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Corruption is undoubtedly ubiquitous in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in all pores of society and on an increasing scale. By simply searching journalistic texts, it is possible to notice that citizens perceive corruption as one of the ways to exercise their rights and interests, primarily in health and education, but also in the police and judiciary. // A 2013 study of the national integrity system by Transparency International states that “despite years of reforms, international community engagement and donor assistance, widespread corruption remains the most significant problem in BiH and undermines any substantive reforms that would lead to until the establishment of a functional and self-sustaining country. ” Many foreign investors cite a high degree of corruption, which causes enormous moral and material damage to society, as a reason for non-investment or limited capital investment in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in addition to complicated state structure and political instability. // The reasons for the poor performance of the judiciary in prosecuting corrupt crimes range from the very nature of the phenomenon of corruption, which is shrouded in secrecy due to the interests of participants, making it difficult to detect, to insufficiently good institutional and legal solutions. This paper will address some of these reasons, while special attention will be paid to the substantive aspect of the problem, ie obstacles to the effective prosecution of corruption in BiH, which concern the very definition of corrupt crimes.
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Moja partnerka i ja smo planirale da iz San Franciska odemo u Reno u Nevadi i tamo tri meseca pratimo predizbornu kampanju za predsedničke izbore 2020. Već smo tamo bile 2018. i sarađivale sa sindikatom radnika u ugostiteljstvu (UNITE-HERE), samo što bismo ovoga puta pratile kampanju uklanjanja Donalda Trumpa iz Bele kuće.
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Svetska banka nedavno je objavila procenu prema kojoj bi zbog krize izazvane epidemijom kovida-19 dodatnih 125-327 hiljada stanovnika u Srbiji moglo pasti u siromaštvo. Grubo rečeno, to znači da bi možda čak svaki osmi stanovnik mogao da spadne na oko 400 dinara prosečne dnevne potrošnje, dok je na toliko sada ograničen tek svaki četrnaesti.1 U svakom slučaju, preti nam značajno smanjenje srednje klase, dok su najugroženiji radnici na crno (koji čine skoro petinu radno angažovanih) i samozaposleni. Eksperti UN iznenađeni su jačinom ovog, kako kažu, cunamija siromaštva i apeluju na vlade da pod hitno „dramatično“ prošire mreže socijalne sigurnosti.
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Jelen dolgozatban a romániai magyar civil szervezetek – avagay romániai magyar nonprofit szektor– szociológiai szempontú elemzésére teszünk kísérletet. A dolgozatban két célt követtünk. Egyrésztmegpróbáltunk képet alkotni a szóban forgó szervezeti szféra nagyságáról és területi megoszlásáról, aszervezetek tevékenységek szerinti megoszlásáról, anyagi, humán és infrastrukturális erőforrásokkal valóellátottságáról. Másrészt a romániai magyar nonprofit szektor sajátosságait úgy próbáltuk kimutatni,hogy elhelyeztük azt az európai országok nonprofit szektorainak palettáján. Fő következtetésünk az, hogy az elemzett nonprofit szektor méretében kisebb, mint az a romániai magyar népesség nagyságaalapján indokolt volna; a szektor elsősorban kulturális-közművelődési jellegű feladatok ellátását végzi, miközben fizetett munkaerőt inkább a jóval kisebb számú szolgáltató szervezetekben tud alkalmazni; működésében pedig elsősorban a román és a magyar költségvetési forrásokra, valamint külföldiadományokra támaszkodik.
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Contrary to the Mead controversy where suspicion in fieldwork has been attributed to lack of competence or failure, the present paper considers suspicion as important ethnographic data. Through re-telling the difficulties of a research carried out among the Roma residents of a Romanian shantytown, I try to reveal all the mechanisms that are responsible for both creating suspicion and detaching the researcher from her/his informants. Embedded in Eastern-European social and political changes, mistrust in this field goes back to an initial territorial stigma attached to the locals. My research site, "the Green block of flats" has become a ghetto due to massive unemployment and differences in living conditions, where isolation from the outer world has been enforced by misunderstandings with local institutions. Being "used" by NGOs and subjected to unfulfilled treatment under the label of "helping the Roma", shantytown residents could but reject the newcomer researcher who seemed to be one of "them".
