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Study on the Opinions of Teachers and Students from Sports Program High Schools, Regarding the School Subject “Sport Training Theory”

Author(s): Mariana Ardelean / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The initiated study was done to determine the opinions of a number of 33 teachers from Romanian sports program high schools, who teach the school subject “Sport Training Theory” (STT) from 9th to 12th graders, in order to outline the methodological coordinates according to which they do their activity. Due to the fact that all the efforts in the teaching activity are (and must remain!) centered on the students, in this research it was also considered relevant to know the opinions of a number of 103 students from vocational profile, interviewed at the end of 10th grade. It was chosen this level of study out of two considerations: after two years of intense studying of the analyzed school subject, the expressed opinions could have a higher degree of objectivity, and the expressed statements in this matter could constitute important themes and guiding points in the subsequent methodological measures to be taken, which have as target to shape up competences and to improve the teaching-learning-assessing strategies. Questioning the two categories of subjects (teachers and students) has led, on one hand, to the illustration of the teaching framework in which the STT school subject is quartered, in relation to the values and attitudes that it is expected to be achieved at the end of a learning cycle and graduating the high school sports sections, and on the other hand, to the identification of deficient/ disturbing aspects which leave their mark on the quality and efficiency of the teaching act in comparison with the real needs and expectations that the sports program high school students claim.

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CONSEQUENCES OF ANKLE SPRAIN ON JOINT INSTABILITY AND REACTION TIME IN HANDBALL PLAYERS

Author(s): Bogdan-Alexandru ANTOHE,Marinela RAȚĂ,Bogdan-Constantin Raţă,Gloria RAȚĂ / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In handball, ankle sprains represent 20% of all injuries and are more common than hand or shoulder injuries. Ligament and soft-structure lesions arising from an ankle sprain involve the aforementioned peripheral receptors and lead to a decrease in the quality of peripheral feedback provided to the central nervous system, which influences the muscle reaction time. Depending on the severity of the sprain, the recovery period ranges between two and four weeks, sometimes being even longer. The literature presents the multiple consequences of ankle sprains on the athletes’ functional abilities, for instance: a decrease in muscle strength and endurance, an increase in the activation time of antagonist muscles, the occurrence of chronic joint instability, the early onset of osteoarthritic processes, which leads a decline in sports performance. The present paper was carried out on 17 handball players aged between 15 and 16 years and aimed to highlight the existence or nonexistence of correlations between the variables represented by: number of ankle sprains, position on the field, degree of joint instability, muscle reaction time, level of pain. Following the analysis of the results, the existence of statistically significant direct connections between the analysed variables is demonstrated. The paper provides specialists with an overview of the functional consequences of ankle sprain, which can have an influence on the results achieved in sports performance.

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VOLLEYBALL REFEREES – A STUDY FOR BUCHAREST, ROMANIA

Author(s): Doina CROITORU,Doru Dragomir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Through this paper, we intend to create a precise image of the particularities of volleyball referees in Bucharest. The present research highlights the personal indicators, social profiles and sports history of 45 out of the 60 certified referees in Bucharest. The tasks of the research were: creating a questionnaire survey, distributing the questionnaire and collecting the responses. The synthesized conclusion has revealed the following: 71% of the referees are male; their age ranges between 18 and 66 years; their most common occupations are student (27%), teacher (22%), economist (18%); regarding their level of education, 49% have a bachelor's degree, 24% a master degree and 2% a doctor degree.Through this paper, we intend to create a precise image of the particularities of volleyball referees in Bucharest. The present research highlights the personal indicators, social profiles and sports history of 45 out of the 60 certified referees in Bucharest. The tasks of the research were: creating a questionnaire survey, distributing the questionnaire and collecting the responses, processing, analysing and interpreting the data and processing the responses. The synthesised conclusion has revealed the following: 71% of referees are male; their age ranges between 18 and 66 years; their most common occupations are: student (27%), teacher (22%), economist (18%); regarding their level of education, 49% have a bachelor’s degree, 24% - a master’s degree, and 2% - a doctor’s degree; their favourite spare time activities are related to sport, and 67% of them mention volleyball as their preferred leisure activity; they commonly started their sports activity when they were between 6 and 12 years old and generally stopped it when they were between 16 and 20 years old as a result of having less free time; most of them are registered in school sports clubs and only 5% have not signed up for a regular championship; most of them had their first match as referees very soon after graduating from the referee school; 62% of the investigated group have an experience of over 100 refereed matches, and 27% have at least one experience as international referees.

