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„MYŚLĘ O L.L. […] – CZY ŻYJE?”

Author(s): Maciej Libich / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author aims to describe and reconstruct the relationship between Leo Lipski and the poet Jerzy Kamil Weintraub on the basis of three unknown Lipski’s letters, found in the Józef Czechowicz Museum of Literature in Lublin and the Mickiewicz Museum of Literature in Warsaw. The author argues that this relationship significantly influenced Lipski’s life and works. Both authors worked together in two literary groups: “Zrzeszenie Najmłodszej Literatury” (The Youngest Literature Society) and “Wektory” (Vectors). The author also shows the influence Lipski’s writing (especially Egotyki) had on Weintraub’s war diary. He argues that Lipski’s works can be an interpretative key to the whole diary.

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LITERACKA SCENA PIERWOTNA: LIPSKI – SCHULZ – NAŁKOWSKA

Author(s): Jan Potkański / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article reconstructs the phantasmatic deep structure of "Niespokojni" and "Piotruś" by Leo Lipski as reproducing the relationships in Polish literature circles, especially between Bruno Schulz and Zofia Nałkowska, at the end of the interwar period. The main tool for this reconstruction is psychoanalysis, developed in Gilles Deleuze’s and Harold Bloom’s theories.

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W LESIE "KRÓLA OLCH": SCHULZ – LIPSKI – TOURNIER

Author(s): Piotr Łuszczykiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The sketch is dedicated to prose references to "Erlkönig", a famous ballad by Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The author compares its evocations in the works of Bruno Schulz, Leo Lipski, Stefan Zweig and Michael Tournier. They are a kind of ekphrases: the poet’s text is not quoted directly, but appears to be a reminiscence of a reading, recitation, lecture or a literary image. A special place among them is occupied by a fragment of Lipski’s short story from "Niespokojni", in which the performance of Goethe’s ballad by a teenage character triggers a multifaceted transgression: erotic, mental, linguistic.

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OBRAZY PRZEMIAN MATERII W PISARSTWIE LEO LIPSKIEGO W KONTEKŚCIE ALCHEMICZNEJ KONCEPCJI MATERIA PRIMA

Author(s): Mateusz Pytko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

From the beginning of his creative work, Leo Lipski struggled with a problem that could be described as follows: how can matter be included in the language corpus in such a way that when it is literally translated it will not become unreal. He expressed this exceptionally “materialistic” approach to the process of shaping words in one of the letters to Michał Chmielowiec, where he wrote: “even the most sublime creative work is of the same flesh and blood as anything people create. […] in general all creative work means one thing to me: struggling with matter, with material.” Researchers of Lipski’s work tried to link such ideological declarations and their creative realisations with Georges Bataille’s concept of the informe. The article shows that the concepts close to the informe as well as Lipski’s dream to sublime “fertilizer” into something “alive” has a rich history dating back to at least the third century AD. One of the interpretative aims of the text is to show that creative images Lipski adhered to are secularized equivalents of the alchemical concept of materia prima. The article also analyses the images, symbols and allegories Lipski used to express the transformation process of this multiform and paradoxical (simultaneously live and dead) matter he chose as his object of creative sublimation.

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POSTZAGŁADOWE PRZEISTOCZENIE

Author(s): Andrzej Brylak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author interprets the story Św. Paweł in the context of Leo Lipski’s interest in Catholicism, which can be seen in his prose and letters. Lipski uses St. Paulʼs conceptual matrix, but reverses its governing mechanisms: in Lipski’s version a physical body is transformed into a spiritual body not through negation, but through the affirmation of desire. This transformation is a nucleus of a major process of transforming the bodies of those murdered in Holocaust into a text. To this end, the writer transforms the formulae of the Liturgy of the Eucharist, inscribing the Catholic dogma of transubstantiation in his perversive literary project.