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The paper addresses the relationship between migration and ethnicity in a case of ethnic minorities' migration, unfolding the role of migrant networks and of ethnicity in initiating and developing international labor migration. The analysis is carried out with ethnic Croats from Romania, a small ethnic group whose members first migrated to Serbia, then to Croatia and later to Austria. In these phases of migration, three uses of ethnicity unfolded: ethnicity as access to language, providing easier access to job openings and social ties to locals; ethnicity as legal status enabling access to citizenship, rights and opportunities; and ethnicity as a form of transnational solidarity to co-ethnic minorities, providing access to supplementary forms of social trust enabled by minority organizations. In this context, migrant networks functioned as provider of opportunities in a context where ethnicity was a structuring factor of this migration. In the case under study, two cumulating social resources - social capital and migrants' ethnicity - granted the easiness and success of migration, as well as the economic prosperity of migrants' households.
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By summing up the literature of social anthropology the article provides a broader perspective on the proposed theme. It is especially important that by translating this study Romanian readers have the chance to get acquainted with a small segment of the scientific activity of the researcher. The study of stigmatized ethnicity, gender inequality and precarious work signed by Enikő Vincze, professor of anthropology and gender studies at Babeş-Bolyai University, is a text based on research into social exclusion, multiple discrimination in an East European context, with a look focused on Roma women. Activist research along with the involvement of the researcher in the work of several civic organizations provides a new insight into the current scientific field.
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The article analyzes the changes occurred in a Transylvanian village farming. First part of the paper focuses on the economic and social frameworks and context of the rural farming. The main part of the analysis based on the theoretical concepts of pluriactivity, diversification and food self-provisioning and the conceptualization of the special literature analyzes the economic strategies of a Romanian village, seeking to present a typology based on nature of economic strategies. The author argues that the main strategy is pluriactivity, however the limited forms of diversification are also present in the farming patterns of the village, which mark a shift toward a more specialized, profit-oriented farming. Near this strategies the food self-provisioning is also present, what is more there has appeared new ideologies and meanings regarding to food very well known mostly from the western countries' alternative food networks.
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The study attempts to present the economic strategies of a settlement, in which employment in state companies built upon a specific environmental resource (natural gas extraction) as well as the success of an independent enterprise has significantly transformed the livelihood strategies based on agriculture, resulting in a change in lifestyle as well. The studied settlement represents the opposite model of the villages re-peasantised after the regime change, described in the Transylvanian scholarly literature. The study analyses the economic behaviour modes, as well as the changes in the livelihood strategies observed in a settlement along the Kis-Küküllő (Târnava Mică) River, aiming to present the stratification of the rural society based on economic strategies. The author outlines the way in which in this multiethnic (inhabited by Hungarians, Romanians and Romani) small settlement, the bakery which used to function as a cooperative during socialism became a well-established company employing a significant part of the village's population, being present in important segments of the national markets, connecting the previously isolated small settlement with new regional and national networks. He also presents the significance of the natural gas extraction activities from the point of view of livelihood strategies, after which he presents the economic strategies built upon agricultural activities.
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Uticaj plata sudija i tužilaca u Bosni i Hercegovini na efikasnost i kvalitet pravosuđa se u javnom diskursu rijetko spominje. Zagovornici održanja status quo pozicije ističu argument da je plata sudija i tužilaca za BiH-prilike sasvim zadovoljavajuća i da nije uzrok negativne percepcije građana o radu pravosuđa ili nedostatka efikasnosti i kvaliteta rada. Tihi kritičari tvrde da su primanja sudija i tužilaca nesrazmjerna njihovom radu i značaju za državu. Pri tome se kao najuvjerljiviji objektiviziran dokaz koriste komparativni tabelarni podaci CEPEJ-a . Tu se otprilike završava opšta rasprava.
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U analizi se ispituje uticaj sistema plata i naknada, odnosno ocjenjivanja rada nosilaca pravosudnih funkcija na efikasnost i kvalitet rada pravosuđa. Težište je na sudijama i pitanju unapređenja rada na složenim predmetima. Analiziran je postojeće zakonski okvir kako bi se ocijenilo da li je u okviru postojećeg zakonskog okvira moguće koristiti elemente koji bi unaprijedili rad pravosuđa, te da li postojeći sistem uzima u obzir rad na najsloženijim predmetima. Predstavljene su i određene mogućnosti za unapređenje postojećeg okvira. Dodatno, prikazane su razlike između sistema plata sudija i tužilaca na različitim nivoima vlasti u Bosni i Hercegovini. Naznačeni su principi koji su utvrđeni međunarodnim standardima u pogledu plata sudija i tužilaca.Također je analizirano da li postojeći sistem ocjenjivanja rada nosilaca pravosudnih funkcija podstiče rad nosilaca pravosudnih funkcija na najsloženijim predmetima, s težištem na kriterijima za ocjenjivanje rada sudija i mogućnostima za njihovo unapređenje.