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THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS PRACTISING POWERLIFTING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT UNIVERSITIES

Author(s): Viorel DORGAN,Dumitru PRODAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study is an analysis of the literature, a synthesis of the opinions of sport specialists on the physical training of students who practise top-level sport while studying in higher education institutions. In the view of many authors, the basis of sports training is physical training. At the same time, physical training is inextricably linked to increasing the general level of the body’s functional capabilities, improving multilateral physical development and strengthening health. According to the sports training theory, physical training in powerlifting, as in other sports, is divided into general physical training (GPT) and special physical training (SPT). The present research reflects information related to the processes, percentage and ratio of using GPT and SPT in powerlifting but especially in higher education students who practise this type of sport. In addition, the paper examines effective ways of transferring the positive action of correctly selected and used exercises to the training process. It also provides an overview of the precautions related to the incorrect use or selection of auxiliary exercises. Based on the statement that special physical training aims to develop the physical skills of athletes so that they meet the specifics of the chosen sport, the article includes a series of classifications of exercises for SPT in powerlifting.

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INFLUENCE OF PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON THE EXPLOSIVE POWER OF SENIOR RUGBY SEVENS PLAYERS

Author(s): Gabriela LEPCIUC,Viorel DORGAN,Veronica Popescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

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AGGRESSION IN WOMEN’S RUGBY: CORRELATION WITH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISE CAPACITY

Author(s): Florentina-Petruța MARTINAȘ,Gabriela LEPCIUC,Petruț-Florin TROFIN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the game of rugby, aggression is allowed by regulation, being educated the athlete’s ability to play and fight until the end without using the destructive act in order to reach the desired performance. In the present research, the group of participants consisted of 20 senior rugby players, professional athletes of the CS Politehnica Iași Women’s Rugby Sevens team (163.2 ± 5.9 cm, 59.7 ± 5.8 kg, 22.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2, 28.5 ± 3.1% body fat and 31.1 ± 1.5% muscle mass). The aim of this paper is to investigate the correlations between aggression and the aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity of female rugby players. The Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) was applied to assess aggressiveness, aerobic capacity was assessed by the VAM-Eval test (49.65 ± 3.99 ml/kg/min), and the 8 x 10 + 10 m test (6.91 ± 1.89%) was used to determine anaerobic lactacid power. Statistical analysis was performed using the GraphPad Prism 6 program by applying the Pearson correlation index. Analysis of the results for the research sample reveal a single significant correlation between maximum oxygen consumption and the level of verbal aggression (r = 0.451, p = 0.045). At the same time, there is no connection between anaerobic exercise capacity and aggression parameters. The research results also indicate a direct relation established between aerobic endurance and the level of verbal aggression of female athletes, which can be used in sports selection.

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DETERMINING THE FUNCTIONAL SYMMETRY OF THE LOWER LIMBS BY USING THE Y BALANCE TEST

Author(s): Iancu RĂCHITĂ,Ofelia POPESCU,Mihaela NETOLITZCHI,Narcis NEAGU,Florin SUCIU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Y Balance Test is a dynamic test performed in a single-leg balance position that requires strength and mobility. The test is used to assess the functional symmetry of the lower limbs and identify athletes at high risk of injury. Technological advances in equipment and slope preparation as well as the increase in strength and speed indices have turned alpine skiing into an extremely spectacular sport, which is why the stress on athletes’ muscles and joints has constantly grown. Therefore, permanent changes in non-specific training have been required in recent times, leading coaches to be more and more concerned with finding the most effective methods of training and preventing injuries. In order to make training performance more efficient, calculation formulas are used to identify differences in limb symmetry. The research purpose was to identify the most effective methods and means leading to the development of joint mobility and the prevention of injuries. The research consisted of a case study that was conducted over eight weeks and included training programmes for the development of both mobility and specific speed and strength. The research was carried out experimentally so that the results obtained could be implemented in the future training programmes of the national team. The participant belongs to the Carpați Sinaia Sports Club and was assessed by the Y Balance Test. The athlete’s results in the final test highlighted the effectiveness of the training programmes, which was revealed by an increase in the composite score between the two tests

