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This background paper provides legal overview of the regulatory arrangement and the practical implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in 11 countries: USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Poland as well as relevant European Union legislation. The profiles of the different countries allow comparison between the regulation of PPPs in them along four lines: (1) overview; (2) definition of PPPs; (3) types of PPPs; (4) application. The background paper summarizes the main PPP regulation types and juxtaposes them with the existing Bulgarian legislation. The paper concludes that the Bulgarian legislation currently does not cover any PPP relations outside classic forms such as public procurement and concessions and there is no specific mention of PPPs in the Bulgarian laws and regulations.
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The book offers an overview of the development of e-signature legislation in various countries and contains foreign and international acts related to e-commerce, including the legislation of the Czech Republic, Germany, the UK, the US (state of Utah), Spain and other countries, international law as well as the Bulgarian Draft Law on Electronic Document and Electronic Signature developed by CSD Law Program experts.
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This book contains the studies related to the conference with the title “The Financial and Economical Problems of the First Decade of the 21st Century” organized by the Department of Economic and Business Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Human Sciences at the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania in Miercurea Ciuc on 6 November 2010. This period was marked by the financial crisis broken out in 2008 and the following global economic crisis; therefore, these were the most important topics of the lectures.
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The aim of the monograph is to expand the reader’s theoretical knowledge of insurance-based risk management and to generalize the findings of specific research studies. At the same time it is intended to provide concrete evidence of insurance practice. The monograph is devoted both to an exposition of the theory of risk management and to the practice of risk management in selected insurance companies. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between risk and valuation. The publication also lists examples of models in risk management relating to both companies and individuals, specifically those involving solutions to protect against the risk of fire and flood.
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The book A City from the Sociological Perspective: Selected Issues is a collection of sociological essays connecting two perspectives of seeing cities: the evolution of material space from the first settlements to contemporary metropolises and the changes in social space, which is the field of activity of many generations. The combination of these perspectives has allowed for a more complete description of the factors shaping cities in the past and still developing them. The book opens with an explanation of how cities can be analyzed, whereas the two chapters immediately following deals with the history of cities from the old towns to modern conurbations as well as with the variants of urbanization. The next chapter discusses the main features of modern cities. Later in his work, the author focuses on communities and their contemporary forms. The last two sections are devoted to the reflection of cities in the social consciousness, to their dynamics and spirit. There are references to general history, the history of city construction and demography, cultural anthropology and economic theories throughout the book. The main perspective is the sociological approach to cities, which for centuries have imprinted themselves on people's mentality, modified their lifestyles and dictated various forms of activity. This approach assumes that not buildings, but people, their social life and culture are the most important aspects of cities. Urban issues have always been important for many reasons, and today they are also worth discussing due to new phenomena and problems. Already by 2008, for the first time in history, the number of city dwellers had exceeded 50% of the world's population. The big cities acquire 1 million new inhabitants every week; by 2050, it is predicted, they will have accounted for more than two thirds of the planet's population. This volume is the outcome of a study of Polish and foreign, almost exclusively English-language literature, as well as many thoughts and many years of experience in the university didactics of urban sociology. The author believes that most of the destructive phenomena attributed to cities, which have been noticed for a long time, can be repaired or even removed provided that appropriate renewal strategies are implemented. He also expects the readers to agree with his outlook, and hopes that the book will encourage people to take an independent stance on particular issues. This publication may be of interest to students of faculties related in various ways to urban topics and to professionals whose work consists in solving everyday urban problems.
