Normatywność jako podstawa ładu społeczno-politycznego

Author(s): Kazimierz Brożek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The author intends to attract readers’ attention to the key questions regarding normativity as the foundation which shapes social and political relations. The paper may also trigger the discussion on the essence of the role of normativity in shaping such relations. The topic was discussed in a concise and clear manner to better outline the normativity impact in the following areas: legal order and its validation, normativity and public policy, normativity and the policy of law, normativity and the relation between legal and moral norms, normativity and norm binding force, threats to norms (destruction of normativity), normativity and law prestige and authority. Moreover, the paper discusses theoretical developments as today’s alternative solutions, already applied in the area of law.

Niewidzialny nadzór - architektura w służbie ładu i porządku

Author(s): Błażej Borsuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

In modern philosophy some voices assert a growing tendency of traditional, crystallized structures becoming more and more deliquescent, and of their properties and tasks being transferred to formerly subjugated smaller structures. Similar assumptions can be found in works of constructivists (Jean Baudrillard) and of post-modern thinkers (Zygmunt Bauman, Umberto Eco): they talk about a diluted role of information makers in the information-based civilization. These democratizing (?), emancipatory (?), participative (?) trends are equally noticeable in other areas of social life, and help, among all, maintain law and legal order. In this paper we endeavor to prove that the supervision function is shifted from outside the group to a well-thought-out architectural solution which forces users to take care of the law and order in their surrounding space.

Homogamia małżeńska jako rodzaj nieformalnej kontroli społecznej, służącej reprodukcji panującego ładu społecznego

Author(s): Magdalena Żurawska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The paper attempts at seizing the social dynamic behind marital selection. We discuss factors which affect marital selection, with a specific focus on the structural theoretical perspective. These theories assert that through the process of socialization into the life in society, the individual would acquire some defined capitals: social, economic or cultural. In a strictly estate-based society, the succession of these resources implied the reproduction and recreation of social divides. In open societies, the mobility of individuals should be higher and relational inequalities less important. Based on the analysis of data from the European Social Survey, 2002-2003 and 2004-2005, we outline the features of marital homogamy in Poland against such factors as educational background or professional career.

Motywacja przestrzegania prawa

Author(s): Jerzy Kwaśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The paper is a reprint of the author’s chapter on social determinants of legal compliance, from the book by A. Podgórecki, J. Kurczewski, J. Kwaśniewski, M. Łoś: „Poglądy społeczeństwa polskiego na moralność i prawo” [Views of Polish Society on Morality and Law], Warsaw KiW, 1971. The chapter presents findings from the research conducted in 1968 on motivations to comply with the traffic code regulations, and namely the ban to cross the street at a red light. The compliance with traffic code regulations was measured with survey questions and with observations of pedestrians’ behavior at road crossings, at a red light. The research enabled to distinguish several motivations to comply with law, and to describe their demographic, social and personality determinants.

Postrzeganie i respektowanie norm społecznych przez młodzież w okresie adolescencji

Author(s): Daria Sikorska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The paper discusses the perception and observance of social norms by adolescent youth. The research was conducted with the diagnostic survey method, among pupils and students of three schooling levels: primary, lower-secondary and upper secondary schools. Subjects associated the notion of “social norms” mainly with the obligation to behave in a certain way, with prohibitions, common customs and orders. Legal and moral norms were considered as the most vital, while minor importance was given to manners, traditions or religious norms. The latter had a low connotation for subjects. Nearly half of them showed the knowledge of social norms, and declared that they strive to abide by them in their everyday life. For adolescence, the main push factors to violate social norms are the need to impress and to follow peer behavior or the defective socialization process. The isolation in the peer group and the loss of respect are considered by adolescents as the most serious consequences of social norm violations.

Norma społeczno-kulturowa/prawna (art. 207 k.k.) versus patologiczne normy społeczno-kulturowe w komunikacji społecznej

Author(s): Leszek J. Świeca / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

In the light of the theoretical norm, the obligation to comply with a social-cultural/legal norm, enshrined in Article 207 of the Criminal Code, vital for the family, seems to be undisputable. Our empirical research shows that some of social and cultural norms commonly relied on in dysfunctional families are violated and that they most probably come from pathological social groups or from the whole social-cultural systems. Pathological norms allow for the violation of codified legal and moral norms, as evidenced, among all, by the consent to the use of violence against women and children (if the perpetrator is able to provide reasons for the use of violence, and such reasons stay within the pathological norm, shared by the community in question).

