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The Russian priests belong, in the XIX-th century, to an endogamous caste, neither serfs, nor nobles, absolutely incapable of social ascension, stuck in their status like a body of Levites. Mysticism is the euphemistic name given by the clergy to a double situation : the lack of implication of the Church in society, and the absence of any theological thought, due to pervasive illiteracy and censorship.
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This is a work of awareness about a beautiful history of a vertical nation. More than ever we need to look for the landmarks of our beautiful nation, now that he is asked by Brussels to abandon his traditional values. I tried to show in my study what beautiful people we were in history. We were the only people of Europe that saved five peoples without any intention to ask anything in return. A beautiful people with much suffering in his history, but who unfortunately did not learn much from it. My work is an alarming signal for the loss of beauty of this nation, now that we celebrate a hundred years since the union of the country.
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Az első 300 év Magyarországon és Európában. A Domonkos-rend a középkorban Szerk. Csurgai Horváth József Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, Székesfehérvár, 2017. 335 old
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After the war with France (1859) and Prussia (1866) the Habsburg Empire was in a deep social and political crisis, very close to its dissolution, mainly due to the internal national movements in the name of new ideas and principles of Democracy and National Emancipation as they were first mentioned in the decade of French Revolution (1789-1799). In consequence, the Habsburgs have made serious efforts to maintain the unity and cohesion of the multinational state and from 1860 to 1867 enlarged rights including autonomy and self-government in many regions of the Empire were accorded. The Romanian intellectuals and elite from Transylvania have intensified their actions for the social, political and economic emancipation of Romanian ethnics with a general defined purpose to obtain equal rights with Hungarian and Austrian citizens in the spirit of the ideas of democracy and the national principles. The end of the bipolar world in 1990 had brought in actuality the national and ethnical issues. The insufficient and superficial approach of these questions, based on the particular examples of Romanians from Transylvania, leads to deep fundamental state crisis and therefore they represent a serious challenge nowadays and their investigations are relevant and of interest.
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The Bible very little attention pays to the Mother of God. Apart from the Gospels of Childhood there are only two known mentions from the public period of Jesus’ activity. These are the wedding in Cana and the description of Christ’ crucifixion. The beloved disciple does not even mention Mary’s name. He replaces it with such words as: Mother of Lord, Jesus’ Mother, His Mother. The Old Testament does not refer to Mary directly. There are many texts though that according to the symbolic sense and prophets’ predictions refer to Mary’s motherhood towards expected Messiah and Her participation in His redemptive act. It refers especially to the Old Testament ”Mothers” of Israel who played a crucial role in history of this nation both through its religious formation during the periods of unfaithfulness to Covenant and through the participation in the liberation from slavery and alien invasion, when the history of Israel at the same time the history of redemption and became the theology of Israeli Nation. Through a place and a role of these Mothers in the liberation of Israel the Christian exegesis, following the patristic tradition, defines the place and the role of Mary in the redemption of man fulfilled by Christ.
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The paper presentsthe personality and the scientific record of Rev. prof.Aleksander Usowicz CM. He was an acknowledged representative of the neo-Scholasticism, the main philosophical movement in the mid 50 of 20th c. at the Theological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. In fact, scientific interest of Usowicz went beyond the field of philosophy. He was also interested in theology. Among many lecturers he delivered, the most important was one about the introduction to theology. Its aim was to provide students with the basics of the history of theological thought. It must be remembered that Usowicz was a reviewer of the habilitation work of Fr. Karol Wojtyła. He was also a tutor and scientific supervisor of many later professors of philosophy and theology.
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The aim of this paper is to shed some light on the period of Petra’s passage from paganism to Christianity, which saw the deterioration of pagan beliefs and the struggle for survival between paganism and Christianity. The recognition of Christianity as the official religion of the Byzantine Empire in 313 AD did not mean that paganism had disappeared from Petra. In fact, most of the Nabataean temples in the city remained open until the second half of the 4th century AD, when the city was hit by the earthquake of 363. It was this event that had the greatest impact on the abandoning of the city’s temples, such as the Temple of the Winged Lions, the Temple of Qasr el-Bent and the Great Temple. The historical and archaeological evidence confirms the construction of a number of churches in Petra, which received considerable attention from the Christian clergy and the administration of the city during the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
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Феноменот на отуѓување, кој подразбира изолираност, дистанцираност, повлеченост, апстракција, и уште попознат како осаменост, очај и конфликт со околината, е карактеристичен за целото човештво. Човекот, кој не може да почувствува дека припаѓа на реалноста во која живее или не се согласува со луѓето во општеството и институциите на кои им припаѓа, применувал различни методи низ историјата за да го надвладее тоа чувство. Предмет на оваа студија е евалуацијата на верувањата и институциите како што се Бог и државата во филозофијата на Михаил Бакунин, кој е еден од водечките мислители на 19 век. Причина за изборот на овие два феномени е истоименото дело од посочениот филозоф во кое се толкуваат овие феномени. Во тој контекст, Бог и државата се проценуваат како фактори на свеста на човекот, кои истовремено отуѓуваат и се отуѓени.