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The aim of this research is to determine whether fathers use maternity leave and to what extent, and whether there is space for improving the laws governing this area, as well as public policies that would increase the participation of men in family life. The ultimate goal is to increase the participation of women in the labor market by amending and applying the appropriate provisions of the current laws and implementing public policies aimed at promoting the right for both parents to use maternity leave. In the first part of the research, we present the legal framework for regulating maternity leave, that is, we analyze the most important provisions of the Labor Law in B&H Institutions, FB&H Labor Law, RS Labor Law and District Brčko of B&H Labor Law, Law on Social Protection, Protection of Civilian Victims of War and Protection of Families with Children (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) i.e. the laws on child protection (Republika Srpska and District Brčko), as well as accompanying bylaws. The second part contains basic information on the administrative procedures for using maternity leave, on the number of fathers who submitted a request for compensation instead of salary during maternity leave, and on the competent bodies for deciding on this issue. The research has shown that only 0.36% of fathers exercised the right to compensation instead of salary during maternity leave. In the third part, we analyzed the responses of 500 fathers who were surveyed by the public opinion polling agency and who had a child between 2016 and today,1 as well as the responses of eight fathers who used maternity leave during this period, and who were interviewed in focus groups. We chose this period because it was only in 2016 that this right was guaranteed to fathers as well. More than half (57.8%) of the surveyed fathers responded that they were not familiar with the right to use maternity leave. 73.4% of fathers said that they would have used maternity leave if they had known that this possibility existed. 28.8% of fathers were informed about this right by their employers. Out of the total number of fathers who did not use maternity leave, 49.7% of fathers did not know they could exercise this right, i.e. they were not sufficiently informed about the possibilities. 11.2% of fathers believe they do not need maternity leave because women are the ones who take care of children. 6.3% of fathers believe that no one exercises this right. 55.2% of fathers believe that the term parental leave is more appropriate compared to the term maternity leave, which is currently being used in labor laws. In the end, based on the collected data and findings obtained, we made recommendations, which the state should apply in order to enable both fathers and mothers to exercise this right equally. Given that a large number of fathers (more than half) stated they did not know about the possibility of using maternity leave, it is necessary to implement appropriate campaigns to raise awareness, but also to require employers to introduce the employees with their rights. In addition, the laws don't provide the same type of protection to fathers taking maternity leave as for mothers, and it is necessary to amend labor laws and other regulations that govern this area so that fathers also receive compensation while using maternity leave, have the right to leave in case of stillbirth, and have a guaranteed period of maternity leave that cannot be waived or transferred to the mother, in accordance with the European Union Directive on Work-Life Balance for Parents and Carers.
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Personnel marketing is currently taking shape as a separate industry that connects the management of human resources with marketing and places each employee into the role of a customer. The connection of these two areas creates an effect with synergy, which leads to better work with human capital. However, even despite the current need for innovative approaches to acquiring employees, the potential of personnel marketing is unsatisfactorily utilised both in the Czech Republic and abroad. In professional and scientific literature, foreign and mainly domestic, there are very few publications focused on personnel marketing comprehensively. They have explained its innovativeness, how activities carried out in personnel marketing differ from “classic” personnel-related activities. What is the relationship between personnel marketing and the employer’s brand. It is synonymous, or building the brand is part of the communication strategy. Something else unknown relating to personnel marketing is its practical use. In Czech and world literature there is a lack of information about reality if practical application of personnel marketing is tied to an enterprise’s size. It is also possible in connection with personnel marketing to state critically that in both professional and scientific literature, there are rarely models available which illustrate factors leading to job satisfaction. In the terminology of personnel marketing these are factors of internal personnel marketing. Models which would currently illustrate factors of external marketing and/or enable understanding of personnel marketing as a whole were not identified by the author. The main objective of the monograph was to define tools and attributes of external and internal personnel marketing and resources supporting employees’ satisfaction and stability, which are important for effective management of human resources. In order to achieve this objective, quality research was conducted, along with two mutually corresponding quantitative studies – pre-research and main research. The aim of the qualitative research was to find out whether business practice is familiar with personnel marketing and how it perceives the contents of personnel marketing and to identify tools of internal and external personnel marketing applied in practice. The outputs of the qualitative research were the basis and source for realisation of quantitative research studies. Quantitative research was carried out in two steps. The pre-research research was focused on the most important employers in the Liberec Region, and the respondents were experts in human resources from these companies. The aim was to determine the perception of personnel marketing, determine the numerousness and effectiveness of personnel marketing tools, to determine the importance of individual resources for stabilisation/satisfaction of employees. Based on the results of this quantitative research, it was not possible to determine whether application of personnel marketing was tied to the company’s size. Therefore, the main quantitative research was conducted. The main quantitative research was based on findings of pre-research and was focused all on employers in the Liberec Region. The respondents were HR experts from these companies. The aim was to determine the perception of personnel marketing, along with determination of the frequency of use and the importance of personnel marketing tools and to determine the degree of importance of resources that would lead to satisfaction/stabilisation of employees. The aim of the finding was also to determine whether the size of the company had an effect on individual responses. For example, an effort was made to determine if the importance of individual personnel marketing tools varied depending on company size. Also within this research, personnel marketing factors were identified, including factors that support satisfaction/stabilisation of employees.