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Trasy pielgrzymek i wypraw handlowych dawnej Korei

Author(s): Jakub Taylor / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this paper is to present a preliminary deductive-nomological model of the scientific approach towards the topic of the mutual relation of the international trade and peregrination routes of early Koreans up until 10th century. Due to the post-war processes within the Korean academia both of the above systems (religious and commercial) were strongly linked within the historical narration with the power of states and ruling elites. To some extent it was done because of the sample bias within the written records, some of the reasons lie within the sociological and philosophical dimension of Korean scholarship. In recent years a paradigm shift took place that allowed to conduct less state-oriented approach; this process is depicted within three chapters of the paper. Firstly, international trade net is scrutinized. Secondly, a plethora of religious – mostly Buddhist – travel patterns is presented. Lastly, a new perspective on the development of the future research on trade-religion relation with the use on the new set of methods and sources is suggested.

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Obraz Indii w relacji mistrza Hyecho

Author(s): Renata Czekalska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper’s aim is to reconstruct the image of Indian civilization in the first half of the 8th century, in "Memoirs on the Peregrination to the Five Kingdoms of India" by Hyecho (approx. 700–780 or 704–787), the first account of India written by a Korean. The source basis for the present study was the annotated English translation of Hyecho’s work. Its examination shows that it is not merely a document of a pilgrimage to Buddhist holy places, rather it provides observations about the various regions through which Hyecho travelled, captures perfectly the complicated political divisions of the Indian Subcontinent, the internal struggles between kingdoms and external threats, but most of all, provides detailed descriptions of regional differences in terms of natural conditions, wealth, military strength, language, laws, food, clothing, customs, animal breeding, produced goods, and climate.

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Od pogłoski do popkultury – tajne wyprawy koreańskich inspektorów (amhaeng ŏsa)

Author(s): Kamila Kozioł / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this paper – so called Secret Inspectors (amhaeng ŏsa, 암행 어사, 暗 行 御史) – were a special rank of clerk appointed during the reign of Chŏson dynasty (Chŏson wangjo, 조선 왕조, 朝鮮 王朝; 1392–1910). They were to supervise members of the state administration, appointed to posts in the provinces, detect possible abuses against the civilian population, and conduct investigations in the event of suspected corruption. Due to their prerogatives, they were perceived by simple people as quasi-heroes, standing up for the lowly, defenseless people. This article discusses the process of mythologization of the figures of officials appointed to the position and the functions they performed.

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Motyw podróży w koreańskich poematach kasa

Author(s): Ewa Rynarzewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main subject of research is travel theme described on the example of the classical Korean narrative poetry called kasa. This poetry represents one of three main genres that flourished in Chosŏn state (1392–1910) and was created by officials and scholars who used the form of kasa to describe their own experiences of the journey. The great popularity of kasa among social and intellectual elite resulted in developing various artistic solutions and, eventually, in evolving an autonomous type of kasa called kihaeng kasa (“travel kasa”) that enriched the literary heritage of Korean medieval “travel literature” (kihaeng munhak). The long form of kasa, which is the most distinct characteristic of this literary genre, served many different purposes. It enabled its authors to express their own personal emotions, present their aesthetic view and philosophical reflection, manifest their political convictions or simply give an account of travel events submitted to the royal court after the journey. Different motivations of Korean authors resulted in wide variety of literary solutions of kasa, which is the main subject of this research. Its goal is to distinguish main trends developed within kasa, to describe their artistic features and discuss the literary picture of travel presented in selected examples of kasa poetry works.

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Podróż jako metafora: poszukiwanie drogi do wolności osobistej i samorealizacji w twórczości Na Hye-sŏk

Author(s): Anna Diniejko-Wąs / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

A journey in the work of Na Hye-sŏk – a painter, writer, columnist, feminist, independence activist, and outstanding representative of the Korean “new women” movement during the colonial period – acquires a special metaphorical meaning as a search for a path to personal freedom and self-realization. The article describes the theme of travel as a means of self-awakening and liberating women from the oppressive constraints of Confucian patriarchal relationships. Numerous trips and stays abroad had a huge impact on the personal development and self-determination of the writer. They were reflected in the diverse work of Na Hye-sŏk, in her stories, journalism and memoirs.

