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Border mountain area of eastern Serbia has a distinct potential and importance in the function of surface water sources, which are characterized by range of geographical and environmental characteristics and similarities determined by mountainous character of the territory. For the purposes of this paper, border area of Serbia towards Bulgaria is provisionally determined by iso-border of 25 km. On the defined area of eastern Serbia there are 11 individual territories allocated in the function of being surface water source. Key objects for the realization of the goals of rational and functional exploitation of surface water sources are accumulations. They are the link between the system of surface water sources and water supply system.
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Although being a relatively small country, Montenegro is characterised by significant regional disparities. Just recently it has been administratively divided into regions, but no form of regional statistics has been developed yet and no active policy aimed at reducing regional disparities is being followed. This is due to the longstanding sentiment that the entire Montenegro is one micro region and no further division into regions is necessary. This is why the authors set three goals in writing this paper. The first one is to review the adequacy of the proposed division into regions. The second goal is to calculate relevant regional statistical indicators that would subsequently serve for the third goal of proposing economic policy recommendations aimed at diminishing regional differences.
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This paper provides information about the types, factors and features of ice dam and storm surge inundations in the Northern Dvina River delta, new methods and results of their research, changing the situation with inundations for a long time-period. This article contains data on current structure and regime of the Northern Dvina delta, changes of hydrological factors in XX-XXI centuries
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Vulnerability is an essential feature of an element at risk (community, region, country, the environment) which determines the expected damage caused by a hazard. Vulnerability modified over time and it depended on physical, social, economic and environmental factors. Vulnerability became multidimensional, multidisciplinary, multi-sectoral and dynamic in contemporary circumstances. In the past decades, vulnerability to natural hazards took precedence over technological and other hazards threatening the community. The necessity to assess threat, vulnerability and the prevention of natural hazards was emphasized in the key national normative legal acts of the Republic of Serbia. A resolute commitment of the country to lay down the laws to regulate this field and establish a system to make a functional response to natural hazards through institutions was followed by difficult circumstances in practice. In addition to permanent flood hazard vulnerability, landslide and earthquake vulnerability, weak socio-economic profile i.e. the insufficient flexibility of the community and the unclear role of government bodies, municipal civil protection service and the service for protection from natural disasters were also insufficiently equipped. Nowadays, government efforts to solve problems in order to improve its own possibilities for reducing vulnerability to natural hazards are evident. The most important are those related to proper financing of the protection system. The application of SCN model would provide a more stable transfer of financial resources, as well as the transfer of necessary manpower and material resources from national to local level.
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XXI century is characterized by globalization of socio-economic processes, economic growth, and excessive consumption of natural resources that leads to imbalance in socio-economic systems. Significant threats to the sustainable development of territories are natural and anthropogenic disasters, the extent and severity of which significantly increased in recent decades. They do great damage to economy and environment, often accompanied by loss of human lives. Russia with its broad territory, significant difference in climate conditions, is exposed to the wide range of natural hazards and disasters. The most dangerous are earthquakes, floods, forest fires. About 20 % of the Russian Federation is situated in zones of high risk, which are inhabited by more than 20 million people. Area of flooding as a result of floods can reach over 400 km2. Annually in the forests appear from 100 to 300 thousand of fires on the total area of 1.5 - 2.5 million hectares. The impact of natural disasters on the sustainable development of territory is considered in the article as an example of one of the Russian regions – the Republic of Mordovia. It was analyzed the dynamics of emergencies for the period of 2000 – 2012 years, paid attention to natural emergencies (forest fires and floods). Despite the fact that occurrence of emergency and catastrophic situations of natural character happens spontaneously, size of damage they do largely determined by timeliness and accuracy of the prediction and adoption of adequate preventive measures. In this regard, the article provides recommendations to reduce threats of natural character for the sustainable development of the Republic of Mordovia. They cover a range of activities on monitoring of natural phenomena, protection of the population from emergency situations to minimize potential damage, training of population in the face of natural disasters, development of economic policy in the region and training of personnel in the sphere of environmental management.
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The type of foreign direct investment (FDI) mostly received by Nigeria in the past decades has formed one of the central points of the discussion of the nature of investment in development in this country acknowledged as Africa’s second largest economy. The way FDI receipt varies by size and type by sub-national regions (especially the 36 states, Federal Capital Territory in Abuja and the 774 Local Government Areas) forming Nigeria’s federation has so been poorly addressed. However, scholars recently reported on the receipt of FDI in Cross River State following the state government’s policy that is being praised by Nigeria’s federal government agencies and international governmental organizations –including United Nations Systems in Nigeria, among others. The praises recognize Cross River State Government’s practice of good governance and cost-effective resource management as it confronts challenges including declining funds hitherto allocated from the pooled federation account. The objective of this article is to is to contribute towards understanding recent foreign direct investment in Cross River State. This article follows on theoretical perspectives and background recently reported by presenting findings of an empirical case study of recent and ongoing increasing investments in the Calabar Free Trade Zone (CFTZ) city of Cross River State (Nigeria). We apply methods of descriptive case study to inform on the increasing commitment of foreign investments towards manufacturing engagement in Calabar urban region/environs. We present Calabar region’s previous/recent development challenges and provide some details of the recent increasing foreign investments in the Calabar FTZ city, before analyzing and synthesizing the recent increasing foreign investments in the Calabar FTZ city. It is demonstrated that the recent economic dynamics would engender a set of socio-economic, spatial and ecological/environmental responses and explain their implications to Calabar’s overall and manifold governance dimensions and status. We recommend that further study could focus on showing how foreign investment in manufacturing and recent dynamics in the global economy (e.g. financial-economic crises) and sub-national investment promotion have combined to make possible the recent increases in investment manufacturing in the Calabar region..