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Nonprofit organizations play an important and irreplaceable role in building a civil society. They are one of the main pillars of democracy and bearers of its principles, which can be used to argue the merits of their own existence and the intensive research of their field both on a theoretical and practical level. Based on an interdisciplinary methodological approach, this scientific monograph shows the role and position of nonprofit organizations in the national economy in selected Central and Eastern European countries. The data used were collected in the course of the authors’ common research, which focuses on the funding of nonprofit organizations, including self-financing and commercialization issues; financial controlling as a tool of nonprofit organizations’ financial management; and nonprofit organizations as bearers of social innovations. Based on the stage of research, we provide data analysis supporting the researched issues in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Austria. Individual chapters contain relevant empirical data from the authors’ own research, vividly illustrating the nonprofit sector in selected CEE countries and its never-ending journey to sustainability, while earning its position, funding, and independence. The monograph describes this journey to sustainability, while examining the challenges and opportunities for nonprofit organizations in achieving a stable marketplace and a strong position in the national economy. The authors hope that this monograph provides a sufficient methodological and theoretical basis for further research and creates a space for discussion in areas beyond the range of the issues within the monograph. It may serve as an inspiration for the theory and practice of nonprofit organizations internationally and as a basis for further scientific activities.
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The book dwells on views and cognitive apparatus worked out in this strand of social thought where collective action and particular groups interests carry weight. It claims that such theorizing leads to the substance of economic activities in our surroundings more certainly than methodological individualism does. In most compact way, the contents of this book can be characterized by referring to a couple of research perspectives, and the scope of its theoretical background can be marked by several great researchers‘ names. Firstly, deeper understanding of economic performance, as Douglas C. North and his followers argue, requires consideration of economic activities as well as polity, where property rights and incentives structure are determined. Secondly, public and economic policies can not be regarded to be exclusively government’s domain, being to some extent the outcome of activities of organized interests and group interest representations. As Wolfgang Streeck put it, “capitalism is under renegotiation”. The contemporary democratic polity sees representations of labour interests, non-governmental organizations, etc. However, as John K. Galbraith points out in some of his works, the axis of renegotiation in capitalism has been constituted by relations between contemporary state and organized groups of mighty enterprises, “corporations”. These business groups (“business” in broad sense), apart of winning profits, can influence economic outcomes. The latter means economic power. Profit-oriented groupings or “corporations”, according to Susan Strange, exert impact simply because of weight and position they have in economic structure either intentionally, via their organizations and lobbyists in the polity. That’s why they penetrate society as a whole, not economic economic activities alone. In result, contract relations and respect for financial surplus overcome social relations. Argumentation thus oriented is backed by description of real processes. The corresponding parts of the book contain short studies on financialization, narrow interest representations and contemporary transformation of democratic welfare state which is a debt state in fact. Old theories inspire understanding of new configurations.
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The main purpose of researching behavioral finance and investment preferences is to understand investor psychology by evaluating investment behavior in a real framework and to associate it with the behavior supported by standard finance theories. Behavioral finance; explains the irrational behavior of the players in the market and their deviations from market efficiency. The source of the anomalies observed in the markets shows that some financial assets are under the influence of psychological tendencies in the decision-making processes of individuals. Because of their biases, investors prefer to trade only in the market for which they have more information, rather than a thorough analysis of all available and relevant information. In this case, various prejudices and biased behavioral patterns emerged, and the economics literature expanded by also addressing psychology. In this context, this book aims to give an idea to the readers by covering many aspects of behavioral finance. At the same time, this research has various implications for seeing, analyzing and understanding market trends more clearly.
