turkey of Mikes Clement. The Hungarians from Tekirdağ and their compatriots forced into French exile have played an important role in the eastern arena of French secret diplomacy and also in the spread of Hungarian hussarship in Western Europe.
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The demographic studies concerning the early modern history of Transylvania shed light on only one segment of the whole picture, due to the fragmentation of the relevant historical sources, as well as the limited scope of the censuses regarding the taxable population. Fortunately, there is significant information concerning the state of demographic attributes during the first third of the 18th century. The censuses (conscriptiones) ordered by the central government in the first decades of the 18th century are suitable for analysing the ethnic distribution of the population at the level of individual settlements. This article explores the demographic conditions in Torda County’s Unitarian villages during this period, using both these censuses, and other sources, mainly ecclesiastical ones. It should be emphasized that this type of research is only a drop in the ocean in terms of the complexity of the issue. However, hopefully its results can contribute to a deeper understanding of the demographic conditions of 18th century Transylvania.
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The purpose of this paper is, on the one hand, to present Károly Brentán’s missionary achievements he accomplished in the territory of the Maynas Jesuit District during the third decade of the 18th century and, on the other hand, to provide a detailed examination of his work as head of the Jesuit Province of Quito and as procurator generalis in the 1740s. Moreover, the paper focuses on important aspects of Brentán’s scientific achievements by detailing certain characteristics of his lost opus – Marannonensium S. J. Missionum generalis Historia iconibus illustrata – and by analyzing the particularities of the Provincia Quitensis, a map from 1751, which bares his name along with a fellow Jesuit. During the critical reconstruction of Brentán’s life and deeds, various primary sources were taken into consideration: his own letters, accounts and reports, which can be found at the Archivo Documental de la Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Aurelio Espinosa Pólit and other previously published records written by his Jesuit contemporaries.
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One of the most debated issues in the history of the Jesuits is the evaluation of their activities in their former Paraguay Province. As it is known, the Guaraní War, which followed the Spanish– Portuguese Treaty of 1750, and the Jesuit Fathers’ supposed participation in it led to their expulsion from the South American continent. One of the expelled fathers was Ferenc Limp SJ, born in 1696 in the city of Mosonmagyaróvár (now in Hungary), who took up the task of evangelizing the Indians in 1726, and after a short training course completed in Spain, he was assigned to missionary in Paraguay. From 1729 onwards he worked in several reducciones of Paraguay (Concepción, Santo Ángel and Candelaria), and in 1752–1753 he directed the mission of San Lorenzo. He was expelled from the provinces in 1768, and due to the inhuman treatment on the long journey to Spain, he died at the port of Cádiz in 1769. The aim of this paper is to shed light on his activities in 1752–1753 on the basis of a collection of letters found in the Archive of Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid. This collection consists of 24 missives dated between 30 May 1752 and 27 September 1753 from Father Limp to Luis Altamirano, representative of Jesuit General Ignazio Visconti, and three of the comisario’s responses. These letters provide convincing evidence that Father Limp, who was nominated by Altamirano as his assistant, contributed substantially to the fulfillment of the mission and to the completion of transferring people and goods to Spanish territories.
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Babarczi Dóra: Magyar jezsuiták Brazíliában 1753–1760. Szeged, SZTE Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történettudományi Doktori Iskola Modernkori Történeti Program, 2013. 238 p.
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Walker, Charles F.: The Tupac Amaru Rebellion. Cambridge–London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014. 347 p
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The Jesuit missionaries arrived in Lower California in 1697. The missionaries had a specific purpose: to ensure the evangelization of Californian Amerindians, but it should also lead to an expansion of the territories of the Crown as well as to the establishment of the Viceroyalty’s central authorities and the local administration. They met many adversities: climate, terrain and semi-nomadic communities. The Crown wanted the missions to be founded to help the Manila Galleon in its “tornaviaje”. All these provide a framework for the contacts between the Jesuit missionaries, the native communities of the Peninsula and sailors from the Philippines.
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The written sources of the history of famous spiritual and cultural center of Tatev monastery of medieval Armenia (at present in the Syunik region of Republic of Armenia) aren’t only the epigraphs and colophons of manuscripts, but also the inscriptions of various church artefacts. Some of them are kept in the History museum of Armenia and were studied at the beginning of 1960's yet. 10 inscribed copper plates kept in the Tatev monastery didn’t deserve of special attention till today. The inscriptions of plates, which are dated to second half of the 18th century are short memories, in which are testified the names of donators, the monastery which received donations and the clagymans who moved the items. The plates are remarkable with its round stamp-marks of masters or workshops, which are kept on the external side of the bottom and are decorated with crosses, almonds and floral ornaments. At present 2 of them are exhibeted in the newly-opened museum of Tatev monastery.
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Hodacs, Hanna: Silk and Tea in the North. Scandinavian Trade and the Market for Asian Goods in EighteenthCentury Europe. Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan, 2016. xii + 216 p. (Europe’s Asian Centuries.)
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In the light of the contemporary sources, at the beginning of the 18th century in Buda, Don Thomaso Raspassani, the Catholic priest of Watertown (Víziváros, Wasserstadt), was a widely known man, although opinions on his role and personality greatly varied. In his lifetime the city magistracy and the German population sought, unsuccessfully, to expel him, while at the same time the Hungarian minority adored him. While he had once been perceived as a symbol of the “Jesuit oppression”, in his death he became the defender of urban freedom. Raspassani’s memory is still preserved at one of the most frequented squares of the capital (today Batthyány Square) by the huge baroque building of the Saint Anna Church near the Danube riverbank, which received its name at his suggestion. It is only recently that Hungarian researchers have come to know about Raspassani’s activities in Kosovo and the leading role he played in the anti-Ottoman uprising that broke out in his homeland. This study, which is based on the few but previously unused archival documents and other materials, aims to describe and analyse the extraordinary circumstances of the new world surrounding Raspassani and his role in the urban development of Buda. It also explores the background of his secretive lifestyle.