Stereotypy narodowe a normy i kontrola społeczna w środowisku polskich pracowników we Francji po 2004 roku. Komunikat z badań

Author(s): Małgorzata Patok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The free movement of people under the EU integration policy opens new opportunities on the European labour market. While labour markets become open, fears of immigrants among the citizens of the host countries are on the rise. These fears are entrenched in national stereotypes. As an example, we can quote the “Polish plumber” - the expression which became a frequent theme of the French media debate in 2005, as a symbol of social dumping. The paper aims at analysing the impact of stereotypes faced by today’s Polish emigrants in France on the social control within the Polish community abroad, and the adaptation and integration process in the hosting community. We should underline that a relatively large group of Poles who moved to France after Poland’s accession to the EU represent mainly low-skill jobs, which triggered agitation among the French public opinion.

Émile Durkheim and Sarajevo Marlboro

Author(s): Jayden Mahon / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Nationalism and Sarajevo’s Organic Solidarity

Author(s): Reid Donato / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

NACIONALIZAM I ORGANSKA SOLIDARNOST SARAJEVA

Author(s): Reid Donato / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 2/2015

Organizacyjna wiedza o psychospołecznych zagrożeniach bezpieczeństwa pracy w zarządzaniu ryzykiem zawodowym

Author(s): Janusz Ziarko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The article presents a research concept of psycho-social situations that threaten the safety of employees of a company in terms of occupational risk management. These situations are characterized in the context of their causes and effects. An occupational risk management project is presented and attention is focused on the risk analysis in the context of psycho-social situations endangering work safety.

Outsiderzy wśród barbarzyńców. Studium z zakresu etyki społecznej

Author(s): Anna Frątczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2007

The notions of „barbarian” and „barbarity” seem to have abandoned the mainstream social sciences and contemporary political thought; The author attempts to signalise that the category is still vivid and plays an essential role in the debate on cultural threats, though, it has taken new forms. A. Maclntyre objects to the idea that a person can be abstracted from his cultural context: every person is one of the bearers of the tradition. The new„internal” (as opposed to „external”) barbarian seems to be a figure with no references to the past and present tradition, and thus not interested in contextual practices of the community. An outsider, a benevolent fugitive from the commercial market society, may be, in this context, the only bearer of the tradition and thus the only figurę who can effectively prevent the disintegration of underclass communities. To support the argument the authors refers to the activity of a certain local association.

TAJNA WSPÓŁPRACA ZE SŁUŻBĄ BEZPIECZEŃSTWA: SZKIC TEORETYCZNY

Author(s): Daniel Wicenty / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2024

a study on secret collaboration with the Polish communist Secret Service is presented here and analysed in reference to theoretical modelling. I propose a definition of the collaboration, which is based on three categories (hiding actions, betrayal, and asymmetrical relations), and a relational understanding of secrecy and theoretical perspective rooted mainly in the microsociology of Georg Simmel’s secrecy in dyads and triads, Randall Collins’ interaction ritual and Erving Goffman’s strategic interaction. I also develop theses that identify the tensions arising from the creation of a false closeness and the generation of emotional energy, together with the development of an advantage in the relationship between the undercover collaborator and the SB officer.Fields in which the game of dominance take place are described in detail: the cognitive field, the emotional field, and those relating to power and structural holes. Some exemplary situations of failed secret collaboration are considered and some general typological proposals concerning informants are also suggested.

Postawy młodzieży szkolnej wobec homoseksualizmu i adopcji dzieci przez pary homoseksualne

Author(s): Janusz Mariański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

In our considerations, we address two issues in the social narrative: homosexuality and adoption of children by homosexual couples. The basis for these diagnoses are the results of nationwide surveys and sociological research carried out in the two decades of the 21st century. Especially in the second decade of the 21st century, the views of school youth on bioethical issues were subject to progressive liberalization (secularization of morality). In nationwide research at the turn of 2022–2023, conducted among secondary school students, it was found that homosexual relationships were rated as permissible by 50.7% of the surveyed school youth, “it depends” – 12.0%, unacceptable – 24.4%, hard to say – 12.9%; adoption of children by homosexual couples (respectively) – 41.0%, 17.6%, 29.9%, 11.5%.

KATEGORIA AFORDANCJI A PROBLEM RELACJI STRUKTURY I SPRAWSTWA

Author(s): Mateusz Tofilski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article examines the use of the category of affordances in sociological concepts addressing the relationship between social structure and individual agency. It focuses on two sociological concepts that attempt to capture this relationship in a coherent theoretical approach and without falling into social determinism and excessive individua- lism. These are critical realism and Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus. This paper argues that the category of affordances is a useful tool for describing the relationship between the subject and the environment, allowing one to focus on material factors in the study of social structures, while recognizing the active role of the subject in their co-creation. Particularly promising here is the integration of affordances into the concept of distributed cognition, used in sociology to study sociotechnical structures.

