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The purpose of this paper is to give a general account of Aristotle’s first philosophy or metaphysics. The author pays special attention to the following problems: substance (ousia), the dichotomy between ontology and theology, the first mover or God.
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Das Hauptthema in diesem Text ist mogliche und wirkliche Einflus von Aristoteles auf zukunftlichen Ereignisen in der Entwicklung von Philosophie. Auf andere Seite, hier wir haben noch ein Teil uber Aristoteles Beziehung mit Philosophen, durch ein Beispiel bei Alteren Pythagoreer. In diesem Sinn, ganz wesentlich ist die Aristotelesverstandnis die Ursprungen von altgriechische Philosophie.
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Iz brojnih razloga - ponekih pozitivnih, a mnogih negativnih - ima dosta zanimanja za sufizam na Zapadu i među modernim, obrazovanim klasama islamskog svijeta. Raspad jednog manjeviše homogenog “vrijednosnog sistema” modernog svijeta; osjećaj nesigurnosti u odnosu na budućnost; nerazumijevanje poruka religija koje prevladavaju na Zapadu, posebno kršćanstva, čije su inherentne pouke sve nedostupnije; želja za vizijom duhovnog svijeta u okruženju kojem sve više nedostaje kvaliteta te mnogi drugi faktori - svi zajedno - doprinose toj potrazi za duhovnim učenjima orijentalnih religija. Ova potraga na Zapadu je započela već sa prethodnom generacijom, pojavom općeg interesa za hinduizam i budizam; međutim, pošto je mnogo toga napisanog, čak i prakticiranog u tom periodu bilo ili lažno ili, u najboljem slučaju, površno, zanimanje za te tradicije – posebno u proučavanju vedante i zena – uskoro postaje pomodnost koja je - za generaciju koja traži stalno nova i drugačija iskustva, bez dubljeg prodiranja u bilo koje od njih – brzo postala dosadna i zamorna.
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Nowy interdyscyplinarny, monograficzny tom jest w historii cyklu „Perspektywy Ponowoczesności” szczególny, bo znacząco metarefleksyjny. Ośrodek Badawczy Facta Ficta pokazuje w nim w sposób bezpośredni, że pomieszanie sfery społecznej i kulturowej w jego nazwie nie jest przypadkowe. Trawestując Foucaulta, można powiedzieć, że w ramach badań Ośrodka związki między kulturą i polityką są permanentne i fundamentalne. Nieprzypadkowo w motcie do jednej części książki redaktorzy tomu „obnażają chwyt” i wprost przytaczają źródło nazwy Ośrodka, cytat z „Jutrzenki”: „Facta. Tak, facta ficta. Wszyscy historycy mówią o rzeczach, które nie istniały poza ich wyobraźnią”. Nietzsche pisze w nim dość wąsko o dyskursach historii – ale czyż dzieje ludzkich konfliktów nie są zarazem wyimaginowaną historią i topografią tak swojskości, jak i obcości? A zatem proponowany monograficzny projekt badawczy zajmuje się właśnie „mapowaniem obcości”. W tak zatytułowanym błyskotliwym wstępie do rozważań zacytowana jest, pomiędzy wieloma innymi, intrygująca myśl Waldenfelsa (wyraźnego, intelektualnego patrona całej publikacji): Obce należy do tego, co nas nachodzi. Nie gdy jest sobie daleko – ale gdy nas „nachodzi”. Taka jest perspektywa tomu – obcości nie poznamy, nie doświadczając uzurpacji i złudzeń swojskości. Zbliżymy się do obcego tylko wtedy, gdy poprzez refleksyjną postawę u-JA-rzmimy niepokoje związane z tym „najściem”. Nasze porządki symboliczne w swej pozornej „samowitości” doświadczają nieustannie tak realnych, jak i wyimaginowanych inwazji zewnętrzności. Oznaczenie wielu z nich wartościującą kategorią obcości omawiane jest w kolejnych rozdziałach „Ksenologii” uporządkowanych w czytelnym koncepcie dyskursywnych doświadczeń Facta i mimetycznych narracji Ficta.
