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„Ewangelia wiedzy”. Odczyty profesorów Szkoły Głównej

Author(s): Tadeusz Budrewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article elaborates the organization and social-educative importance of public lectures delivered by Warsaw Main School’s professors in 1865–1869. The source of this article are the articles, notes and paragraphs from Warsaw daily papers and magazines. The public lectures were the form of popularization of knowledge and were organized in Warsaw from the beginning of 1860s. About 1200 people attended the lectures and the women were 1/3 of public. Due to these lectures people without education could know the newest intellectual currents, supplement the knowledge and use scientific discoveries in their work. Professors’ lectures were also the form of financial help for indigent students of the school. The financial profits from the lectures were donated to pay tuition fee and grant help. The professors renounced the lectures’ fee. The Main School was closed in 1869 and was replaced by the Imperial University of Warsaw, in which Russian was lecture language. Polish professors gave the public lectures and donated their profits to financial help for students. Russian professors also donated profits from lectures to charitable purposes, coordinated by Russian associations. Main School’s professors integrated school with life of Warsaw. The public lectures contributed to the popularity of this form of cultural and social life. In second half of 19th century the lectures constituted the fashionable style of life and in the same time the approbation for the high position of science in social life.

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Encyklopedia i duch uniwersytetu

Author(s): Ewa Paczoska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article shows the activity of the Main School alumni in the field of preparation and publication of an encyclopedia. After the closing of the only university in the Russian partition they tried to continue in this way academic imperatives of expanding and verification of knowledge. In this difficult epoch of Polish culture they created the intellectual foundation for Polish society and they built standards for Polish science. In the era of national slavery authors of encyclopedia were working for the idea of “invisible university”.

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Terminowanie w szkole oświeconych? Szkoła Główna wobec Oświecenia. Słownik wybranych pojęć

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is the attempt to doing the dictionary of terms describing the Main School’s attitude towards the tradition of Enlightenment. The dictionary compromises the method of description and lecture of different threads of Enlightenment at the Main School. Due to the dictionary structure – encyclopedic point of view – we can describe the field of century of mind and light and the Polish positivism’s thinkers. The dictionary structure well devotes the reflection on Main School’s spirit concerning Enlightenment. The dictionary is the original choice of the most important entries making this structure and at the same time it defines the specification of relations between the Main School and Enlightenment. These entries present the dominants of meaning shaping one of the Main School’s profiles. These entries are: scientific pacifism, university union, liberty, chivalry, intelligentsia, interdisciplinary character, authorities, modern humanism, enlightened humanism, library and lectures, Encyclopedists, enlightenment/light, national language, commemoration, societies and their supporters, school of change (ratio of positivists), movement Warsaw – Vilnius.

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Edukacja i światopogląd. Uniwersytety Zygmunta Glogera

Author(s): Jarosław Mariusz Ławski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author analyzes the influence of Zygmunt Gloger’s education (1845–1910) on his views. Gloger was a great publicist, ethnologist, archeologist and collector. The contemporary people took him for authority in the field of history. He published several journalistic, scientific and literary texts in which he stated the idea of progress of civilization and science. At the same time he has a traditional approach to the question of national tradition, education, religion and social problems. The model of education, manorial milieu and characteristic of his personality had an influence to his outlook – full of contradictions. The special influence on Gloger had the schools he had attended: Warsaw School of Jan N. Leszczyński, Warsaw Main School and Jagiellonian University. Gloger didn’t graduate any school but he formed his own system of ideas combining progressive elements (Warsaw positivism) and conservative ones (the influence of Jagiellonian University).

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Na obrzeżach Szkoły Głównej

Author(s): Ewa Ihnatowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The impact of the scientific atmosphere of the Main School was reflected not only in the great projects of professors and students. Also of interest are the actions and concepts, that existed on the outskirts of the Main School, in less visible or indirect relationships with school. To and from the school ran the personal connections leading to different applications of cognitive passion and social usability of specialist. The example of Konrad Brandel shows, how variously and differently the Main School could be for the people a point of reference for their daily activities, for their recognition of professional work as a creative and cognitive structure.