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The aim of this research is to provide a review of the Islamic leadership model. Taking into consideration the fact that the most important leader in Islam is the Prophet, Muhammad, this paper will analyse the methods used by Muhammad, and their characteristics, as well as some methods of the early Islamic leaders as well. We will try to discover the qualities of a successful leader in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and the tradition of Islam, as the two main sources of Islamic teaching in this paper, and also to present the Islamic model of leadership.
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Godianism is a new religious movement that emerged in Nigeria, a country of the African continent in the 20th century. This movement opposed to Western colonialism and the religious conception it brought. Godianism combined the traditional beliefs of Igbos, the indigenous people of Nigeria, with the new interpretation of Christianity. Thus, it has imposed its existence as a syncretic movement with the name first as the National Church of Nigeria and later as Godianism. Its founder K.O.K Onyioha is the religious leader of this movement. This movement has its own teaching, worships, rituals and festivals. Godianism has been a movement that defended the belief in a single god in a continent like Africa where there were many gods. The understanding of the creator and the great God has been identified by the names Godian or Chineke. This belief system has its own holy text and place of worship. Godianism inspired and adopted many worship and ritual from African traditional beliefs, the church construction and some religious practices from Christianity, and the beliefs such as karma and reincarnation from the Indian religions. Although Godianism bears nationalistic and regional motifs, it has been spreading with the claim of being a universal belief system. In this context, the aim of our study is to address this new religious movement in Africa in all aspects in the light of existing sources.Summary: In the historical process, some religious movements emerged as a reaction to the belief in the geography in which they were found. When these religious movements find supporters, they gradually turn into a system of beliefs on their own. Godianism is such a religious movement that emerged against the oppression of colonialists in the African continent. It sprouts as a protest movement in Nigeria, which has been under the British colony for many years. There are many reasons this move enables the emergence of. One of the reasons is that Britain has exploited underground resources and food products of Nigeria for years. Britain's long-term exploitation of the people of the country and especially the low wages of workers in the factory harass the indigenous people to run the local people. Igbos cannot accept to be treated as a slave in their own homeland. This situation creates a national consciousness against foreigners in the locals. Ethnic discrimination is another reason for the emergence of this movement. British white people think that they are privileged in the country of blacks people, develop a national anger among indigenous people. Nigerian indigenous people see the British exploiting and humiliating themselves as indignity behaviour. When protesting low wages, their rejection and killing is an indication of the extent to which this discrimination has come. The indigenous people of Nigeria, Igbos are not discriminated against for economic and ethnic reasons only. There are also religious reasons. Thus, they did not allow the funeral of the Igbos to be held in the church even though they were Christians, shows that they were also excluded from the faith. England, which established Christian churches through Christian missionaries and christianized the indigenous people was able to easily excommunicate the indigenous people for economic, ethnic and religious reasons by using the protests as excuse. In fact, Nigerian natives are a people of African traditional faith. Poverty and hunger caused them to turn to Christianity. In a sense, being Christian was an obligation for them. Being a Christian means bread for poor indigenous people. In this context, it cannot be said that the Igbos have embraced Christianity willingly. The deliberate exploitation of their own countries and beliefs may seem tolerable for a while, but the situation becomes unbearable. They cannot accept the exclusion of their traditional beliefs by Christian missionaries for hundreds of years. The killing of workers, preventing religious ceremonies in churches for their funerals, and the exclusion from the church, has caused a national and religious reflex in Nigerians. Thus, the National Church movement of Nigeria, which consists of a new interpretation of Christian traditional beliefs and Christianity under the leadership of the religious leader Onyioha arises. This religious movement, Godianism, is spread in many parts of Africa with a national consciousness. The increase of the supporters makes this movement open to the world. Thus, it claims to be a universal belief system with his own institutions and rules. Godianism becomesr religion that has founder, a sacred book, temple, teaching, worship, rituals, festivals and a peculiar moral movement that has a considerable number of followers in the African continent. The reason why it is syncretic