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This paper is a continuation of the research on the socio-demographic structure, as well as the motives of visitors of tourist events in Serbia. So far, the events with the prevailing music, ethnographic, economic and entertaining tourist contents of the program have been explored. In this paper, an event is chosen as a subject of study which has a distinctly cultural and artistic content of the program, and is held in the area which is tourism attractive architectural ambience. The aim is to establish the socio-demographic structure and motivation among visitors. The tourism evaluation of the event has also been carried out.
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Lake Baikal, as the World Natural heritage site, represents an area in Russian Federation, where any economic activity is strictly regulated. According to the legislation, the prospects for economic activity within the Baikal Region can be linked to tourism. Special Economic Zone of tourism and recreation (TRZ) “Baikal Harbour” was organized in the Republic of Buryatia (Pribaikalsky District). Tourism is considered to contribute to the socio-economic development of the region, which has long been considered depressed. Comprehensive studies were carried out for several years (2012-2015) in the area of the TRZ “Baikal Harbour”. A special emphasis was given to the analysis of problems and prospects for future development of the Pribaikalsky District in the context of creating “Baikal Harbour”. One of the methods used was sociological research, which revealed some new tendency in the development of the area, as well as different conflicts from the point of view of the local people.
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The vital statistic data analyses indicate major changes in the components of the natural increase of the population in Macedonia. The trend of decreasing number of births and increased number of deaths led to a reduction in the natural population increase rate that in 2013 reached the value of 1.9‰. At the beginning of the 21st century there are obvious differences in the values of the natural population increase in demographic and spatial aspect. Particular attention is given to the differences in the level of the population natural increase among municipalities2 and regions in the Republic of Macedonia. These problems come as a result of the impact of the social and economic transformations. This is the case of large part municipalities in Macedonia, which means that these municipalities are characterized by a negative population natural increase. At the same time, this leaves demographic, social and economic consequences to their development, followed by numerous problems. The main aim of this research is to determine the regional differences in the positive component of the population natural increase, i.e. crude birth rate, TFR and the natural increase rate and to identify the regions in the Republic of Macedonia that are highly disadvantaged.
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In this paper we analyze the agglomeration of three small urban centers in Sverdlovsk Region (Russia). We describe agglomeration economies as the process where firm can be divided into those based on internal economies and those based on external economies, and also that each kind of economy can be viewed from the perspectives of scale, scope, and complexity. In our example, agglomeration economies are based on the internal economies. All analyzed towns are different in the level of industrial production, economies of scale and increasing returns. Industrial agglomeration effects are conceptually classified into localization and urbanization economies. We believe that agglomeration is strong only in small towns with the effective industrial production. As methods we used the Cobb-Douglas production function. Results of the research showed that only a town with industrial specialization (Verkhnyaya Salda) is characterized by constant returns to scale and the growth of total production which is mainly determined by increasing of capital. The other two cases of the towns (which are not industrial specialized) do not generate these results. Moreover, the town which not develops industrial production has no any effect of agglomeration. Agglomeration effects can be observed at different levels of aggregation. Large cities provide greater opportunity for economies of scale, availability of quality human capital, cluster effects, innovation processes and knowledge spillover, but under certain conditions smaller towns can also achieve some of the effects of agglomeration.
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The article is devoted to assessing the tourism development prospects in the context of global socio-economic trends. It is revealed that the recreational nature of tourism directly affects the tourist attractiveness of Russian tourist territories since due to the vastness of the country it is exactly the regions where the necessary conditions for recreation and temporary stay in ecologically green areas can be created. It is proved that global socio-economic trends create prerequisites, that is, part of the conditions necessary to develop the tourism economy. These opportunities need to be actualized that may contribute to the emergence of conditions sufficient for turning the tourist potential of the regions into their real, financially tangible tourist attractiveness. The need to brand tourist destinations identifying unique features of the respective territories can be considered as the important steps towards tourism development.
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The aim of this study is to determine the mediating role job satisfaction on the effect of intrepreneurship on organizational support perception. Then other aim is to test whether level of intrepreneurship is a difference according to demographic variables. The data were obtained by survey method. The data were analyzed with SPSS program and PROCESS macro software added to SPSS program. The sample of the study consists of 259 working private sector participants in Balıkesir. According to the results of the research, t-test and anova test results showed that the level of intrepreneurship don’t differ by gender, working time (p>0,05). The result of research showed that the level of intrepreneurship differed by education level (p<0,05). It was determined that job satisfaction has partial mediating role in relation of organizational support perception and intrepreneurship.
