Lansarea cărții „Armata Română în Război” (1941-1945)”
An article about the launch of the volume “Romanian Army in War (1941-1945) ”of Colonel (r) Alesandru Duţu.
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An article about the launch of the volume “Romanian Army in War (1941-1945) ”of Colonel (r) Alesandru Duţu.
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The Albanian literature of the second half of the twentieth century, in addition to the official side, also had the unofficial side, or better to say: in addition to the visible side, it also had the hidden side. Parallel to the literature of socialist realism, which was installed after the Second World War in Albania as official literature, there were also created another literatures which were not controlled by ideological dogma. These literature were mainly: literature from the prison, literature from the files, and banned literature - that were created within the country, as well as literature of diaspora. While the literature of socialist realism interrupts the continuity of Albanian literature, the mentioned literature were the continuation of the Albanian literature from the years ’30s-’40s of the last century. At a time when the so called oriented literature enjoyed the respect of the ideologues of the new society of "equal" people, those who were not in the path of the oriented were punished by the power, were considered the enemies of the power - because in dictatorial powers, there are only two ways: you have to be with power or against it, there was no third way. At that time, when the dictatorship was installed in Albania, beginning of the end of the Second World War until the fall of communism in the early 1990s, among the prisoners, together with war criminals, the declassed, etc., a permanent presence in prison had the writers, some of whom did not even manage to survive. Among them were Ndoc Nikaj, Bernardin Palaj, Vinçenc Prendushi, Mirash Ivanaj, then later prisoner authors Arshi Pipa, Kasem Trebeshina, Lazër Radi, Kudret Kokoshi, Trifon Xhagjika, Genc Leka, Vilson Blloshmi, Havzi Nela, Frederik Rreshpja, Pano Taçi, Maks Velo, Zyhdi Morava, Visar Zhiti; in Kosovo Adem Demaçi, Xajë Nura, Adem Gajtani, Teki Dërvishi, Beqir Musliu, until the generation of 1981, as Hydajet Hyseni, Merxhan Avdyli, Januz Januzaj, Bajram Kosumi, as well as the prisoners of the 90s, of the war of KLA, 1997-1999. Literature of the prisoner authors will be in the focus of this paper.
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In this paper, starting from Gerard Genette's theory, but making a small modification, we have identified and analyzed the narrators in a series of narratives of several works by Mitrush Kuteli published before and during the World War II. In a large part of the stories, a narrator starts the narration, but does not tell about himself. The narrator tell a story that he has heard or was a witness of it or simply a spotter, but sometimes he also narrates about another character who is in his circle of his narrative, who begins to narrate about another circle, about another story. These are participatory narrators: some of them have an undistinguished identity, some have a partial identity, and some of them have a complete identity. There is e situation when the first narrator opens the story, but a little later, he transfers the narration over to another who narrates about his 'life'. However, in Kuteli’s stories we also find first-person narrators, who open the story, are involved in the narrated world, have a full identity, and are heroes of their stories. Nevertheless, sometimes happens that such characters stop telling stories about themselves and tell fairytales, but they also tell stories about others, to whom they relate in some way, by action or involvement of emotions. In some stories, we have the classic third-person narrator, but sometimes, especially in the beginning, it seems like they are participants in the narrated world. However, a little later, we see that is not the case, it is just the impression created by the use of 'folklore' nuances is the way of narration. The interweaving of narrators in Kuteli's stories never jeopardizes the motivational structure. In some stories, we find up to four narrators, but their narration within a story is a ‘natural’ part of the flow of stories. The activating of one narrator by deactivating another or vice versa becomes so ‘easily’ and enjoyable that the reader does not even notice it. I am talking about the reader who does not aim for narratological analysis. Meanwhile, for the analytical reader it gives a good material for analysis, as I believe we proved above.