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Informal care comprises unpaid care services provided in the private sphere of the home, as part of pre-existing relationships with relatives, spouses, friends or neighbours. Informal care is often the only form of long-term care which many persons in need of care can access at all, and is a significant, and internationally increasingly widespread component of long-term care.ii As the formal long-term care system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is underdeveloped and plagued with many shortcomings, primarily manifested in the form of limited access to services and insufficient allowances for the users, the burden of caring for care-dependent persons has been shifted for the most part into the sphere of informal care. Yet informal carers are completely neglected in long-term care policies and receive no support – whether in the form of services or financial compensation – to make the task of providing care easier or improve the informal carers’ well-being.
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Active labour market policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mostly orientated towards direct employment and attempts to manage the consequences of the present socioeconomic context, while the potentials of strategic, long-term strengthening of jobseekers’ competitiveness is being neglected. The main goal of this paper is to present international trends in activation policies, which have recently undergone a paradigm shift from employment to strengthening of employability, and to analyse the present state and institutional framework of active employment policies in BiH. Based on the identified shortcomings of the existing design of active measures, several recommendations are given to improve the field of employment policies by strengthening their active dimension and building a long-term approach to labour market improvements.
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Poreski klin u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH), prema ocjeni međunarodnih finansijskih institucija, EU i dijela stručne javnosti, prekomjerno je visok, što se, prema njihovom mišljenju, negativno odražava na potražnju za radnom snagom, guši privredni rast i pospješuje rast neformalnog tržišta rada.
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Politike zapošljavanja u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) često se ocjenjuju kao neefikasne, neadekvatne i neusklađene sa aktuelnim međunarodnim standardima. Neki od ključnih nedostataka postojećih politika i prakse zapošljavanja u BiH su niska kapacitiranost i organizacijska neefikasnost službi za zapošljavanje, niska i loše prioritizirana potrošnja na politike zapošljavanja te nizak kvalitet, opseg i obuhvat mjerama zapošljavanja.
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The labor market in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) faces serious problems: in 2014, the employment rate was at a very low 31.7%, and the unemployment rate for persons 15 and above was as high as 27.5%. Wartime destruction of industrial infrastructure, loss of business networks due to the dissolution of Yugoslavia, inadequate adaptation to the new business and technological environment, as well as unsuccessful privatization processes in the post-war transition period are some of the factors that have negatively impacted both the creation of new and the maintenance of existing jobs. The consequences of this state of affairs include a low labor force participation and high structural unemployment, migration of the working age cohort to other countries, the unresolved status of workers “lost in transition,” as well as social insecurity and a high poverty rate. Although there is consensus in BiH that the status quo is unsustainable, labor market reforms to date have been slow and partial, lacking a clear vision of the labor market model to be pursued. Recently, labor market reforms have found their way onto the agenda of decision-makers, primarily due to the obligations BiH undertook towards the International Monetary Fund (IMF) within the standby arrangement, as well as commitments under the “Reform Agenda,” which is “closely aligned with the aims of the EU’s new approach to economic governance in the Western Balkans.” The Agenda has been adopted by entity and state-level governments in the context of acquiring candidate status for membership in the European Union (EU). Reform proposals in this area have also been articulated within the “Compact for Growth and Jobs” (CGJ) initiative of the European Delegation to BiH, as well as the BiH Council of Ministers’ National Economic Reform Programme (NERP) for BiH for 2015. To encourage employment and creation of new jobs, reform proposals primarily focus on increasing the flexibility of working conditions by improving the labor law and changing collective agreements , but also by reducing the tax burden on labor. The proposed reforms are primarily concerned with increasing labor market flexibility, but to a lesser extent pertain to issues of protecting workers and their income security in the event of unemployment, and are only marginally concerned with the issue of employability (e.g. through lifelong learning, active employment measures, etc.), even though these are important aspects of the “flexicurity” policy in the European Union. In other words, the current discourse on policy change in the field largely disregards important elements of the labor market. This begs the question to what extent reform proposals have taken into account the existing institutional environment of the BiH labor market and how the flexibility of working conditions, as the key aspect of reforms, would affect labor market performance in interaction with the institutional environment. Concerning the above, this study rests on the assumption that different reform options should be considered in their wider institutional context. This would mean focusing not only on the impact of labor legislation on labor market performance, but also on the impact that institutions, such as collective bargaining mechanisms, policies, programs and the institutional framework for employment, social insurance policies, minimum wage, labor taxation and making work pay policies, as well as existing configurations of institutions, have on labor market performance. Based on insights into