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Migration and in particular labor migration have emerged as an important global event that affects many countries around the world and is at the top of the international, regional and national policy agendas. On the one hand, there are many positive aspects of cross-border migration. These migrant workers are contributing to growth and development in the target countries where new talent is employed. On the other hand, cross-border migration also has many negative aspects. Many migrant workers, especially low-skilled workers, are exposed to poor working conditions and low wages. Politicians are faced with a great challenge of both the effects created by migrants and migrant workers, and the host society's reaction, along with the positive and negative aspects of migratory mobility. About a month after the popular uprising in Syria began in March 2011, the first Syrian immigrants fled to Turkey. At the beginning of the Syrian crisis, Turkey declared that it will apply an open-door policy for Syrian refugees. In that period of time, the public officials’ opinion in Turkey was that the events in Syria will end up in a time not too long and is dominated by the expectation that the Syrians would shortly return to their country. However, the uprising in Syria escalated to a civil war, and as a result of the deterioration of the security environment, the number of asylum seekers continued to increase. Accordingly, the permanent settlement of the Syrian immigrants is actively supported by Turkey. Syrian migrants have been a major topic of discussion of whether if they will or will not stay in Turkey and whether they will or will not be integrated into the labor market of Turkey. That is why, the main topic of this thesis was selected as "Analysis of the Perceptions of Syrian Migrants on the Gaziantep Labor Market". Moreover, this book presents the main findings of the questionnaire about the work of Syrian migrants residing in the province of Gaziantep. In the conclusion, there will be a discussion of the linkage and causality among the marital status of immigrant respondents’ ages, regions of residence in Syria (rural, urban), date of entrance to Turkey, the duration if their stay in Gaziantep, their level of education, employers’ nationality and the problems they face.
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Transparency is a concept that is an inseparable element of both colloquial language and many management theories (although it is not always expressed directly as a separate element, feature or function). It can be identified with two aspects: decisions that are usually made within the organization, and the effects of these decisions, i.e. with the achievements of the organization. This monograph focuses on the transparency of the university's achievements from the perspective of its external stakeholders. This focus, in turn, oriented the conducted research on the aspect of informing them about the effects of the university's activities. It is also worth emphasizing that in addition to the traditional identification of transparency with clarity, trust and credibility, it can also be a tool for universities to stimulate and support their development and to authenticate the position of a leader and mentor for the external environment. The monograph is divided into an introduction, five chapters and an ending. The first chapter aims to present the sources of tradition and culture of universities in the world, their impact on society in different historical epochs and to understand, on this basis, the specifics of these organizations functioning. The second chapter concerns the theoretical foundations of transparency in management. The next part of the monograph was aimed at familiarizing the reader with the scope of external reporting of Polish universities. The fourth chapter is an empirical chapter, presenting the results of research carried out for this monograph. The last, fifth chapter of the monograph contains the author's proposal for the information structure of the university's report – in the form of an integrated report on its achievements – covering a standardized scope of information aimed at ensuring full transparency of university achievements in Poland.
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These conference proceedings constitute a selection of the best papers submitted to the 15th International Scientific Conference "Law in Business of Selected Member States of the European Union" which was organized by the Department of Business and European Law, Faculty of International Relations, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czech Republic. The conference was held in the University ́s premises from 25 to 27 October 2023 and welcomed speakers and participants from abroad (Belgium Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Turkiye, United States) and the Czech Republic. The conference was held hybrid format. Although the on-site participation was encouraged, the conference was streamed online for those who could not join the conference venue in person and to reach a wider audience. The selection of the papers for the conference volume was very rigorous. The papers were submitted and presented in English. All the papers included in this volume passed a rigorous double-blind peer review successfully and were checked for their originality using the iThenticate software kindly provided by the University. The participants ́ papers were presented in specialized sections which correspond to the subheadings of the present volume: 1. Section: Business and Corporate Law; 2. Section: European and International Aspects of Doing Business; 3. Section: Banking, Finance and Insurance Law. The conference has been supported by the Internal Grant Agency Project No. IG 43/2023 “Law in Business of Selected Member States of the European Union (15th annual conference)” of the Prague University of Economics and Business. All published papers successfully passed the double-blind peer-review process by at least 2 independent reviewers - experts with a PhD in the relevant field. The conference organizers will be happy to welcome the readers at the conference to be held next year. The date of the conference is to be announced in due course. For more information on the call for papers for the upcoming conference please check the conference webpage at https://lawinbusiness.vse.cz/. Wishing you a nice read.