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IMPACT OF THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN THE 100-METER RACE

Author(s): Răzvan-Andrei TOMOZEI,Neonila-Gabriela ȘTEFAN,Anca Raluca Tanasa,Cristina Elena Moraru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 virus has caused numerous deaths among the Romanian population and worldwide, which has entailed the restriction of certain rights regarding the training of elite athletes. Most sports competitions were cancelled all over the world, even the 2020 Olympic Games, thus jeopardising the athletes’ performance. The purpose of this research is to make a comparison between the results of Romanian elite athletes in the sprint race (100 m) before and after the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to identify certain parameters specific to these races: start reaction time, heart rate (during exercise and at rest) and stride frequency. In order to identify and monitor these parameters, we used the Polar Flow application, which is popular among both team and individual athletes. It was found that the average heart rate during competition had the value 175 beats per minute before the pandemic, while after the period of restrictions, it was 184 beats per minute; at rest, the average heart rate values were 66 beats per minute and 78 beats per minute, respectively. The average values recorded in the outdoor and indoor 100 m races are as follows: before the pandemic, 6.70 s and 10.66 s, respectively; after the period of restrictions, 6.88 s and 10.85 s, respectively. The enforcement of constraining conditions that affect the optimal development of training leads to changes in physiological parameters and significant differences between the results obtained.

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SERVICE EFFICIENCY INDEX ANALYSIS FOR ROMANIAN MEN’S VOLLEYBALL TEAMS IN DIVISION A1, 2019-2020 SEASON

Author(s): Nicolae-Lucian VOINEA,Gloria Raţă,Alexandru-Rareş Puni,Constantin ȘUFARU,Vasile-Cătălin CIOCAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this study is to analyse and highlight the service efficiency indices for Romanian men’s volleyball teams in Division A1 during the 2019-2020 competition season. The research is based on the hypothesis according to which there are statistically significant differences in service efficiency indices between men’s volleyball teams participating in the Romanian Division A1 during the 2019-2020 season. In this study, we analysed 10 men’s volleyball teams in Division 1, more precisely, 104 players who performed 15,782 services in the 2019-2020 season. In order to statistically analyse the data collected from official games, the One-Way ANOVA test in SPSS was used, and the results indicated that there were statistically significant average differences between the analysed teams as regards their service efficiency indices (F (9.94) = 2.648, P = .009). The results obtained showed that the service efficiency indices depended on the value of players and teams participating in the Romanian Division A1 throughout the 2019-2020 season. Following the analysis of the assessment indices, we concluded that the service efficiency indices for men’s volleyball teams participating in the Romanian Division A1 during the 2019-2020 competition season differed from one team to another, and the differences were statistically significant.

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Monitoring of Selected Physiological Parameters of Athletes during Sports Leads (Rhabdomyolysis, Hyponatremia, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection, Hepatocyte Damage)

Author(s): Alena Žákovská,Daniela Chlíbková / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This thesis deals with ultra-endurance events, number of which raised over the last decade and that became very popular. There are not many scientific papers published concerning the influence of ultra-endurance exercise on human health. Therefore, objective of the study was to monitor ultra-endurance athletes in order to define the influence of strenous exercise on selected diagnostic markers. Selected physiological markers are connected to adverse effects of strenous exercise – rhabdomyolysis, hyponatremia, upper respiratory tract infections and liver damage. Tested subjects (total number of 116 athletes) were ultra-runners and ultra-cyclists who participated in 24-hour races and multi-stage races. Blood samples were obtained from cubital vein and following markers were analysed: Blood samples were obtained to determine leukocrit. From plasma pre- and post-race CK, [Na+ ], [K+ ], and urine creatinine and from sera LDH and ALT enzymes and immunoglobulins levels were measured by spectrophotometric method using assay kits. Creatine kinase levels increased after the race (2.9 ± 1.7 to 38.7 ± 78.9 µkat/l, p << 0.01), which refer to possible muscle damage. This was supported by increased potassium levels (pre-race 4.4 ± 1.2; post-race 5.0 ± 0.8 mmol/l, p = 0.19). Based on increase in post-race white blood cell counts (pre-race 5.6 ± 1.6, post-race 10.2 ± 3.3 x109 /l, p << 0,01) and decrease in serum immunoglobulin A levels (156.0 ± 35.1 vs. 148.8 ± 34.2 mg/dl, p << 0.01), we confirm the hypothesis concerning post-race immunosupression. Decreased immunoglobulin M levels (pre-race 169.4 ± 85.9; post-race 150.5 ± 76.9 mg/dl, p << 0.01) refer to acute inflammation. On the other hand, we reject the hypothesis of increased incidence of hyponatremia in ultra-endurance athletes. It can be assumed, that due to increased levels of alanin aminotransferase (pre-race 0.5 ± 0.3; post-race 1.0 ± 0.5 µkat/l, p << 0.01) and lactate dehydrogenase (pre-race 1.8 ± 0.7, post-race 3.0 ± 1.1 µkat/l, p << 0.01), liver damage can be involved.

