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A significant role of employees in the development of the sports and recreational tourism has been confirmed many times in developed tourist destinations. In this sense, this paper, as its current and relevant topic, analyzes the socio-demographic structure of the employees in tourism and sports centres as well as sports and recreational organizations within the hotels in Montenegro coast, and the position of the employees within these organizations. Special elements of the study are perceptions of the respondents’ needs for education and training of the personnel, and their views and suggestions for improving the development of sports and recreational tourism.
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The second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries mark the third and the beginning of the fourth technical revolutions, which have changed the socio-economic and household conditions of humans, and have an unambiguous impact on the health, physical and mental capacities of all persons, especially children and teenagers. Hence, there is a growing demand for scientific studies that would help to answer the main question – how can young and elderly people be motivated to change their lifestyle seeking to ensure physical activity? This is especially significant when exploring the motivation, value-based orientations and provisions of children and teenagers. The problem is formulated as a question – how can the lack of physical activity, which is particularly significant for a growing organism in childhood, adolesce and mature age, be compensated? The object of the research is the educational factors determining teenagers’ physical activity and sport orientation. The aim of the research is to explore the factors determining the physical activity and the choice of a sport branch of the fifth-tenth grade boys. According to the research conducted by Raskilas (2011), boys play computer games 18.8 hours on average per week in Lithuania. The results of our research comply with the findings of the aforesaid author. Most learners spend 2–3 hours per day in front of the computer or TV; however, the time spent in front of the TV or computer increases with age. This may be conditioned by the abundance of information on the internet and learning load related to the tasks of other school subjects. Strukčinskienė et al. (2011) maintains that approximately 16.5% of school boys walk outside for more than an hour a day. 40.6% of the boys walk outside for more than half an hour per day. More than a third of the respondents (33.3%) walk outside for less than 15 minutes per day. Pano and Marcola’s (2011) research findings reveal that the main reason preventing from sports is the lack of time. 59% of the respondents claim having no time for doing sports. The authors indicate another important reason that prevents 14–18-year-old boys from doing sports, namely the shortage of nearby sport centres. Such a tendency is also confirmed by our research. The research carried out by Smalinskaitė (2002), which aims at revealing the reasons that prevent the cultivation of different sport branches, demonstrates that the learners’ attitude to sports has the greatest impact, since the majority of the repondents (18.8% of boys, and 32.7% of girls) claim having no desire to do sports. Besides, they do not have enough time (6.6% of boys and 18.1% of girls). The current research reveals that the majority of teenagers (boys) believe that they are relatively physically active and nothing prevents them from being active. However, a number of reasons are revealed that prevent the teenagers from physical activity and confirm the findings of other authors’ studies. They include laziness, lack of time, lack of concreteness in parents’ approach to sports, the belief that learners are not physically fit enough, as well as health problems. Smalinskaitė (2002) also reveals why learners cultivate a selected branch of sports, i.e. the motifs for their sport activity. It appears that the main motifs why the learners undertake sports include their willingness to develop character (18.7%), as well as health promotion and care of appearance (18.2% of all the respondents). Pano and Marcola’s (2012) research demonstrates that 41.29% of the respondents do sports as they wish to improve their physical appearance, whereas 27.31% claim that they want to have a good time. While doing sports, teenagers also strive to improve their physical activity (23%), improve their health (24.94%), control their weight (20.86%) and stay with friends (20.64%). The results of our research confirm that the main and most important factors determining teenage boys to do sports is their willingness to stay healthy, to achieve good results in sports and to do something meaningful in their leisure time. Such reasons as willingness to be attractive, recognised and famous, as well as a wish to enter the national team are rare. According to the results of the current research, the boys claim that their parents are glad that the children meaningfully spend their free time doing sports and believe that they can achieve good results in sports. However, a minor part of parents still claim that the physical load for their children is too big, as well as too much time is allotted to doing sports, whereas sport facilities are poor. Nevertheless, it is assumed that parents perceive the benefit and significance of sports for their children. The carried out research allows generalising the value-based provisions and attitudes of teenagers towards the reasons affecting their physical activity. The obtained results deal with the learner needs in the system of non-formal physical education, as well as reveal the necessity to further explore various motifs for physical activity and development of motivation for sports in both the system of education and family. The analysis of the research results reveals that the learners of grades 5–10 do not have firm attitudes regarding the diversity and choice of motifs for physical activity, as well as opportunities for sport activity. According to the learners that do sports, parents and teachers of physical training do not have a decisive impact on the choice of sport activity, which leads to the conclusion that the impact of these factors should be promoted at this age. The analysis of the questionnaire survey results reveals the peculiarities of the period of adolescence that is influenced by the processes of growing and development. It is assumed that at this period, learner activities can be promoted by educating parents and teachers, deepening their knowledge about and competencies of teenagers’ physical education, as well as considering the peculiarities of teenagers’ biological and psychological maturation.