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A concise, handy “how to” book, the manual as a format, has a long history in the architecture field, which one might consider having evolved in its structure and circulation from Alberti’s De re aedificatoria [On the Art of Building]. As Mario Carpo suggests, Alberti’s treatise “did open the way for the 16th-century standardization of the system of the orders.” It encouraged the ongoing trend of sharing predetermined architectural notions, “from top to bottom,” from an authoritative voice to the supposedly instructed reader. Increasingly used by canonical institutions, organizations, and state architects, to lead trends, suggest ideal dimensions, hygienic standards, and house the average family, this tool facilitated the reconstruction of European countries, the creation of welfare state systems, and contributed to the identification of architecture - within which dwelt the housing question - mostly a matter of space-saving solutions, and rational planning.
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After the Second World War, at that time in Kosovo, people with higher education were few. Consequently, also the cadre from the field of history was missing. One of the known names of Albanian historiography and one of the first Albanian Scientific Doctors from Kosovo after the Second World War was our well-known Teacher and Professor Prof.Dr. Skender Rizaj. During his lifetime, was distinguished in three fields of his activity, as a pedagogue, scientist, and intellectual. In each of these areas, we have tried to argue with materials and documents. But we have enriched this paper with the bibliography, as much as we could collect, from the written opus of Professor Skender Rizaj. Moreover, his writing activity, undoubtedly even to this day it has remained a reference point for our and foreign scholars. Ottoman period of Albanians was the main focus of his scientific interests. I hope this paper will be a push for all of those who want to deal in more detail with the life and work of our Professor Skender Rizaj.
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This article talks about the activity of the Albanian Catholic Church during the years of World War II and its position in relation to the military and political administration set up by the Italian and then the German occupiers. The article aims to address the differences in the ranks of the Catholic clergy regarding the attitudes to be held, alternatives and dilemmas for their participation in the political formations that were created during the war years and the quisling administration of the time.
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The National Liberation Movement in Kosovo, after strengthening its military and political position in the end of 1943, and as it became increasingly clear that the end of World War II was approaching, Fadil Hoxha, one of the leading figures of the Anti-Fascist Movement in Kosovo, proposed that the Bujan Conference to be held on 31 December 1943 and 1 and 2 January 1944 in the village of Bujan in the Gjakova Highlands. The most important thing, on the basis of which this conference is mentioned, is that it conveyed the will of the people of Kosovo and its alignment with the anti-fascist allies. The resolution, which, among other things, states that the Albanian people of Kosovo and the Dukagjini Plain, expresses its free will that after the war, Kosovo joins the mother country - Albania. The Bujan Conference and its decisions have a special importance in the Albanian history, as they became the points of support and the most important and legitimate arguments of the demands of the Albanians for the independence of Kosovo and self-determination.
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The paper deals in detail with the internal and external organization of the government of Rexhep Mitrovica (November 5, 1943-16 June 1944), as well as the general circumstances of the position of Albanians in that period. Thus, after the retreat of the Italian forces, their place was taken by the German army, which continued to pursue a policy of rapprochement and peace towards the Albanians, in order to achieve their goals. Albanians largely opposed the German occupation, however, also those who "cooperated" declared neutrality with other states through Mehdi Frashëri. The main goal of Rexhep Mitrovica and many nationalists was to protect the independence and territorial integrity of Albania, ie Ethnic Albania. Under these conditions, many Albanians outside of political Albania, once ethnically, politically and economically oppressed by the Yugoslav state, found it very difficult to distinguish where their interests differed from those of the occupiers. Therefore, Albanians fearing the return of the past remained indifferent to the Anti-Fascist War or understanding towards Nazi Germany.
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Review of: MA. Mrika Limani - Myrtaj, “Perspectives on ideology and violence in the Second World War in Kosova” /“Perspektivat mbi ideologjinë dhe dhunën në Luftën e Dytë Botërore në Kosovë”, botoi Instituti i Historisë “Ali Hadri”, Prishtinë, 2021.