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Niekończąca się tułaczka

Author(s): Roman Husarski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The North Korean defectors are still not accepted by the South Korean society. According to recent studies, the defectors earn less, face discrimination and are more prone to suicide than an average South Korean. The negative stereotypes are also present in the South Korean cinema: the defectors are often portrayed as betrayers, criminals who run away from Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) or as communist spies. However, presenting defectors’ personal stories is limited. Two movies have been selected: "Crossing" (2008) and "Journals of Musan" (2010) to analyze the strategies used by the North Korean refugees to adjust to a new environment, and to examine the way this process is presented. I argue that both films are a challenge for the South Korean audience as the fatalistic message they convey is a reminder of a still poor situation of the DPRK defectors in South Korea.

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Koreańskie wędrówki frazeologiczne

Author(s): Jeong In Choi / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is to present the abundance of meanings of the most popular Korean verb for movement and one of the most frequently used words in Korean in general – kada. The verb kada has thirty-three dictionary meanings, only half of which can be translated into Polish using the verbs ‘go, walk’ and verbs communicating the means of transportation (e.g., ‘fly’, ‘swim’, ‘ride’ etc.). The remaining meanings are impossible to convey using Polish verbs of movement, hence understanding each in these contexts, recognizing the nuances and minor differences between them, can be quite a challenge for people learning Korean. For this purpose, individual meanings in this study have been grouped into three main categories: change in space, change in time, and change of state, which should facilitate the systematization of knowledge. For each meaning several examples in Korean have been given with their Polish translations. The last part of the work also presents idioms containing the verb kada in different contexts, which serve to better present its richness of meanings.

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La création littéraire, entre paresse et procrastination. Le cas d’Alexis Curvers

Author(s): Catherine Gravet / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The edition of the Alexis Curvers’ diary (Liège, 1906-1992) allowed us to discover a man anxious to produce an artwork, a novelist terribly anxious in the face of the blank page. Despite all the reserve and modesty, Curvers admits this anguish: he receives many encouragements but also suffers the reproaches – even the mockery – of his friends, wife, mentors who believe that he does not produce enough or fast enough. He took a long time to finish his masterpiece, Tempo di Roma, finally published in 1957 and when he died, we will find in his drawers only one unfinished novel, although begun shortly after the publication of tempo di Roma, Les Détours obscurs, whose title could be considered a metaphor for the novelist’s writing process.

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La Lenteur de Milan Kundera, le livre qui vient à point

Author(s): Rym KHERIJI / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Slowness, the timely book" is the title of a study which explores Milan Kundera's first novel written directly in French and which raises many questions and even calls into question the writer's fame. Is slowness, as opposed to speed, positive or negative? The author of The Unbearable Lightness of Being finds here another dichotomy expressing in a different way the reflection on lightness and gravity. This allows us to question the scriptural strategies of the most French of Czech authors by probing his novel in many ways very different from the previous ones. What is slow is heavy and what is fast is light. Or would it be the reverse? At the dawn of a new millennium marked by the all-digital and computer speed, and prepared by a 20th century inscribed in the frenetic race for progress, efficiency and performance, Slowness by Milan Kundera seems to enter literature against the tide, even like a hiatus. Does memory resist the speed of passing time? How to escape oblivion when the images are superimposed on the others, erasing one after the other the strata of a strange palimpsest? We first propose to see how the slowness of Kundera is singular. Then, we will try to probe some of the questions proposed in the novel. In a third part, we will try to establish a causal link between the novel and its problematic reception.

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Pauses descriptives et effet de ralentissement du récit dans le roman L’Œuvre, d’Emile Zola

Author(s): Liliana Anghel / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

This essay intends to demonstrate that several descriptions of the Parisian landscape in Emile Zola’s novel, Creation, interrupt the plot, the succession of events and slow down both the rhythm of the story and the rhythm of the narrative act, without wearying the reader. Some descriptive passages of the novel seem to develop for themselves, spreading as a break, as recreative moments, which delay the denouement. We will show how, from a description to another, the reader is charmed by the “descriptive pauses”, which are truly impressionistic pictures in prose, and by the highly significant descriptions, full of symbolic details and images, predicting the characters’ destiny.