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Konstelacja Szkoły Głównej. Józef Mianowski

Author(s): Grażyna Borkowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the question of “double” experience of generation of Prus and Świętochowski: from one side – the Main School’s tradition, from other side – the participation in January Uprising. There are the concurrent experiences and activities from the perspective of historians and historians of literature. De facto they are mutually contradictory, because the young people from the Main School expelled the National Government’s appeal to leave the school and join the battle. Afterwards, a lot of students took part in January Uprising, but their decisions can be treated as the expression of their attitude, independent of Main School’s ideas. In the article the author writes the profile of Józef Mianowski, the vice-chancellor of school, eminent physician and educationalist, who was held in high esteem by imperial government and Polish society. This situation is intriguing , because we are not able to explain it and it proves that we focus our attention to extreme situations (traitor – patriot) without possibility to understand more complicated “centre” (from the point of view of ideology).

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Spokój w Szkole Głównej. Uwagi na temat publicznego obiegu pojęć i wyobrażeń w Warszawie na początku lat 60. XIX wieku

Author(s): Grzegorz Marchwiński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an attempt at tracing circulation of crucial ideas in the Warsaw public discourse in early 1860s. The political situation in Kingdom of Poland, particularly patriotic manifestations and introduction of the martial law, strongly influenced rhetoric of the day. Legalists, who were advocates of the cooperation with Russian government and, at the same time, the initiators of the Main School, in their speeches related to the School in fact were talking as much about education as about politics. In order to examine connotations of pivotal ideas in their rhetoric, one has to read it along with press articles both of their followers and of the patriotic revolutionaries who were organizing the Uprising. As an effect of the examination, one finds out that both sides of debate were using the same crucial ideas, namely “peace” and “nature”, giving them different meanings that were underpinned by religious imagery.

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O „pośmiertnej historii” Szkoły Głównej w latach I wojny światowej

Author(s): Dorota Kielak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this essay the author takes up the reflection about the way of functioning of the Main School in collective memory in 1914–1918. The time of First World War – essential on account of process of the rebirth of the Polish state after 120 years of political slavery – became the period developing the new perspective of thinking about the national life’s institutions in the time of partitions. The Main School – as one of these institutions – acquired the significance in Polish cultural awareness of years of the war as the institution of the ideas of collective mentality in time of partitions but primarily was very important for Polish cultural milieu of intelligentsia. The publicists as Andrzej Niemojewski or Zdzisław Dębicki in their Main School’s retrospective examination saw the Main School as the institution which formed and consolidated the Polish intelligentsia and formed the intelligentsia’s ethos.

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Bronisław Chlebowski w kręgu Szkoły Głównej

Author(s): Urszula Kowalczuk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article we present how Bronisław Chlebowski (the Main School’s alumnus) realized his ideals propagated by intelligentsia related with the Main School. The main part of disquisition is destinated to one of the most known text about Warsaw Main School "Znaczenie Szkoły Głównej Warszawskiej w dziejach umysłowości i nauki polskiej" (1912, The signification of Warsaw Main School in history of mind and of Polish science). The assessments on Polish culture and science from this text were compared with Bronisław Chlebowski’s reflections on the Main School contained in occasional texts written during First World War (it was connected with the fact that Bronisław Chlebowski took up the post of professor at the University of Warsaw in 1916 and because of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s death). The references to Main School are only contextual but they are very characteristic for Bronisław Chlebowski’s style of thinking.

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„Ostatnie dni Szkoły Głównej”. Z kart zapomnianego pamiętnika Juliana Bartoszewicza

Author(s): Grzegorz Bąbiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article was described the last period of the Main School’s activity on the basis of forgotten diary written by one of the librarians of school – Julian Bartoszewicz. Without distance from occurred changes we can see more critical Main School’s picture as it has been presented in the anniversary memories of the Main School’s alumna. In his diary notes Julian Bartoszewicz assessed some professors negatively, because of their compliance and he described the helplessness against the transformation of school into Imperial University of Warsaw. These diary notes are so important because there are a very few so detailed relations on the Main School’s close (there are a lot of materials concerning the establishment of the Main School). The staff of professors was dispersed, the number of students was decreased and first of all a valuable collection of Main School’s Library was lost – all of this creates the picture of difficult time of Polish culture ten years after fall of January Uprising.