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The study proposes a set of analyses on the evolution of the migration balance of Romania’s population over a wide time interval, fully covering the period dominated by the communist regime (1948-1989) and the last three decades marked by the transition to a market economy. The aim is to differentiate the typology of the time and space distribution of the mentioned indicator and to test a set of explanatory factors, for each of the two distinct periods. The typological and factor analyses applied led to results that largely confirm the hypothesis of a continuity between the massive internal migration during the communist regime and the more complex migration in recent decades. At the same time, the profound changes in the incidence of certain explanatory factors certify a complete restructuring of the migration system in Romania after 1990. The massive migration from rural to urban areas, brought about by positional or socio-economic factors, was gradually replaced after the fall of the communist regime by a strong labour emigration, an effect of deindustrialization. The stimulation of the periurbanization process, by changing the way of life, introduced new variables in the functioning of the migration system, in keeping with the specific evolutions of the contemporary era.
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Review of: Academia Română. Academia Slovacă de Ştiinţe, Evenimentele de la 23 august 1944 din România şi Insurecţia Naţională Slovacă din 29 august 1944. Consecinţele lor asupra eliberării României şi Slovaciei şi a sfârşitului Celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Lucrările celei de-a IX-a Reuniuni a Comisiei Mixte de Istorie Româno-Slovace (Alba Iulia, 19-23 septembrie 2011), Banská BystricaAlba Iulia, 2012. Ediţia I, p. 162 +144. ISBN 078-80-89514-08-3. (Dagmar Maria Anoca)
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The legislative (and constitutional) powers of the Parliament in a democratic constitutional and political system should under no circumstances be undermined and diminished by the delegated or even substituting legislative activity of another state or public body, but in modern history forming in Slovakia and Hungary since the second half of the 19th century, there were extraordinary transients and events when it was necessary to transfer the exercise of this sovereign powers of parliament to another, usually the highest executive body of state power - the Government. At the time of the establishment of statehood, government legislation in war Slovakia in 1939–1945 could rely on the original general authorization of the Czechoslovak governments, which was granted to them by the Constitutional Charter of the First Czechoslovak Republic, as amended by several enabling acts. This factual and legal situation was followed up, under the Act No. 1/1939 of SC, at least nominally, by the newly constituted Slovak Government of J. Tiso, which similarly received the structure and content of the existing Czechoslovak legal order within the limits of the reception under § 3 of the said Act No. 1. As this Act had the nature of a constitutional law and also a temporary constitutional arrangement, it granted the Government of the Slovak State unlimited enabling powers for legislative and executive government activities in § 4, thus allowing it to perform almost unlimited enabling legislation of the first Slovak Republic/State whose extent and quality from a theoretical and contemporary point of view is described in more detail in the presented descriptive analysis of this paper.
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The monastery of Bous is closely connected with the early post-war history of the Saarland, its reconstruction and the path to the European Saar Statute of 1955. This article looks at the pro-European popular missions in the Saar in the context of politics at both municipal and state level, up to and including world mission.
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The author proposes an analysis of the concept of ”ideological equalization” between West European countries at the end of the Second World War, which may be defined as limiting or even eliminating the inherent differences in approaching the political organization of society on a homogenous democratic basis, faced with the aggressive assertion of an ideological formula identified as a common enemy: communism.
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The article presents the fate of two fighters on the Eastern Front in World War II, Lieutenant Mihai (Mişu) Bădulescu and Cavalry Lieutenant Radu Ionescu. Although completely different in nature, a friendship was forged between them that lasted until death. For both, the Eastern campaign marked the beginning of disaster. Mişu loses his right arm during the battles for Odessa. Radu is shot in the hip in the battles of Stalingrad and the bullet hit his sciatic nerve. For his deeds of arms, Lieutenant Mihai Bădulescu is decorated with the Iron Cross but also a Knight of the Order of Mihai Viteazu by Marshal Ion Antonescu and King Mihai I. Afterwards, the communism came for both Mişu and Radu. They had to lose their tracks somehow. Less than thirty years old, their careers destroyed, each of them sought to live. Their memories, not only their memory, were and remained, despite the tragedy, an occasion for light, an occasion for laughter and vitality. Their meetings – a ray of joy, camaraderie, brotherhood.