policies and practices in the labor market realm in other European countries, particularly the European Union, this study aims to contribute to an understanding of available reform needs and options, and their possible implications for BiH. In order to assess the state of the labor market and the reform path in BiH, the analysis is situated within a wider conceptual framework that defines the basic terminology, indicates important elements of the labor market and provides an overview of the main discussions and their implications for public policies in this field. A more detailed analysis is performed with respect to employment protection legislation, labor cost and taxation, collective bargaining mechanisms, and employment policies. Comparative experiences from other European countries are taken into account in order to consider possible reform paths, but also to understand the impact of different institutional and other contextual factors on labor market performance. European countries are used as points of comparison, not just because of their similar institutional environments and the European perspective of BiH, but also because current reform proposals heavily rely on EU standards and practices in this domain. In terms of methodology, this is a comparative study that combines multiple methods of data gathering: a review of secondary literature and available statistical indicators, an analysis of the institutional and legal framework in BiH and EU countries, and semi-structured interviews with representatives of organizations and institutions in BiH involved in different aspects of the BiH labor market or in labor market reforms. Given that this research is limited by the dearth of important statistical indicators about the BiH labor market, and also given the fact that it was conducted for the purposes of a study that aims to inform an expert debate in the context of public policy making in this domain in BiH, it is important to note that it does not aim to explain the impact of various contextual factors on the performance of the labor market in BiH. Such analyses would certainly be useful for a better understanding of the BiH labor market, but they fall outside the scope of this study. An overview of conceptual debates in the domain of the labor market and its institutions is given below. This is followed by an overview of BiH labor market dynamics and trends, various BiH labor market institutions in comparative perspective, and concluding remarks.
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Projekat “Koliko su rukovodioci u organima državne uprave zaradili u 2012?” osmišljen je u okviru potprograma Centra za građansko obrazovanje (CGO) Odgovornost i transparentnost vlasti sa ciljem da doprinese podizanju svijesti o odgovornom trošenju novca iz Budžeta Crne Gore. S tim u vezi, specifični cilj ovog projekta bio je utvrđivanje visine novčanih iznosa koji su rukovodioci u organima državne uprave ostvarivali za vrijeme obavljanja svojih dužnosti tokom 2012, kao i bilo kakvih drugih dodatnih nadoknada za isti period a na teret Budžeta Crne Gore. CGO je u periodu od 3. juna do 25. jula 2013, shodno odredbama Zakona o slobodnom pristupu informacijama, prikupio podatke koje se odnose na spisak novčanih naknada najvećeg broja rukovodećih lica koji su svoj radni angažman imali u organima državne uprave tokom 2012, tačnije u ministarstvima, upravama, direkcijama, zavodima i Generalnom sekretarijatu Vlade Crne Gore, ujedno nastojeći da utvrdi cjelokupan obim novčanih naknada koje su ova rukovodeća lica dobijala iz Budžeta Crne Gore tokom obavljanja svojih dužnosti u 2012. Ti podaci su preliminarno objavljeni 26. jula 2013. na konferenciji za medije.
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The financial data for 20161 year prove that financial intermediation is impaired by some structural deficiencies, although banks accumulate excess liquidity, these still remain relatively expensive, with low maturity and finally unattractive to the real economy. In these conditions, to recover and develop, the financial system needs modern mechanisms and tools, in particular long-term financial resources that could support long-term investment projects. Moreover, amid relatively short maturity of bank deposits, low interest of companies in capital market and limited access to foreign capital markets, private pension system is still the most viable solution for long-term development of financial resources. // Thus, we find that although the pension system reform has recently intensified, it does not provide any incentives for development of the private pension system, and this study seeks to bring back to the public attention the importance of the private pension system, the gaps hindering its development, and solutions to strengthen social equity and provide a decent life in the post-active period. Also, some long-term liquidity is needed, resources collected through private pensions could also be a starting point for development and modernization of the domestic financial market.
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Each country, depending on its historical course, state concept and economic development, has developed its own health system. Despite the fact that health systems are so diverse, they also have a lot in common, because they essentially perform the same functions and have the same goals. Thus, under certain conditions the exchange of experience between countries on solving similar problems or how to respond to common challenges are very useful. For the Republic of Moldova – a state in transition from a society based on state ownership and a centralized economy, the experience of other states on this subject is even more important because it can be used in the process of reforming the health system. // The purpose of this study is to contribute to the openness of the health system by providing an integrative view of the transparency of the health system and highlight the results and the way the system is financed and managed. Thus, the study addresses topics related to the functionality of the system as a whole, and less the specific areas of the health system. The study contains 5 basic chapters, the introduction and a chapter of conclusions and general recommendations. Each core chapter contains in turn a subchapter of specific conclusions and recommendations.
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