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Po svemu sudeći, forma traktata zahtijeva, odmah na početku, jedan kratak komentar ili objašnjenje, koje se tiče tzv. unutrašnje arhitekture ovog doista specifičnog oblika i-spisa ili o-pisa različtih tema i problema. Čini se da je u pravu Walter Benjamin kada je svojevremeno u jednom pasažu svoje znamenite „Jednosmjerne ulice“, zapisao: Traktat je arapska forma. Po spoljašnjem izgledu je neuredan i neupadljiv; nalik je tako fasadama arapskih zdanja čija organizacija počinje tek u dvorištu. Ni organizovana struktura traktata ne može se spolja primetiti nego se otkriva tek iznutra. Kada je sastavljen u poglavljaima, ona nemaju svoje verbalne naslove nego su označena brojkama. Površ njegovih rasprava nije obojena živopisno, već je štaviše, prekrivena ornamentalnim prepletima čije se vijuganje nigde ne prekida. U ornamentalnoj gustini takvog načina izlaganja, poništava se razlika između tematskih izvođenja i digresija.“ (W. Benjamin, Izabrana dela 1, JP Službeni glasnik, Beograd, 2011, u sjajnom prevodu Jovice Aćina).
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We introduce Jan Hus through his Latin texts primarily as a polemicist and as a university teacher in this book. From the polemical writings, we chose his address against the Englishman John Stokes and also three treatises against the sale of indulgences. University activities of Master Jan are represented by several graduation speeches; here we chose those not yet translated into Czech. They are interesting not only for depicting the personality of the Czech reformer in a different way than we usually view him but also for their fresh language and style. In addition to the two topics revealed in the title of book, two other texts were selected as well. These are the texts of theological kind which however had a very topical dimension back then: the preaching 'Go ye also into the vineyard' and the discourse 'On three doubts'. All texts included (with just one minor exception) are translated into Czech for the first time.
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This book contains a critical edition of Apologia, a Latin treatise written by a Hussite nonconformist Nicholas of Dresden in 1415, whereby the author reacted to the prohibition of the lay chalice, one of the most outstanding symbols of the Hussite movement. The edition comprises a critical apparatus, reassessment of the textual tradition of the text based on surviving manuscript copies as well as an analysis of the structure of the text and its models. The book is primarily aimed at researchers dealing with the Early Bohemian Reformation, nevertheless due to the wider context provided by the critical edition of the material, it will well serve the historians, philologists, lawyers, and theologians as well.
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Evolutionary ontology claims that culture as an open dynamic system destructs system of nature (biosphere) which is wider and older than culture. Culture must gain its energy, space and matter only through destruction and destabilisation of biosphere. The very existence of humankind (and of culture too) is threatened by successful evolution of sociocultural system. Personal activity of man so can be seen as participation on escatation of conflict between nature and culture. The flow of energy, matter and information is just mediated by human aktivity. Therefore we can understand to intentional activities of man in culture as artificial culturaly oriented processes, which are components of “autopoietic” metabolism of culture that is now highly destructive for nature and society. Aim of this monograph is thus present evolutionary ontology as fruitful theoretical point of view in the field of philosophy of sport. Author reflects on activities of man and its distinctive forms – physical training and sport exercising. He analyzes sociocultural system of physical culture, searchs for its function (identity) and its relations to culture, nature and human. Text is focused mainly on sociocultural orientation of human activities. Its autor also outlines where these activities should be oriented from the evolutionary ontological point of view.
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Bu çalışmada yapılmak istenen, Orhan Pamuk’un Masumiyet Müzesi (2008) adlı romanını ve aynı adlı müzeyi birlikte ele alarak, romanın kurgu dünyası ve müzenin bu kurguyu somutlaştıran mekânında yer alan nesneler arası ilişkileri posthümanizm ve Nesne Yönelimli Ontolojiden (Object-Oriented Ontology) hareketle değerlendirmek ve bu değerlendirmelerin açtığı alanda romanın yapısal bir çözümlemesini sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada savunulacak temel düşünce, roman ve müzede canlı-cansız, insan-insan olmayan, soyutsomut nesnelerin olayların merkezinde yer alan roman kişileri kadar önemli roller üstlendikleri ve dolayısıyla geçen yüzyıldaki edebiyat kuramcılarının öne sürdüğü biçimde yardımcı ya da ikincil unsurlar olmadıklarıdır. Buna bağlı olarak, roman ve müzedeki nesnelerin kurgu evrenindeki aktif rollerinin, posthümanizm ve Nesne Yönelimli Ontolojinin insanı evrenin merkezinde konumlandıran Aydınlanma düşüncesi ve hümanizmi sorgulayan ve insan olmayanları ikincil konumlarından merkeze taşıyan yaklaşımlarıyla değerlendirildiklerinde çok daha belirgin biçimde açıklığa kavuşturulacağı düşünülmektedir.