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Encre sympathique et Chevreuse de Patrick Modiano ou la lenteur de la mémoire

Author(s): Elena-Brândușa Steiciuc / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The two latest novels signed by Patrick Modiano, published în 2019 and 2021 - Encre sympathique and Chevreuse – are built around well-known themes and obsessions of the author: memory/forgetfulness; identity search; teenagers running away, as they don’t have support in life; writing; the photographic art; long flâneries in the urban space, either Parisian or Roman. In these two cases as well, the author uses the thriller formula, which is in fact a pretext which opens the narration. Our aim is to point out how much memory (which is often slow and imperfect) is important in the work of the winner of the Nobel Prize (2014). We also intend to show the way in which, in a very specific manner, writing is connected to identity search (both linguistic and cultural).

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Littérature et écologie chez Romain Gary ou l’urgence d’écrire pour le temps long

Author(s): Larisa Botnari / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Through its plot articulated around the hero Morel – defender of elephants threatened with extinction – Romain Gary's The Roots of Heaven could be read as a critique of modern society and its relentless race towards economic expansion. Prix Goncourt 1956, this "first ecological novel" would thus join the current discourses of the movement for degrowth, by promoting a different rhythm (slow and peaceful like that of elephants) and more generally by praising spiritual and cultural values considered outdated and cumbersome, as likely to slow down the acceleration of progress. Among the latter, literature and the writer – another “monstrous survivor of a bygone geological era” – whose role and usefulness should be considered by placing them in the long time of the evolution of the human species, as a horizon still rich in possibilities, in which Gary's work invites us all to continue to believe.

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Le laboratoire de création de Gustave Flaubert, une expression de la lenteur, de la patience pour le travail d’orfèvre

Author(s): Diana Rînciog / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Work was a watchword in Gustave Flaubert’s life. The Letters of Gustave Flaubert, considered the laboratory of his fictional creation, “the oeuvre of the oeuvre”, frequently mentions the famous “test of loud declamation” («épreuve du gueuloir»), “the pangs of style” signifying careful consideration while writing for many hours, especially during the night, a genuine modus vivendi. Flaubert endeavours to think deeply in order to write well, since writing well is his aim and he does not hide it; that is why writing a book takes him five years on average! It is his way of purging himself, of being more Olympian. In fact, Flaubert puts in a Benedictine effort, like a jewelry maker, finding the first sentence slowly and with difficulty, at times even summarizing a whole idea, searching the libraries unhurriedly (for his last work, Bouvard and Pécuchet, he had consulted an impressive number of books, about 1500).

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Écrire, flȃner, regarder – manières de traduire la lenteur à l’époque romantique

Author(s): Liliana Foşalău / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Looking back, Romanticism appears to us as a period in which, despite changes and imbalances, disturbances of all kinds, one could live and write in a rhythm where slowness gave more meaning to actions. In what follows, we propose a synthetic look at the way in which literature reflects the passion for time, both at the thematic and poetic levels, of the new genres that romantic writers promote. To write, to wander, to look, appear to us as ways of mastering time, which is invested with powers that only art possesses, thus protecting the work from any destruction.

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Lentes promenades existentielles dans Bouvard et Pécuchet de Gustave Flaubert

Author(s): Diana Gradu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Published after the author’s death, Bouvard and Pécuchet remains the last masterpiece of Gustave Flaubert. Contrary to the majority of exegeses, I will try to see in this text the slowness behind the feverish activities, the laziness beyond the sterile encyclopaedic enthusiasms, the laissez-faire and the abandonment of any constructive approach. A common existence, conducted “au ralenti”, in favor of contemplation and essential questions about human condition and the universe.

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