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The aim of this study is to determine the perceptions of the students in Düzce University towards the insurance system. For this purpose, data was collected by 397 students through convenience sampling method. In the study, it was seen that the participants did not have enough information about issues related to insurance and its functioning. However, majority thinks that it is necessary to invest on insurance system in order to secure the future period of their lives. At the same time, the fact that people with no insurance knowledge and experience are working in this sector is seen as an important problem for the insurance sector. A general evaluation shows that the students who are willing to have insurance are predominantly in science majors. In addition, it is determined that the students who have a positive sentiment for the statements; “I have enough information about insurance systems”, “I am interested in the insurance system”, “Insurance products are good investment tools” and “I must invest in the insurance system to secure the next period of my life”, are those who are studying at the Faculty of Political Sciences of Business Administration-Akçakoca Bey
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To develop a scale for money attitudes are of having significance to get an idea regarding many fields ranging from financial literacy skills to economic and demographic characteristics. Therefore, in this study, Money Attitude Scale was developed in Turkish. As for population, 360 individuals (160 male, 200 female) participated for the explanatory analysis in the study. Additionally 200 individuals participated for the confirmatory analysis in the study. The population consists of the students from various departments ranging from Economic to Mathematics to Education in Iğdır University and Ondokuz Mayıs University. As fort he explanatory factor analysis, a scale having 22 items and three factors was created. It was found that the Cronbach Alpha constant was .874. As for the confirmatory factor analysis, χ2 /sd is found to be 1.467, CFI is found to be .960, GFI is found to be .935, IFI is found to be .961, TLI value is found to be .955, RMSEA value is found to be .048 and RMR is found to be .129 indicating that that the structure is at an acceptable level. Neural network analysis show that the most important items for this model are the items belonging factor 3 “Money as a concrete medium” and Factor 2 (“Money as a tool for relationships”) altough they have less items compared to first factor. At the end of the analysis it was concluded that factor 1 should be entitled as “Money as a tool for reaching ideal”, factor 2 was entitled as “Money as a tool for relationships” and factor 3 was entitled as “Money as a concrete medium”. It should be pointed out that these two dimensions are similar to the constructs of Furnham.
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This article focuses on the existence of norms of justice within economic systems – past and present. Are they spontaneously produced by the economic system? If not, is it possible to introduce into an economic system values that are foreign to it? To what extent can public authorities, institutions or individuals intervene to establish economic variables of great importance (prices, wages, interest rates, etc.) at a level of a predetermined standard of justice? These questions have a long history in the Western tradition, where economy was sufficiently developed for market exchanges and market prices to play an important role. The study first addresses the notion of fair price developed by theologians and scholastic jurists from the thirteenth century onwards, in order to propose a norm to control the market and ensure fair exchanges. The paper then turns to the invention of the notion of competition. Can the market itself produce fair prices if competition is free and efficient? This question has been debated at length by economists from the eighteenth century onwards, especially by the German ordoliberalism of the 1930s, which sought the conditions to establish a competitive order (Wettbewerbsordnung), a notion at the root of the economic philosophy of the Treaty of Rome (1957) and the European Union. Lastly, it deals with the way in which economic science today introduces the norm of justice into economic reasoning, with the work of George Akerlof and Janet Yellen on fair wages, and that of experimental economics on the sense of justice among economic agents.
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Service robots and artificial intelligence promise to improve the service quality. Robotics in combination with rapidly improving technologies like artificial intelligence, bring opportunities for a wide range of innovations that have the potential to change service quality in hotel industry. Based on an extensive literature review, this article presents the acceptance of service robots in hotel industry. The paper acknowledges that the adoption of the robots and artificial intelligence on service quality is focused on the challenges of technological characteristics, customers’ readiness and practical effectiveness of the business. The study provides a comprehensive and systematic review of robots and AI concepts in a hotel industry and examines their impacts on service quality. The hotel industry future is going to be affected with high-tech tourism companies offering robot-automated services which rely on guidance to adopt and integrate robotics into their customer service operations.
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The topic of the next Fifth Yearbook of the Hungarian Economic History Yearbook (MGtÉ), to be published in 2021: Environmental History - Historiography.
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Theoretical explanations of corruption in Africa are inconclusive. Economic downturn and poverty are the effects of poor resource management in Africa. Yet, neopatrimonialism also stands as an alternative explanation. This survey separate these two theoretical alternatives of corruption in Africa. It examines 54 African countries using the corruption perception index of 2017. It found that fuel-exporting countries in Africa are more corrupt than non-fuel exporting countries with a large associated effect size (Cohen’s d =. 94). Fuel exporting countries were linked with resource-curse theory (poor resource management) and the extractive theory of corruption (neopatrimonialism) while non fuel exporting countries was linked up with only the extractive theory of corruption (neopatrimonialism). By implication, African nations involved in the exportation of fuel resource are 94% likely to be more corrupt than countries that do not export fuel.
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