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This volume contains the scientific papers presented at the 3 rd International Conference on FinTech, Cyberspace and Artificial Intelligence Law that was held on March 31, 2023, Bucharest, online on Zoom. The conference is organized by the Society of Juridical and Administrative Sciences. More information about the conference can be found on the official website: https://adjuris.ro/fintech/index_en.html. The scientific studies included in this volume are grouped into three chapters: • Alchemy of cyberspace in the fire of regulation. The papers in this chapter refer to: a few comments on FinTech in the light of cyber security; freedom of expression in cyberspace: the good and the bad; cyber space and security in the cyber environment - general considerations; profiling criminals in cyberspace; current standards for information security and privacy. • Artificial intelligence through the lens of today's law. This chapter includes papers on: new technologies are shaping arbitral proceedings; implications of ChatGPT technology on criminal law; the robot as a natural or legal person - another perspective on the concept of person; adapting non-contractual liability rules to artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence and the legal responsibilities in public financial administration. • Legal interface of the current standards in digitalization. The papers in this chapter refer to: brief considerations regarding work on digital platforms; digital Euro currency, economic and legal implications; the complexity of the legislative framework and the difficulties of correlation with economic and social impact in public administration - the digitalization of public services; blockchain technology and smart contracts - public policy needed in the technology race. This volume is aimed at practitioners, researchers, students and PhD candidates in cyberspace and artificial intelligence law, who are interested in recent developments and prospects for development in this field at international and national level. We thank all contributors and partners and are confident that this volume will meet the needs for growing documentation and information of readers in the context of globalization and the rise of dynamic elements in AI law.
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This theoretically-analytical publication focuses on the theatrical dance and its transformations during the last decades. Through several individual studies, it targets especially the phenomenon of so-called turns (installative, ecological, posthuman and archival) which define the latest evolution of dance. The research relies on fundamental foreign theoretical concepts which had been absent in the Czech academical dance studies discourse so far. The authors of this publicatin thus aim at establishing and reflecting these concepts in the domestic environment as well.
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Today, cities and their inhabitants play a key role in the context of anthropogenic climate change. On the one hand, cities are the nexus of the problem, as they contribute to significant greenhouse gas emissions; on the other hand, they represent a tremendous opportunity to reverse these negative processes, as they can, and should, be an area for the implementation of many innovative solutions and strategies to reduce emissions and adapt to a changing climate. Urban residents can play an active role in building climate neutrality of urban areas through their daily choices, behaviour, education, social engagement and influence on political processes. Public participation is crucial to the creation of urban climate policies, to achieve the goals of the continuous fight against a changing climate and to create more sustainable urban communities. It is an important aspect of environmental action because it allows for the inclusion of people's diverse perspectives, needs and experiences. In addition, the integration of the local community, business, academia and policy makers is nowadays key to creating effective urban policies moving towards climate neutrality.The book "Public participation in urban climate policy making. The example of Łódź." which is the result of cooperation between scientists and practitioners from various scientific centres and cities as well as representatives of local government administration, is addressed to all those for whom cities are a common good and, despite many noticeable shortcomings, are and will remain for many more years the only living environment.
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The publication analyses the current state of knowledge in the area of computer games and summarises the results of a research study carried out by the team of authors in 2016 and 2018. The introductory section focuses on general information and previous research on computer games. In the following sections of the publication the authors analyse the negative and positive effects of computer games on humans - using both domestic and international research studies. The authors emphasise the issue of computer game addiction and the risks of aggressive behaviour in relation to playing computer games. The final part of the publication includes the results of a research study carried by the authors in 2016 and 2018.