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This article analyses the subjective well-being of physical education teachers as well as its connection to the manifestations of attitude towards social communication that can impact educators’ professional activities. In order to carry out the research an independent sample of physical education teachers was constructed. The method of written questionnaire was used. The results allowed to make conclusions on teachers’ subjectively evaluated personal and social wellbeing. It was discovered that those with less work experience and more frequent exercise during their leisure time tend to be more optimistic about their personal wellbeing. Additionally, male physical education teachers were more optimistic about personal wellbeing over the past four weeks than their female counterparts. More optimistic teachers more often support open expression of discontent and rudeness during communication with other people and nagging in the social life. The results show that overall performance of physical education teachers can be guaranteed by their involvement in health-improving activities carried out in their work places, since the well-being of these specialists can be considered as a determinant for life-long health promoting physical activity for the members of society.
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It is important to analyse the motives that encourage students to choose academic studies as this points out to how engaged with their field of studies and how well prepared for their future profession they will be. The learning experience of university students, their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with academic studies can encourage students either to become more strongly committed to their profession or to revise their career goals. The aim of the present research was to determine the academic motivation of the first year pre-service physical education teachers and how this relates to their satisfaction with academic studies. In order to assess the students’ intrinsic, extrinsic motivation and a motivation the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) (Vallerand et al., 1992) was used. The Course Experience Questionnaire (Ramsden, 1991), which consists of 5 sub-scales: Good teaching, Clarity of goals and standards, Appropriate workload, Appropriate assessment, Development of generic skills, was used in order to determine the students’ satisfaction with their studies. There were surveyed 84 first year full-time students of physical education study programmes in the field of education and development from the four Lithuanian universities. It was established that, while choosing a career and getting ready for the professional activity, for pre-service physical education teachers both intrinsic and extrinsic motives are common and the level of a motivation is low. The highest score was given by the first year students for the teaching strategies that motivate students to learn (Good teaching). The lowest scores in the student satisfaction with academic studies were recorded in their evaluation of Appropriate Workload and Appropriate Assessment. The research revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic academic motivation of students have a statistically reliable connection of mean strength with Quality of teaching, Clarity of goals and standards, as well as Development of generic skills, whereas a motivation – with Appropriate workload and Appropriate Assessment sub-scales. The results of the present quantitative research are significant in assessing the impact of academic environment on the students’ motivation to pursue the chosen profession.
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Research was carried out to determine self-esteem in decision making and decision-making styles of high school student national athletes in Wrestling, Boxing, Karate, Taekwondo and Judo branches in terms of branch and year of doing sports variables. In the research, the descriptive survey method which aimed to reveal the current situation was used. A total of 135 students engaging in fighting sports and studying in different high schools in Erzurum province, participated in the study. In the research, Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire consisting of two parts, developed by Mann et al. (1998) and adapted to Turkish by Deniz (2004) was used as the data collection tool. For data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for paired comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis was used for multiple comparisons. The significance level in the research, α=0.05 was selected. As a result of the research, it was observed that panic decision making and postponer decision making styles which were sub-dimensions of the scale of decision-making styles, differentiated significantly in terms of athletes engaging in taekwondo branch. It was concluded that the level of self-esteem in decision making differentiated significantly in judo branch. When levels of self-esteem in decision making were examined, it was concluded that self-esteem levels of those engaging in sports for 1 year and less in decision-making decision differentiated significantly according to the year of doing sports and the sub-dimensions of decision-making style scale did not differ differentiated significantly.
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The aim of this study was to examine deeply the experiences of women who prefer long distance running as a serious leisure activity within the framework of Self-Determination Theory. According to the theoretical framework, it was aimed to understand how participation in a serious leisure activity affects individuals' basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. The research was designed in the phenomenological paradigm in the qualitative research method. The study group was determined by maximum variety sampling method. The study was conducted with 14 women including independent running groups in Ankara. The data were collected through semi-structured interview form using individual interviews. The data analyzed by thematic analysis method. As a result of the analyzes, three main themes were formed in accordance with the theoretical framework. The first theme was “Running as a part of life” the second theme was “Meaning of leisure” and the third theme was “Construction of social environment”. The results revealed, although the participants see the running as a part of their lives, they hesitate to define themselves as long distance runners. They emphasized that the running had a huge impact on the happiness of believing that it was an easy way to set a goal and see what they have accomplished. In terms of their socialization and psychological relief, they considered the groups of participants to be important. As a result, according to the participants opinion, it was seen that the basic psychological needs of the autonomy, competence and relatedness satisfy by long distance running as a serious leisure activity. Therefore, it is important that women are directed to serious leisure activities.