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Effect of Motivational Movement Programme on the Expressed Physical Fitness and Measured Psychomotor Tempo of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients

Author(s): Běla Hátlová,Martin Dlabal,Tereza Dvořáková,Iva Wedlichová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Our research dealt with influence of a motivational movement programme (MMP) on the expressed level of physical fitness (PF) and measured psychomotor tempo of hospitalised psychiatric patients. Aim of this research is to verify whether conducting motivational interviewing (MI) during a standard motion program (SPP) in hospital has a higher positive impact on the expressed level of PF of psychiatric patients. The research used ten-point scales to measure the level of the expressed PF and the Path Test measuring the psychomotor tempo. MMP is based on motivational interviewing (MI) conducted in the course of a standard movement programme (SMP). The study population included patients with diagnosed mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use, schizophrenia, mood disorders and anxiety disorders. The obtained data confirmed significant influence of MMP on the expressed level of overall PF and its measured components including endurance, muscle strength and dexterity in exercising. The patients attending the SMP in the course of their hospitalisation did not show any statistically significant improvement in their PF as a whole and in its components either. Data confirmed a significant effect of MMP. A significant effect was not observed in the control group of patients. On the measured psychomotor tempo of psychiatric patients. A significant effect on psychomotor tempo was observed in experimental group of patients. Lower effect was observed in the control group of patients.

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Běh pro zdraví

Author(s): Jan Novotný / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The contribution is on recreational endurance running on moderate intensity as a health support. We point out its positive effects on physiological function, e.g. pleasurable experience, higher insulin sensitivity, rest heart parasympathomimetic regulation. We should to limit risks of injuries, overuse and collapses. Therefore we recommend the near natural running – in nature, on uneven path, as well as to try for a fore-foot landing and of minimalist shoes.

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Doporučená pohybová aktivita: objem nebo intenzita – nebo obojí?

Author(s): Jaroslav Novák,Milan Štork,Jaromír Votík / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic noncommunicable diseases. Sufficient daily physical activity (PA) in childhood, in adulthood and in advanced age is associated with aerobic fitness. Better-than-average VO2 max could mean that fitness age is younger than calendar age in years. Reported increased levels of PA and fitness were found reducing in relative risk of death. Important question is – how much physical activity do adults need? Adults need at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity and muscle strengthening activities work of all major muscle groups on 2 or more days a week. For additional health benefits, adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic PA to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Elderly subjects should include exercises to enhance balance. When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of PA due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities allow. In some subjects the incorporation of high intensity interval training (HIIT) into a general conditioning program will optimize the development of cardiorespiratory fitness.

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FIZIOLOŠKA REAKCIJA ORGANIZMA NA KRETNE AKTIVNOSTI TOKOM REALIZACIJE SADRŽAJA NASTAVE TJELESNOG I ZDRAVSTVENOG ODGOJA

Author(s): Faris Rašidagić,Amira Baždarević-Rašidagić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Movement maintains the vitality of the whole body. Regular physical activity, prolongs life and reduces mortality of the human population from chronic diseases. This trend can be 628especially noticeable in the age group of 50 to 70 years. Regular exercise, starting from school age, in addition to maintaining health, also helps in faster recovery after illness. However, the „amount“ of physical activity should - must be properly dosed. Inadequate „dosing” of physical activity has two opposites. In one case, this may delay the onset of the disease or the disease itself may have minor consequences for the human body. Otherwise, it can cause the onset of injury or illness. Therefore, a careful approach is needed, knowledge of how the human body functions, but also the etymology of various diseases. Education on movement dosing, requires the unity of different institutions in terms of providing conditions for exercise and movement of the entire population, as well as developing a strategy with clearly set goals. All of the above can significantly improve the health of the entire population.