PANOPTIKON – VIDLJIVA I NEPROVJERLJIVA MOĆ

Author(s): Senad Arnaut / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2024

Jeremy Bentham presents the panopticon as a special institution, tightly closed in itself, presenting it as a utopian model of perfect imprisonment, a cruel and expertly made cage, which is polyvalent in its application, serves to punish prisoners, treat the sick, teach students, guard the insane, supervising workers, forcing beggars and idlers to work. Its effectiveness in distributing the power of control is made possible by no other tool than that of architecture and geometry, acting directly on individuals, giving spirit power over spirit. The structure of the panopticon provides the supervisor with constant visibility along the axis of the ring, and neutralizes the danger of inmates' rebellion, escape attempts, bad mutual influence, fear of mutual violence in the case of lunatics, and no cheating on exams, arguments, or noise in the case of students. From there, it is not necessary to constantly monitor the detainee, the effect of the panopticon consists in the fact that the detainee knows that he can be the subject of someone's observation at any moment. Therefore, Bentham established the principle that power must be visible and unverifiable.

Profilaktyka samobójstw jako wyraz afirmacji życia

Author(s): Adam Czabański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2(34)/2023

The subject of the research is the phenomenon of suicide prevention in Poland. The aim of the work is to show that suicide prevention is an expression of the affirmation of life. The research included an analysis of available scientific literature describing new forms of prevention of suicidal behavior representing a life-affirming attitude. The analyzed scientific publications prove that the affirmation of life is a basic property of people and institutions operating in the suicide prevention system. Developing an attitude of affirmation of life contributes to increasing the effectiveness of various forms of suicide prevention.

Wzór zachowania matki – transgresja i transmisja pokoleniowa wzorów w doświadczeniach biograficznych byłych wychowanek placówek resocjalizacyjnych

Author(s): Agnieszka Jaros / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article describes the patterns of maternal behavior and the processes which these patterns underwent in subsequent generations from the perspective of former female residents of juvenile rehabilitation centers. These women successfully completed the rehabilitation process. The theoretical analysis was based on the theory of symbolic violence by Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, and the concept of the transgressive person by Józef Kozielecki. The main research problem was presented in the following question: What kind of pattern of maternal behavior was formed in former pupils of rehabilitation centers in their family of origin, and what processes did it undergo in the next generation, from the perspective of their individual biographical experiences? The study used the biographical method, while the technique of data collection were autobiographical narrative interviews. Based on the analysis of the material obtained, patterns of maternal behavior were identified for which the welfare of the child was or was not important. In the next step, the processes to which these patterns were subjected in the nuclear family were analyzed. The main conclusion drawn from the study is that behavioral patterns in which the child’s welfare is important, as acquired in the family of origin, and later learned and internalized, are reproduced in nuclear families (these patterns are also subject to dispersion). However, the pattern of maternal behavior uninterested in the child’s welfare, as deviating from the social standards, norms and perceptions of the general population is rejected and, as a result of transgression, triggers behaviors opposite to the original pattern.

Freedom and Fundamental Option

Author(s): Adrian J. Reimers / Language(s): English Issue: 1 (35)/2024

The theory of “fundamental option” or “fundamental freedom” constitutes an important theme in contemporary moral theology, a theme criticized in John Paul II’s encyclical Veritatis Splendor. Under this theory, it is almost impossible for a person to commit a mortal sin, that is, a sin that turns the agent against God and deprives him of sanctifying grace. This central conception governing this theory is that such a sin must involve an ex-press turning of one’s entire self (or will) away from God. However, within the limitations of space and time and the finitude of human nature, such a complete turning against God is diffi cult to conceive. This paper argues that the issue of sin is misconceived and that the philosophical premise of a fundamental disposition of one’s freedom is not tenable. Sin is a theological category and must be grasped in theological terms. The paper turns to Pope Saint John Paul II’s Encyclical Dominum et Vivifi cantem, which proposes that sin is revealed by and properly understood in terms of the crucifi xion of Christ. The paper concludes with some reflections on those who were directly involved in the crucifixion.

OD BYCIA UMIEJSCOWIONYM DO UTRATY WŁASNEGO MIEJSCA W ŚWIECIE STUDIUM PRZYPADKU

Author(s): Łukasz Kutyło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 91/2024

The subject of attention in the article is the problem related to: having, seekingand/or losing one’s place in the world. There are many indications that it is gaining importancetoday, perhaps due to the trans-formations accompanying postmodernity. To better understand thisphenomenon, the article presents the results of a case study of a man who is now middle-aged. Inconsidering his situation, however, the focus was on the earlier stages of his life: from his childhoodthrough his teenage years and into early adulthood, in which he experienced existential homeless-ness. His case analysis focused on his experiences during these different stages of his life and how he tried to address them. Biographical sociology and phenomenological sociology were sources ofinspiration for the analysis.