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The aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic mechanisms that affect the currently observed dynamic expansion of the set of fitness class names. It has been proved in the course of the conducted analyses that it is underlain by three processes related to the selection of lexical components in terms of origin, segmentation and semantics of forms. Their operation is motivated by extra-linguistic factors, namely the need to distinguish a training in one fitness club from a training in a competitive club. Hence, it has been proved that commercialization – as a factor that that had never been allowed for in the studies of the language of sport – inspires changes on the linguistic plane.
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In 1940, the first written rules appeared. The first football-tennis competition took place in the same year mentioned above, and between 1953 and 1961 the first league, called Liga Trampska, was held. In 1961, the Czech-Slovak Sports Organization officially recognized the new sport and thus established the Football-tennis Commission in Prague. The Czech Football Association was founded in 1971 and in 1974 the Slovak Football Association was established. Regarding the emergence of football-tennis at the national level, it can be said that it has been practised since the 1970s, but under a different name. The first competitions organized and of particular importance date back to the years 1982-1989, when the eight editions of the Balaci Foot-Tennis Cup, now football-tennis, took place. Between 1993-1994, the first National Championship and the first Romanian Cup were organized under the aegis of F.R.F.T.- C.A.J. At the same time, twelve teams joined and participated in these competitions.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze, through the "Illinois" agility test, the level of progress made by the subjects under investigation from the point of view of the evolution of coordination capacities before and after the implementation of the proposed training program. The application included 32 athletes (15 in the experimental group and 17 in the control group). The level of progress achieved by the subjects under investigation was measured by the Illinois agility test. The "Illinois" agility test for speed, testing on different directions, agility and body control showed a decrease in the average time achieved by the athletes of the experimental group at the end of the training period by 1.19 seconds, the progress achieved was 7.6%. By comparison, the control group at the end of the preparatory period shows a decrease in time during the final testing, on average, by 0.34 sec. The progress is 2.0%. The elements of the handball technique are combined in the training program with the main objective of increasing the speed in different directions, the agility, the coordination, multidirectional control and the stimulation of the creativity, implicitly improvement of the individual technique with and without the ball, in junior male handball players.
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Purpose – The objective of this study is to examine the effect of social media on sports marketing. Design/methodology/approach – The data of this research have been collected through questionnaire method. The research population was formed by the followers of the club's social media pages. In this context, there are about 228.000 people who liked the club’s Facebook account; and also there are about 150.000 people following the Twitter account. The club’s population was determined from the number of followers on the Facebook page. 384 questionnaires was distributed to the fans. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 23.0 was used to analyze the data obtained from the survey. Reliability, Frequency Distribution, Mean Standard Deviation, KMO and Barlett Test, Factor Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analyzes were performed by determining the statistical tests to be used in the data analysis when the data were coded. The Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the scales included in the survey form. Findings – According to the findings, there is a positive and significant relationship between getting information from social media channels of Konyaspor Football Club and fans’ consuming behavior tendency. According to the results of the hypothesis tests, there is a positive and significant relationship between “Getting Information, Communication, Sharing with, Perception of Supporter, Spending Time factors and Club Licensed Product Preferences Tendency” factors.
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This study aimed to examine the awareness of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University students about the benefits of recreational activities. Eight hundred twenty students studying in different faculties at Tayfur Ata Sökmen Campus voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were chosen according to the random sampling method. To collect data Recreation Awareness Scale which was developed by Ekinci and Özdilek in 2019 was used. The scale is a self-report scale and has three sub-scales and 41 items. The data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 23 package program using independent samples t-test and One-way ANOVA in addition to descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage. According to the analysis results, the participants had the highest realization in the self-development sub-dimension and the lowest realization in the social success sub-dimension. Besides, although there were no significant differences in the variable awareness subscale scores according to gender and class, there were significant differences according to interest in sport and social student club membership status. As a result, this paper showed that students interested in sports in various ways and who are the members of a social student club are more aware of the benefits of recreational activities than the other students.
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Winter tourism has made a rapid development in terms of both supply and demand, especially since the 1960s. The current reports reveal that there is a deceleration in the growth rate of winter tourism market in last 15 years and that participation rate of people to winter sports got slower. From this viewpoint, it is aimed to determine the winter sports participation constraints of young people who constitute the large part of the winter tourism market. In this context, a questionnaire was applied to Gümüşhane University students and a sample of 457 people was reached. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, T-test, ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis. According to the results, most important constraint was “financial insufficiency” for the youth. Following “financial insufficiency” related constraints, "lack of partner", "finding unattractive", "fear-danger" and "social anxiety" come. Significant differences were found between people in different income, gender, and recreational preferences groups in terms of various constraints. In addition, it is found that factors of “fear-danger” and “finding unattractive” have significant negative effect on the interest levels of participants for winter sports.