is that this movement creates a new synthesis by being influenced by Christianity, African traditional beliefs and Indian religions. The discussion that whether Godianism is sect of Christianity or not is an indication of the extent to which Godianism is influenced by other religions. It is normal to have such an approximation in terms of this movement. Because it emerged as a reaction to Western colonialism and the Western understanding of Christianity. It is natural that the African Igbos, who were Christians for years, were influenced by Christianity in creating this new belief. Godianism inherited from Christianity so many things such as conception of temple, communion, marriage, funeral, ceremonies, churches and clergy building. The emphasis on Christ believe and the fact that the movement sees itself as the new savior of Africa and Christ is an indication of being influenced by Christianity. Godianism was a movement that advocated a single god belief in a continent where there were many gods in Africa. The understanding of suprime and creator God has been identified by the names Godian or Chineke.Considered as a whole, it can be said that Godianism is a religious movement or belief system in which different religious, cultural and moral elements are imbedded. This movement is syncretic as well as national character. The Godian movement, boasting its African personality, wants not only the African continent, but all the black people of the world to gather under the same roof. In this context, the aim of the study is to reveal the historical process of Godianism movement which has reached millions in Africa today, its reasons, teaching, worship, festivals and moral values. To know this belief system thoroughly will contribute to our understanding of the new religious movements in the African continent and other continents. Within the framework of the historical discipline of religions related to this religious movement, there is no study conducted in our country yet. Therefore, our aim is to address this new syncretic belief system in a scientific way in light of the available resources.
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Die römisch-katholische Kirche bleibt im Kontext einer Communio-Ekklesiologie und angesichts der Entwicklungen der nachkonziliaren Theologie bzw. der ökumenischen Diskussion speziell in der Frage des universalkirchlichen Primatsanspruchs des Bischofs von Rom am nachdrücklichsten angefragt. Mehr als fünfzig Jahre nach dem Konzil muss allerdings festgestellt werden, dass sich eine wirklich communiale Praxis in der Kirche noch immer nicht durchsetzen konnte. Neue Perspektiven für die Ökumene wie für die Gestaltung des römischen Primats hat Johannes Paul II. 1995 in seiner Enzyklika Ut unum sint eröffnet. Damit diese Perspektiven nicht gänzlich verloren gehen, muss die katholische Kirche allerdings – im Sinne der Bemühungen von Papst Franziskus – auf dem Weg einer „heilsamen Dezentralisierung“ weiter voranschreiten.
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In the wake of the Protestant Reformation and the division of Western Christianity into rival religious camps, France descended into religious civil war in the years 1562-1598. The question then was how to respond to it. Writing after Spinoza’s championing of freedom of religious thought but before Hobbes’ advocacy of a strong sovereign who would dictate the prayers and forms of religious worship for the nation as a method of avoiding religious conflict, Bodin argued for religious toleration, indeed for a degree of religious toleration that was radical in its day.
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Review of: Ivica ŽIŽIĆ, Slava križa. Simboli i slike vjere u ranokršćanskoj kulturi –– Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb, 2017., 198 str.
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In this article, we are discussing the main ecumenical steps that have been taken in the Catholic Church regarding ecumenism with special emphasis on the Catholic- Lutheran dialogue. Besides the introduction and conclusion, the article is divided into four short chapters. In the first chapter, entitled ≫The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity≪, we briefly presented the origin and emphasized the importance of this week of prayer. Namely, in many parish communities it is often the only ecumenical activity throughout the year. The second chapter speaks of the Second Vatican Council and the ecumenical opening of the Catholic Church through several different emphases: ≫Focus on Ecumenism≪, ≫Secretariat for Christian Unity≪, ≫The Presence of Non-Catholic Observers at the Council≪, ≫New Approach to Ecumenism - Unitatis Redintegratio≪, ≫Subsistit in≪, ≫Hierarchia veritatum≪. The third chapter discusses the joining of the Catholic Church in the ≫Faith and Order≪ movement, while the fourth chapter discusses the ≫Joint Declaration on Justification≪ from 1999 and the 2013 document entitled ≫From Conflict to Communion≪. In conclusion, we can say that the attitude of the Catholic Church in the 20th century towards ecumenism should be divided into two parts: before and after the Second Vatican Council. The 500th anniversary of the Reformation is an opportunity to continue the ecumenical dialogue between the Lutherans and the Catholics even more fervently, and to make the final steps towards a visible unity.
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