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Ta publikacja może pełnić funkcję ważnego podręcznika czy przewodnika pokazującego sposoby rozwijania nowych wyobrażeń o ekonomii. Autorzy proponują całościowy, alternatywny język mówienia o gospodarce i kryzysach, co jest konieczne do tego, aby odejść od zgubnej oczywistości oddzielnego zajmowania się ekonomią, społeczeństwem i technologią. Książka jest świadectwem prawdziwej interdyscyplinarności, pokazującej, że nie można redukować ekonomii do zaspokajania potrzeb w porządku czysto materialnym, ponieważ wszystkie pojęcia ekonomiczne angażują i mobilizują cały system. Zaprezentowane w książce stanowiska będą wzbudzać dyskusje. Cieszę się, że mogłam być jedną z pierwszych czytelniczek pierwszej takiej pracy napisanej w języku polskim. z recenzji prof. Małgorzaty Jacyno (Uniwersytet Warszawski) To jedna z ciekawszych i ambitniejszych prób holistycznego spojrzenia na procesy gospodarcze, z uwzględnieniem działania praw termodynamiki, samoorganizacji systemów żywych i zmian klimatu wskutek działalności człowieka. Stanowi interesującą próbę połączenia pozornie odległych dziedzin i dyscyplin naukowych, jakimi są fizyka (w tym energetyka), nauki społeczne (w tym ekonomia i nauki o polityce) i nauki przyrodnicze. Hausner i Krzykawski, jako redaktorzy i współautorzy tej publikacji, pokazują nowe kierunki badań w ekonomii oraz zdecydowaną przewagę badań interdyscyplinarnych nad wąskospecjalistycznymi.Odbiorcami tej książki powinni być wszyscy ci, którym bliska jest problematyka transformacji energetycznej, a także budowa regeneracyjnych systemów gospodarczych, społecznych i przyrodniczych, w tym złożonych systemów terytorialnych. z recenzji prof. Tadeusza Markowskiego (Uniwersytet Łódzki) Autorki i autorzy: Edwin Bendyk, Alicja Boryń, Ivar Ekeland, Zenon Foltynowicz, Maciej Grodzicki, Jerzy Hausner, Aleksander Jakimowicz, Andrzej Kassenberg, Michał Krzykawski, Joanna Kulczycka, Mikołaj Lewicki, Michał Możdżeń, Jan Oleszczuk-Zygmuntowski, Wojciech Paprocki, Jan Popczyk, Bożena Ryszawska, Wojciech Stanek, Magdalena Wojnarowska,
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Zasada równego traktowania oraz zasada niedyskryminacji w zatrudnieniu stanowią szczególny aspekt ogólniejszej zasady równości, uważanej za jedno z fundamentalnych praw człowieka. Z nieuzasadnionym różnicowaniem wynagrodzeń, będącym wyrazem zaprzeczenia tych zasad, można spotkać się na wszystkich etapach zatrudnienia, tj. na etapie jego powstania, realizacji oraz ustania. […] Na polskim rynku wydawniczym pojawiły się już prace traktujące o zasadach sprawiedliwości i równości w wynagradzaniu. Brakuje natomiast aktualnej, kompleksowej publikacji, która ukazywałaby efekty transpozycji europejskiego prawa pracy do polskiego prawa pracy w dziedzinie równości płac. Niniejsza książka stara się wypełnić tę lukę. Ukazuje polskie prawo antydyskryminacyjne w zakresie równości w wynagradzaniu oraz postępujący proces jego europeizacji. fragment Wstępu Monografia ta ma charakter wieloaspektowy i interdyscyplinarny. Jest tak dzięki połączeniu analizy regulacji międzynarodowych i krajowych, a także nieograniczaniu się do kwestii prawa materialnego oraz omówieniu zagadnień procesowych. Dzieło to ma wszelkie atuty, aby stać się ważnym, wręcz fundamentalnym opracowaniem zarówno dla specjalistów z zakresu prawa pracy, jak i dla badaczy z innych dziedzin zajmujących się kwestiami prawa do równego traktowania. dr hab. Marcin Wujczyk Helena Szewczyk – doktor habilitowana nauk prawnych, długoletni pracownik badawczo-dydaktyczny Instytutu Nauk Prawnych na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach. Jej zainteresowania naukowe są związane z polskim i europejskim prawem pracy oraz prawem urzędniczym. Jest autorką wielu publikacji naukowych (monografii, studiów, artykułów, glos), w których porusza przede wszystkim zagadnienia dotyczące indywidualnego prawa pracy, zatrudnienia w sektorze publicznym oraz zabezpieczenia społecznego. Czynnie wykonuje zawód radcy prawnego. Autorka książek Mobbing w stosunkach pracy. Zagadnienia prawne (2012) i Whistleblowing. Zgłaszanie nieprawidłowości w stosunkach zatrudnienia (2020).
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