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THE DESIGN OF A CYCLING ROUTE IN THE MODEL TERRITORY OF LEVICE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Author(s): Tomáš Kováč,Martin Boltižiar / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The importance of bicycle touring is currently getting more attention, mainly in other countries of the European Union, but recently also here in Slovakia. In the article, we focus on the impact of bicycle touring on tourism in Slovakia with its legislative provisions and on the design of new cycling routes. We pay special attention to the particular importance of bicycle touring in the town of Levice and the surrounding area. After analyzing and evaluating of the existing routes, we decide to propose two new ones, which could have a positive impact on the development of the territory. We designed the first route outside of the town of Levice (Levice-Dolná Seč-Vyšné nad Hronom-Žemliare-Jur nad Hronom-Starý Hrádok-Mýtne Ludany časť Dobogov - Levice) 29 km in length. We situated the second route in the built-up area of the town of Levice; its length is 6.9 km. Both proposed routes have “rekrea” difficulty, i.e., they are designed for families with children or cyclists with a lower fitness level.

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SPORTS TOURISM ACTIVITIES AS A DRIVER OF DESTINATION DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Alžbeta Kiráľová,Iveta Hamarneh / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sports tourism is recognized as an important part of the tourism industry. It refers to the experience of travel to engage in or view sport-related activities. Sports events can encourage visitors to stay longer in the destination, and this provides opportunities to showcase regional areas, their attractions and increase spends in regional destinations. The presented pilot study is focusing on attitudes of the Generation Y and Z to sports and sports tourism. The additional benefit of the results of the research is the formulation of recommendations for the destinations regarding of the sustainable sports tourism development. According to the objective of the study, the primary quantitative research was provided. The total number of respondents of the pilot was 167. It was recognized that sports activities have the significant impact on the selection of the destination of Generation Y and Z. Methods used for completing the study included the literature review and primary quantitative research.

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MEDIÁLNÍ PREZENTACE SPORTU V REGIONECH ČESKÉ REPUBLIKY

Author(s): PETRA DANÍŠEK MATUŠKOVÁ / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The media represent one of the most important sources of information and have the ability to influence individuals, organizations and territorial units. This attribute of the media co-forms the image of the territory. The aim of this paper is to analyse and detect trends and characteristic features of the sport contributions within national TV reporting, which have an impact on the presentation of the region. Absolute view indicates a strong dominance of Prague, however Liberec region is the most medialized when considering the share of the population. Sport news have predominantly neutral character. It does not allow media to alter the reality. Sport is thematically very heterogeneous. Regions are publicized especially in connection with organizing significant sport events, well-known sportmen or traditional sport sectors, which are very popular in the Czech Republic for a long time.

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FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE NEDİR? KİLO VERME ÜZERİNDE ETKİLERİ

Author(s): Hilal Doğan Güney / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Uluslararası bir terim olan fiziksel aktivite enerjinin kullanılması ve vücut hareketlerini anlamlandırmak için kullanılan basit bir terimdir. En kolay tabiri ile enerji harcamak için vücudun hareket ettirilmesi durumu olarak açıklanabilir. Fiziksel aktivite günlükyaşam içerisinde ve vücut yapımızı kullanarak kas ve eklemlerin günlük yaşam içerisinde enerji tüketerek kullanılması durumudur. Aynı zamanda bunlar gerçekleşirken kalp ve solunum hızımızı artırarak ve farklı şiddetlerde yorgunluk oluşturanbir aktivite durumuda söz konusu olabilir.

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New Technological Trend: Turbulent Cryptocurrencies and Sport

Author(s): Jakub Štědroň,Bohumír Štědroň / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article deals with new segment in the financial market: cryptocurrencies and their application. In the introductory part the current turbulent situation is analysed. Examples and system considerations in the segment of sport are presented in the second part. Final concluding analyses are predicting three scenarios of future development.

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Statistics and Its Limits and Possibilities in the Process of Knowledge

Author(s): Jiří Blažek,Ivo Moll,Miroslav Nečas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper is a reflection on the incorrect use of statistics. It describes situations in which it is appropriate to report sample data without using statistical methods. An example is a research on the new sport called jumping.

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