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Analytic description, according to members of the Lvov-Warsaw School (LWS) like Czeżowski, Ajdukiewicz, Ossowska, Tarski is a powerful and an indispensable tool, not only in philosophy but also in any natural science – in psychology especially. It should be equally respected together with empirical analysis and even it is recommended that it should precede any further research. Therefore, the book Analiza i konstrukcja: o metodach badania pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej [Analysis and construction: on the methods of researching concepts in the Lvov-Warsaw School] can be recommended to philosophers as well as scientists.
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The article is an attempt for complete reconstruction of the theses of the Bulgarian thinker Georgi Gachev beyond his traditional inscription in the orbit of Hegel or Kant. An unused perspective on Gachev's "existential culturology" has been chosen, which fits it into the polyphonic choir of the so-called "ontological turn", the essence of which is determined by the shift of the dominant philosophical attention from the theory of knowledge to ontology, the critique of psychologism, the birth of phenomenology and existentialism and the tendency to humanize philosophy. The relevance of Gachev's ideas to the ontological turn is found both in existential terms and in the overall research strategy, in the layered division of "Cosmo-Psycho-Logos" (space-time-world). In the "cosmography" of the thinker the theses about the unique character of the nationalities as spiritual-historical formations deserve special attention.
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The monograph presents an original hermeneutic approach to digital game interpretation. The book consists of digital game case studies which focus on different aspects of their philosophical problematic: from management of life, through question concerning their ontology, to the way they produce livable spaces and mythological stories about our contemporaneity. The author also provides a ten-step manual to game interpretation aimed at helping students and researchers alike to analyze digital games. The book features interpretations of such award-winning titles as Horizon: Zero Dawn, Cyberpunk 2077, Frostpunk and Disco Elysium.
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Filozofija Mullā Ṣadrā Širazija, iako predstavlja sami vrhunac kasne islamske filozofije i sintezu ukupnog muslimanskog intelektualnog angažmana, još uvijek nije valjano istražena i ostaje nepoznanica čak većini poznavalaca islamske filozofije, te osobito onima čija je znanstvena pažnja dominantno usmjerena ka tokovima i problemima zapadnog filozofskog mišljenja. Premda je riječ o originalnom i opsežnom znanstvenom opusu filozofa iz Širaza, koji nudi mogućnost dubljeg upoznavanja sa intelektualnom baštinom muslimanskog filozofskog genija ali i nesvakidašnji okvir za komparativni pristup i potpunije razumijevanje između Istoka i Zapada, valja kazati kako je njegova misao neopravdano ostala u sjeni klasika islamske filozofije, pri čemu primarno mislim na Al-Fārābīja, Ibn Sīnu i Ibn Rušda. Konačno, takvom stanju značajno je doprinijela i teza o “kraju” islamske filozofije sa smrću spomenutog Ibn Rušda, koja se nerijetko promicala na Zapadu i koja je postala temeljna referentna pozicija pri svakoj analizi muslimanskog mišljenja, čime su zanemarena raskošna višestoljetna pregnuća realizirana u oblasti filozofije, filozofske teologije i gnoze. Stoga će izlaganje filozofije Mullā Ṣadra, kao najznačajnijeg predstavnika isfahanske filozofske škole iz XVI i XVII stoljeća, pokazati neutemeljenost teze o “kraju” islamske filozofije i naznačiti kontinuitet muslimanskog filozofskog mišljenja.
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The notion of disability, just like the notions such as gender and race, directly involves the ontological classification of human-related kinds through some observed or imagined characteristics which constitute the defining rationale behind the relevant classification. Accordingly, the locus of philosophical debates on the disability classification rests on this underlying rationale which enables us to mark someone as disabled. Hereby, the underlying question is whether this particular classification hinges on some biological characteristics or is socially constructed under the socio-hierarchical relations built into the very fabric of society.
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The book is interdisciplinary and it comprises of different chapters written by different scholars. The chapters have been written on applied linguistics, sociology, history, economy and political science.