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The aim of the article is to present the life of Francis II Rákóczi, the leader of the Hungarian antiHabsburg uprising at the beginning of the 18th century, in the years 1701–1703 and 1711– 1712, when he lived in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. During that time, the last ruler of independent Transylvania faced ill fate and loneliness, but never abandoned his efforts to return to Hungary. After the fall of the 1711 Hungarian uprising he went to Poland, where at first he stayed at the estate of a Polish noblewoman Elżbieta Sieniawska. Afterwards, he went to Gdańsk and spent almost a year there. At the end of 1712 he sailed away to France in hope of gaining Louis XIV’s support for the “Hungarian cause”.
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The modern Turkish town of Tekirdağ, situated on the shores of the Marmara Sea, formerly known as Rodosto, is one of the best-known lieux de mémoires of the Hungarian history. The 18th century history of Hungarian emigration formed by Prince Francis Rákóczi II and his comrades-in-arms is relatively well known, but we have only partial information about families of Hungarian origin settled down in Rodosto. The Kőszeghy family was one of the most famous of such families, whose members integrated into the international society of the Levant over the centuries. This paper aims to present the history of this family from their ancestors in Rodosto, through diplomats and merchants in the 19th century, to the Saïh family who emigrated to France in the early 20th century. The family history reflects well the great historical changes of Central Europe and the Middle East over the past three centuries.
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This study examines the image of Hungary, with its history, its society and its economy, as Francis II Rákóczi represented them in retrospect in the two autobiographical works, the Confessio peccatoris and the Mémoires, he wrote during his exile in France and then in Turkey. It shows how Rákóczi relates the historical events leading up to the War of Independence of 1703–1711, how he describes the military background and various other aspects of this war. The image of Hungary in both works combines factuality, representation of reality and fiction in different proportions and in different ways. In the Confessio, the main features of the relationship between the three factors are the frequent changes in narrative perspective, the constant fluctuation between fact, fiction, semi-fiction, and the consciously theologized and mytho-religious realignment of the course of life. While Rákóczi records many events and phenomena more or less realistically, he resorts to the means of literary transformation and rhetorical formulation in various ways. He strives to achieve “objectivity” while describing the events of Hungarian history and the contemporary situation in terms of his political and military aspirations, with a need for self-justification. In many places, he alters the facts or gives a partial interpretation of the role of the Habsburgs in Hungary. The Mémoires are the personal testimony of a politico-military experience as well as a partial responsibility assumed for what happened. The work is the expression of political thought, moral behaviour and inner conviction. As for the image of Hungary in the two works, it appears through the various levels of the text, autobiographical level, historical and interpretative level. Factuality and fictionality, just like fiction, semi-fiction and non-fiction, are valid only jointly, in relation to each other.
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It was during his emigration to France, when Ferenc Rákóczi II had begun writing his Latin work, Confessio Peccatoris, in which he looked back at his life and examined how God’s grace had been affecting it previously. The period of the War of Independence, i.e. the period between 1703 and 1711, is not part of this particular autobiography. Nevertheless, the text regularly refers to persons who played an important role as soldiers or leaders during the War of Independence and later played a significant role in Rákóczi’s life. Rákóczi also completed the history of the War of Independence in French, entitled Memoirs during the same period. The study focuses on the consistency of Rákóczi’s terminology used to express military ranks in the Confessio Peccatoris and three other sources; namely the terminology of historical sources, the Regulamentum universale issued during the war of independence, and the terminology of the Memoirs. The paper also attempts to detect any differences between each person’s rank mentioned in the Confessio Peccatoris and the three latter sources. From the similarities and differences we can draw conclusions about Rákóczi’s self-stylization approach and the extent to which he followed and knew the contemporary military and strategic literature and the memories of other warlords.
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Parallelly with and following the Habsburg-Ottoman wars that resulted in the expulsion of the Turks from Hungary (1683–1699, 1716–1718), the military structures of the Hungarian Kingdom were reorganised. Some elements of the military, economic and social establishment which had been crystallized over the 150 years of Ottoman rule were deconstructed, and the foundations of a new system were laid. The present case-study examines the individual steps of this transformation in the context of the provisioning the garrison of Győr fortress. Supplying the military with food and pay still remained a lucrative business for some of the economic actors in the early eighteenth century.
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Few people know that the construction of the first observatory of Göttingen was linked to the Pressburg-born professor Johann Andreas Segner (1704–1777). Segner not only prepared the plans, but also directed the construction and equipment of the building. That it was so is proved by the hitherto unresearched documents of the Göttingen University Archives connected to the observatory, among them the original Segner manuscript, which runs to 123 pages. Segner himself corresponded personally with the royal council at Hanover, he gave directions to the stonecutter, the roofer, and the mason, ordered the equipment of the observatory from England, prepared the draft of the openable roof of the building, and even planned the decoration of the facade. However, the activities of Segner have left few traces in the scholarly literature, the first Göttingen observatory being attached to the name of Tobias Mayer. Mayer was appointed in 1750 as fellow-director alongside Segner, but his appointment led to constant misunderstanding between the two of them on account of the disputed interpretation of their post. Due to the intrigues of Mayer, Segner eventually resigned the leadership of the institution he had established himself, and also left the university. He went to Halle, where he was appointed by King Frederick of Prussia as the first-ranking professor of the local university.
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Estates and Constitution: The Parliament in Eighteenth-Century Hungary. By István M. Szijártó. Translated by David Robert Evans. New York–Oxford: Berghahn, 2020. 350 pp.
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