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Review of: Marta Petreu, Blaga, între legionari și comuniști, Iași: Editura Polirom, 2021, 347 p.
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The Relationship between the Soli Deo Gloria Student Association and the Hungarian Fraternal Community. The Reformed Youth Organization, i.e. the Soli Deo Gloria Student Association, and the Hungarian Fraternal Community were closely related. The Community was a secret organization with an anti-Nazi stance and was dissatisfied with the social system of the Horthy era. Soli Deo Gloria embraced the social problems and opposed Nazism. The common approach has created cooperation. The Hungarian Fraternal Community as a secret organization became the main defendant in the Conspiracy Trial of 1947. It was accused of wanting to overthrow the republic and was called a terrorist organization. The presentation of the cooperation between Soli Deo Gloria and the Community aims to reveal the true nature of the latter. The Hungarian Fraternal Community wanted to provide help from the background and not to enforce its will.
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W oparciu o wyniki prac archiwalnych, Johnson przybliżył fascynującą tajną współpracę wojskową między Niemcami a Związkiem Radzieckim w okresie międzywojennym, dostarczając informacje nieznane z wcześniejszych publikacji. Po zakończeniu I wojny światowej pokonane i rozbrojone Niemcy szukały sposobów na dozbrojenie się pomimo surowych ograniczeń narzuconych przez traktat wersalski. W tym czasie większość mocarstw odmówiła uznania nowego rządu bolszewickiego w Rosji, która bardzo potrzebowała inwestycji i pomocy zagranicznej, aby zbudować swoje siły zbrojne.
More...O pozornej defaszyzacji Włoch w okresie transformacji (1943-1948)
This chapter discusses de-fascisation process in Italy during the systemic transformation in 1943-1948. It will examine whether the national reconciliation policy pursued by the Alcide De Gasperi’s governments in the second half of the 1940s contributed to the emergence of a societal vision of Mussolini’s relatively mild dictatorship, which in turn made full reckoning with the fascist legacy impossible. More specifically, the chapter discusses the following issues: 1) illusory de-fascisation of Italy’s administrative apparatus, 2) the Togliatti amnesty and the absence of Italian Nuremberg, 3) anti-fascist milieu narratives on fascism as a closed chapter in national history, and 4) the phenomenon of the renaissance of neo-fascist groups against the background explicit legal norms prohibiting practicing any form of apology for the Mussolini.
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Space, which has become a multidisciplinary concept, has an interpretive richness that can be evaluated from different perspectives. Because, over time, different meanings are attributed to the space built to meet the most basic needs of people such as shelter and positioning. Especially in fictional texts, space is considered as a concept that has a perceptual dimension apart from its physical structure. It creates the perceptual dimension of the space and its reciprocal relationship with the human being. Therefore, in space studies, it is necessary to consider the human being as a fundamental element and not to evaluate the space independently from the person and the person from the place. In addition to its various functions, the space also has the feature of changing, transforming and managing people’s lives. In this study, Kemal Bilbaşar’s work called The Call of the Sea, written in 1941, will be examined in the context of the transformative effect of space. In this sense, spaces will be evaluated perceptually, not physically. Because the transformative feature of the space requires looking at it perceptually. Space performs its transforming function on both human and human’s basic existence areas. In the novel, it is told that a teacher who Works in a small and undeveloped town for five years changes place as a result of mental depressions, but cannot get rid of psychological traumas and reach a healty life in the places he goes. The author reflects the relationships and conflicts that a teacher has experienced with different places by making use of the descriptions of places. Therefore, this book, which covers space to a large extent, will be examined in the context of the transformative effect of space.
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