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Local people and non-tourism travelers also benefit from tourism businesses as well as vacationers. Tourism activities are a part of the life of many people who have a holiday or not. For this reason, tourism enterprises (restaurants, travel agency hotels etc.) constitute an important part of social life. For this reason, in the study, it was aimed to evaluate the health problems that prevent the social life of the disabled people instead of identifying the obstacles they face only in some tourism enterprises. The data of the research were collected by wheelchair basketball athletes in questionnaire in 2019. The statements used in the questionnaire were taken from the Nottingham Health Profile. Nottingham Health Profile is a scale that has been translated into 24 languages other than English and has been used in many studies. Within the scope of the research, a questionnaire was collected from 134 athletes by sampling method. According to the results of the analysis, athletes need the most energy and need the least sleep. In general, an opinion was expressed that I disagree with the obstacles encountered in social life within the scope of health. This result shows that, contrary to the general judgment, basketball players with disabilities do not encounter negative situations such as pain, emotional reaction, social isolation, physical activity and sleep in social life.
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The application of latent growth model to compare the teaching effect of college physical education between sport education model and traditional physical education model provides reference for the application of sport education model to college physical education. It is considered in this study that sport education model is suitable for the application to college physical education and, in comparison with traditional teaching model, could enhance college students’ physical quality, improve sports enjoyment, and fulfill lifelong physical exercise to benefit the realization of sports participation, motor skills, and social adjustment in current college physical education. However, the promotion should take special background and time and space restrictions into account, rather than being suitable for all.
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Translating the biography of the world’s most famous golfer, Tiger Woods by Jeff Benedict and Armen Keteyian (2018a) into Polish, I made an assumption that the ability to understand the technical vocabulary of golf among the readers of the original would differ from that among the readers of the translated text. This assumption was based on the fact that golf is considerably more popular among the English-speaking nations than in Poland and that most of its jargon is based on English-language vocabulary. Therefore, the golf vocabulary was made more accessible to the Polish reader, following the precepts of the Nidian dynamic equivalence. Two methods for achieving this have been attempted: explaining the meanings of technical golfing terms within the body of the text, which corresponds to the notion of explicitation in translation; or replacing them with more common expressions in order to produce the acculturating effect. Both methods helped increase the readability of the text, but their limitations had to be taken into account. Employing explicitation could result in producing stylistically awkward sentences, and some explanations within the body of the text lacked necessary precision. Acculturation was not always possible, since in some cases the use of words conceived as equivalents of specialist terms could either mislead a lay reader or result in a negative response among readers familiar with the golf jargon. With these limitations in mind, a glossary of terminology of golf has been added to the translated text.
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Many Croatian tennis terms are anglicisms which are not in accordance with the Croatian language system. The authors analyze tennis terms from newspaper texts, textbooks and the Sports En¬cyclopedia, trying to find Croatian terms which could replace unacceptable anglicisms. After detailed analysis, they offer a short English-Croatian list of recommended tennis terms.
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This article provides an overview of empirical research into various aspects of organized sports activities among the (primary and secondary) school population in Krapina-Zagorje County. This is exploratory research based on the qualitative methodological approach, specifically on secondary data analysis and semi-structured interviews conducted on a purposive sample (N = 16) in the late summer / early fall of 2018. The following was found: pupils in general are becoming less involved in sports, and the reasons for this should be sought in lack of interest, adverse demographic trends, insufficient financial allocations, mediocre sports infrastructure, insufficient involvement of trained coaches and experts, inadequate formal regulatory framework, and a general lack of awareness of the positive effects of sport. Finally, the research emphasises the need to systematically promote organised sport among the target population, which would require the coordinated cooperation of a wide range of social actors.
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In the first part of this paper, the authors analyse definitions of the term sport and its use within Croatian legal acts regarding sports (the Croatian Sports Act and bylaws of the Croatian Olympic Committee), as well as several international legal acts (especially those of the International Olympic Committee - IOC) on which the Croatian acts are based. The analysis shows that these acts do not clearly or precisely define the term sport. Thus, in the second part of the paper, the authors turn to the philosophy of sport research literature and its definitions of sport in order to find solutions for the sports law. In the third part of the paper, the authors present their interdisciplinary proposal – integrating four determinants of sport into a sport legal system, especially for the purpose of deciding whether a particular human activity should receive the legal status of a sport.
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