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Szkoła Główna (1862–1869). Źródła i stan badań

Author(s): Grzegorz Bąbiak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article the most important literature and the condition of research on Warsaw Main School are presented. Because of the loss of Main School’s archives during Second World War the modern scholars have to base on materials published before the war or they have to find some information in diaries, letters and archives of other institutions. The studies of Main School’s alumna (Kraushar, Chlebowski, Bełza, Méyet) take an important place in these materials. The modern scholars are obliged to exercise caution in their judgments because of subjectivism of the Main School’s alumna. At the close of the interwar period, when the generation of the Main School’s alumna exited, the first objective essays concerning the Main School started to come out. These essays could be the synthesis of the Main School’s achievements unless an outbreak of war. Another interest of the Main School’s history took place at the close of 1960s due to Janina Kulczycka-Saloni and her students (between them Stanisław Fita – the author of the first monograph about “Main School’s generation”). Exhaustive bibliography on the Main School’s history as well as last decades achievements aren’t too extensive despite several years passed. This bibliography contents: mainly the articles and the chapters from the joint publications and some books on history of separate disciplines (law, medicine and Polish studies). A lot of new texts we can find in the publications edited on the occasion of two-hundred-years of establishment of the University of Warsaw in “Monumenta Universitatis Varsoviensis” series.

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La Plume et le Compas: notes sur la franc-maçonnerie dans les lettres québécoises

Author(s): Bernard Andrès / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

What can be said about the links between the first Quebec writers of the 18th-19th centuries and the secret or discreet societies of freemasonry, devoted to philosophical reflection or philanthropic action? As early as the end of the 18th century,the Catholic Church in Lower Canada perceived a danger to good Canadian souls in the Enlightenment and rationalism. We examine here how the Philosophical Enlightenment and the Masonic Enlightenment nourished the first generations of French-Canadian people of letters in the years 1760-1780, then in Lower Canada (1791-1841) and up to Confederation.

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Territoires éparpillés – notes sur la littérature québécoise actuelle

Author(s): Pierre Nepveu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This short study dealing with the geography of Quebec contemporary literature is inspired by Józef Kwaterko’s major essay, Le roman Québécois et ses (inter)discours, in which he stresses the fact that the nomadic dimension, both spatial and temporal, of Quebec contemporary fiction undermines the traditional notion of identity. The present article examines a paradox: although the Quebec geography or territory is often seen as rather unknown and even disliked by its inhabitant, there is a very dynamic and rich presence of geography in Quebec contemporary poetry and novels. This strong presence of geography is different both from the traditional “terroir”, a rather pastoral and conservative vision of Quebec’s landscape, and from the revendication of “le pays” (the land) which culminated in the 1960s and was linked to the affirmation of Québécois identity. There is a new vision of the land: often peripheric, always unstable and pluralistic, linked at times to indigenous identity (among Innu poets for example) and more generally situated away from the valley of the St-Lawrence river, the traditional area of the first French settlements and of French-Canadian culture. In that sense, Quebec’s contemporary literature sees the territory as a kind of archipelago, in which there is a constant mobility of the imagination, redefining genealogies, cultural references and identity itself.

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Ralentir le rythme de la vie moderne – Jacques Poulin, un écrivain québécois postmoderne, marginal et alternatif

Author(s): Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This contribution treats the novels of the Quebec writer Jacques Poulin (born in 1937) from a twofold perspective: pointing out in the first part the main characteristics of Poulin’s biography and literary work, it then focuses on the central importance of reading, writing and, more extensively, of the book culture in his novels. The perception of reading and writing, in novels like Les Yeux bleus de Mistassini (2002, My Sister’s Blue Eyes) is characterized first by the valorization of intense and repetitive reading, second by a specific literary canon where US American and Canadian authors like Hemingway and Gabielle Roy play an important role, and third the therapeutic role of reading and the important role of literature for the human existence. Poulin’s work can be thus considered as a radical counterpoint to the evolution of contemporary societies and cultures characterized by the technological turn to visual life and digitalised media, but also by a rapidly accelerated rhythm of life and communication.