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Educational research is a systematic inquiry directed at unraveling educational problems, generating new and distinct implications for educational knowledge, and improving the teaching and learning process in different contexts and settings. While researchers conduct thorough inquiries in education, they have a socio-political agenda including their perspectives for knowledge, reality, and worldview within the aim of rectifying, contributing, or reforming the education system. At this point, researchers adopt paradigmatic stances, ontologically and epistemologically, which are decisive in their methodological assumptions. Consistently, the ontological, epistemological assumptions are the backbones of a research design with some other underpinnings such as axiology and voice.
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U članku iz 2017. godine, Joan Tronto predlaže da učinkovita kritika neoliberalizma kao skupa političko-ekonomskih struktura, praksi i ideologija počinje zajedničkim poimanjem osoba “kao homines curans (brižnih ljudi)” (27). Kao što Tronto piše, “Neoliberalizam se otkriva kao ideologija suočena s etikom brige” (37). Zaista, mnogo je napisano o načinu na koji je neoliberalizam oblikovao “organizaciju resursa i odnose brige” (Hoppania i Vaittinen 2015, 77) i o tome kako povratak relacijskoj ontologiji koja podržava etiku brige, kao moralna i politička teorija, podrazumijeva temeljitu kritiku upravo tih društvenih, političkih i ekonomskih struktura i ideologija (npr. Casalini 2018; Hoppania i Vaittinen 2015; Robinson 2010, 2015; Tronto 2017). Relacijska ontologija stavlja odnos u prvi plan kao najznačajniju temu za moralno razmatranje, za razliku od atomističke ontologije koja privilegira pogled na subjekte kao autonomne agente. Ovo poglavlje doprinosi tom razgovoru istražujući kapacitet etike brige da se odupre neoliberalizmu i/ili posluži kao protuotrov za njega. To čini s posebnim fokusom na pitanje subjektivnosti u smislu pojma prekarnosti. Tvrdim da će robusnija teorija subjektivnosti, koja ima prekarnost u svom centru, pomoći etici brige time što će poslužiti kao teorijska polazna tačka s koje se može oduprijeti silama neoliberalizma.
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This article aims to highlight the ethical values of the concept of the slow city, values which are underpinned by digital discourse (official websites of the cities being members of this movement). A rhetorical construction, but above all, a social reconstruction of the image of the contemporary city in accordance with the values and aspirations of the human being seen as imago mundi, the image of the social community to which he belongs. A reconstruction that has at its heart a fundamental coordinate of the human being and of the anthropic space - Time, an essential value that has been hijacked and has become a stressful, anxiety-provoking and spiritually corrosive factor in the contemporary urban universe. We will base our discursive analysis on pre-existing theoretical constructs - the concepts of individual ethos, prior and discursively constructed ethos, collective ethos - and, above all, the analyzed key concept of the slow city - a contemporary urban ontology circumscribed to environmental concerns, sustainable development, participatory democracy, the revaluation of the local economy to the detriment of the global one.
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This book follows the successful titles “The Colourful and the Green: Chapters on Voluntary Simplicity” and “The Half-Hearted and the Hesitant: Chapters on Ecological Luxury.” The author poses the question of why, at a time of continuing devastation of nature, people’s interest in nature conservation has been decreasing. Are the media to blame or is our numbness toward ecological problems rooted in our mental makeup that tends to supress unpleasant realities? The author also wants to find out why some people have remained faithful to nature. To get to the answers, she applies sociological, philosophical, psychological, and theological perspectives. An unexpected question that may surprise some readers then becomes: Actually, why should we protect nature when it can take care of itself? It is not weak; it is strong and cruel. Librová’s students Vojtěch Pelikán, Lucie Galčanová, and Lukáš Kala interview the children of “the Colourful,” too: have they inherited their parents’ modest lifestyle?
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Some prominent thinkers of the 20th century have pointed out the strong influence philosophical ideas of modernity had on the cultural structure of the contemporary world, and the way they framed the social and political agenda, as well as anthropology (e.g., see Adorno, Horkheimer 2002; Illich 2000; Heidegger 1977; Foucault 1977, Agamben 1998). These ideas enshrined the ideal of perfecting the human and promoted the flourishing of the consciousness, which can be described as ‘educational’. All these thinkers emphasized—albeit in their specific way—the ‘impactual’ nature of such a consciousness emerging from the project of modernity and manifesting itself as a belief in the omnipotence of reality-transforming scientific and technological knowledge, as well as the human as an inseparable part of reality.
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