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Mythes et paraboles dans les romans de Christian Guay-Poliquin

Author(s): Petr Kyloušek / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The dystopian diptych constituted by two Christian Guay-Poliquin’s novels, Le fil des kilomètres (2013) and Le Poids de la neige (2016), features an apocalyptic narrative by highlighting two models: the road novel in the first volume and the novel of the soil in the second. This contrasting arrangement is crossed by four shared mythemes: the myths of Labyrinth and of Icarus and the parables of the Prodigal Son and of the Good Samaritan. The analysis focuses on the contribution of those hypotexts to the transformation of dystopian narratives into liberating ones in the sense of the Christian tradition of French-Canadian and Quebec literature.

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Sauver le futur! Quand la tragédie vient au secours de la dystopie: Oscar de Profundis de Catherine Mavrikakis

Author(s): Hélène Amrit / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Oscar de Profundis, narrating a somber outcome of our western societies appears to be a dystopia. Moreover, an intertext referring to the great classics of the genre such as 1984 by G. Orwell, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury comes to corroboratethis observation as obvious. However, in this apocalyptic climate hope – the unacceptable for a dystopia emerges implicitly. Indeed, a “reading between the lines” from almost imperceptible clues brings to light the tenuous, but very real presence of the tragedy. Against all odds, it is this presence of tragedy that generates hope as well as the dystopian kind of being renewed in this way.

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«La plus haute destinée»: portrait de quelques écrivains fictifs dans Soifs de Marie-Claire Blais

Author(s): Lise Gauvin / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Poet, playwright and novelist Marie-Claire Blais describes a world of contrasts and contradictions, creating characters whose anguish is coupled with an immense appetite for life. Questioning the speeches and events that mark her time, Marie-Claire Blais through her stories brings to life a plethora of poets and novelists who constitute many variations around the writer’s character and the public image attached to it. The cycle of Soifs, questions the place of the artist in the social space. The article focuses more particularly on the first three as well as the last three novels of the cycle.

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Jouer sa vie en batifolant: lecture sociocritique des textes de Philippe Charron

Author(s): Jean-François Chassay / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

It is hard to classify Philippe Charron’s books titled Supporters tuilés and Journée des dupes. They neither novels, nor poetry books nor short stories. They are rather brief and sometimes laconic fragments which are linked: (false) aphorisms, proverbial forms, more or less insane lists, strange dialogues, theatrical scenes… The books do not give a clear political matter, but offer an original overview of the contemporary occidental society. A sociocriticical lecture sheds new light on specific issues of the books. It allows to demonstrate author’s very particular use of language, strongly characterized by the pragmatic philosophy. And behind that, we can see the reappearance of a political view.

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Marges ou périphéries: un plaidoyer pour les autres littératures francophones du Canada hors Québec

Author(s): Peter Klaus / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This article aims at being a defender of the so-called small Canadian literatures in French, which tends to be forgotten or ignored in the face of Québec literature. What are the relations in French speaking Canada concerning its respective literatures? What are the relations of Québec, its literature and the other literatures in French created in Canada: in Acadia, Ontario and Manitoba? What about the contribution of First Nations’ literature in French? Will the history of Canadian literatures in French not have to be rewritten?

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La machine du roman et le mouvement de la vie. Nancy Huston, Gilles Deleuze, Henri Bergson

Author(s): Jan Miernowski / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This article shows how the literary mechanism of a novel can successfully express the truth of biological life. The key of this artistic success is a proper rhythm which is never a repetition of the same, but rather the emergence of the new that encompasses past, present and future in one indivisible duration. Such is the teaching of Henry Bergson that permeates Nancy Huston’s 1999 novel Prodige. Polyphonie. The intermediary between the Canadian novelist and the French philosopher is Gilles Deleuze.

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