Między mikroświatem a makroświatem

Author(s): Wojciech P. Grygiel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 50/2012

The current 50th issue of Philosophical Problems in Science (Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce) summarizes the efforts of both philosophers and scientists to understand how a broader philosophical context sets the stage for the development of scientific research, with physics playing a leading role. In particular, the paper reviews the content of the last twenty-five issues of the journal with an emphasis on the philosophical problems that arise in the practice of physics. The overview reveals that these problems reflect the main conceptual division in physics between the treatment of the micro-world described by quantum mechanics and the macro-world governed by the general theory of relativity. Both of these theories, taken separately, generate a host of philosophical concerns such as their proper interpretation (Bell’s Theorem and its consequences) or the meaning and the eventual validity of the notions of space and time. Other philosophical problems in physics, such as chaos and determinism, are also considered. The authors are well aware that the formulation of the future theory of quantum gravity will be a demanding task requiring profound philosophical reflection.

Онтологічна невизначеність як властивість штучно-природних систем

Author(s): Irina Aronivna Furier / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2011

The article deals with ontological uncertainty and ambiguity as the properties of artificial-natural systems, in particular the phenomenon of nanotechnology developments, which are based on nanobiotechnology and self-organization theory.

Онтологічні засади феномену структурного зсуву у культурному просторі суспільства

Author(s): Olga Volodymyrivna Borshch / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2010

In the article the author develops the notion "cultural change" and on the basis of the binary-structural approach explains the ontological foundation of this phenomenon in the cultural space of society.

Myślenie pojęciowe w Heglowskiej Nauce logiki

Author(s): Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2014

Hegel’s logic is an analysis of being in the sense of all possible objects of thought and experience, of essence in the sense of all meaningful theoretical explanations of appearances or phenomena, and of the concept in the sense of our conceptual system of default differentiations and generic inferences. he contrast between general sentences expressing situation- and time-independent dispositions as default inferences and empirical truths with a situational and temporal dependent copula (was/is/will be) replaces Kant’s distinction between a priori and a posteriori judgments in the Critique of Pure Reason. Truth, reality and objectivity are not situated in a transcendent sphere behind the phenomena, but play an internal role in our trans-subjective explication and explanation of experience in the generic sense of what can be inter-subjectively recognized or reproduced.

Wybór tekstów ilozoicznych

Author(s): Mariusz Wiktoryn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 59/2014

God's place among beings and non-beings

Filon z Aleksandrii i problem genezy onto-teologii

Author(s): Seweryn Blandzi / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2013

Seeking the sources of the radical formulation of the issue of metaphysics as onto-theology by M. Heidegger (1957), we find definitive analyses of Aristotle’s Metaphysics by P. Natorp (1888) and P. Aubenque (1983), and in more distant past, Philo’s of Alexandria (around 20 BC–40 AD) theological interpretation of being, probably inspired by Book Kappa of this work. Natorp was the first to demonstrate the contradiction in Aristole’s „first philosophy” in terms of its dual components, as this philosophy was understood, i.e. at the same time as a science of all being and of the Supreme Being. h is contradiction was a result of the failure to recognize that Aristotle had not written certain parts of Metaphysics (Book K in particular) on the one hand, and an erroneous interpretation of its genuine content on the other. Ignoring this important reservation, Heidegger attributed to Aristotle»s metaphysics the domination of the theological component over the ontological, although this reservation is not totally incorrect with respect to medieval metaphysics, which identified God with Being itself. h is identification is rooted in the imposition of the maximalist concept of being (originating in Parmenides and Plato) imposition on personal God. The first trace of the merging of those two ideas can already be found in the compiler of Book K in his theological understanding of Aristotle’s formula to on hē on (being as being), but the reference of this formula to God (hitherto unnoted by commentators) can be found explicitly in Philo, who we can treated as the actual originator of onto-theology. On the other hand, Aristotle’s genuine „First philosophy” could be ascribed at most to non-equivalent components: one general-ontological, focused on „being as being”, and the other, subordinate to it – the theological one, focused on the „highest genus”.

O zasadniczej niesprowadzalności „systemu” Kierkegaarda do systemu Hegla

Author(s): Antoni Szwed / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2013

The article attempts to show that reconciliation of Kierkegaard’s and Hegel’s philosophy is impossible. The author of this article claims that there are no convincing philosophical interpretations which would allow to eliminate the essential difference between their philosophical understanding of human being. Analyses were carried out on example of so called subjective truth, given by Søren Kierkegaard in Concluding Unscientii c Postscriptum, where we find indirect polemics of Danish philosopher with Hegel. In the case of this latter philosopher subjective truth was concisely described as emerging from the long and complicated development of consciousness (Phenomenology of Spirit) and at the same time as a logical and ontological concept (Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences, Science of Logic), passing through from absolute indeterminacy to absolute definite unity, from nothingness to Absolute Spirit, from simplest forms to the most complicated ones. Both subject and object are submitted to this development. A whole development process occurs by necessary mediation of human, individual consciousness, where the main categories of Hegelian logical ontology are constituted. In fact, the realized absolute Idea (h e absolute Spirit) is the rational system itself, which can be interpreted as an ideal pattern of scientific knowledge. Two essential differences make up for the difference Kierkegaard’s existential dialectics compared with the Hegel’s one in regard to otherness. For Danish philosopher only momentary unity between subject and object can occur, in a moment of existential decision, undertaken by individual. Such a decision is an act of will, which has nothing to do with any kind of necessary process of mediation. Here we have no self-realization of Divine Absolute, because for existing man only different representations of God are attainable. In Kierkegaard’s dialectics they are connected with momentary positive relation, which is permanently overcome by a negative one. That is why subsequent objective approximations in the direction of truth are not possible. The Kierkegaardian existence is not confined to thinking alone, but is constituted be a synthesis of thinking and being, i.e. being as expressed in thinking. Kierkegaard points out falsity of Hegelian mediation on the level of religiousness A, strengthening his judgment (on absolute impossibility of Absolute mediation) on the basis of religiousness B, i. e. existential Christianity. Therefore any realization of Divine Absolute in human immanence is impossible. In particular, Danish philosopher rejected any possibility of simultaneous being of speculative thinker and of God’s believer. Contrarily to the System of Hegel, so called Kierkegaard’s system remains on the meta-objective level. Danish philosopher sketches only possible scenarios of human individual existences. Every human being may, if he/she wants, appropriate it in his/her way and use them. But these scenarios do not explain anything, and do not pretend to add anything to the ultimate knowledge regarding human nature.

Powstanie pseudo-Arystotelesowskiej teorii analogii bytu

Author(s): Pierre Aubenque / Language(s): Polish Issue: 55/2010

The article is an instructive exposition of the central problem of scholastic metaphysics, namely: the problem of analogia entis. The author sees the origin of this idea in a historical development, which began with late neoplatonism, continued with Arabic philosophy and ended with medieval authors, especially S. h omas Aquinas.

Dualizm, fałszywy monizm, monadologia: próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o status teoretyczny dualizmu psychofi zycznego w polemice Witkiewicza z Whiteheadem

Author(s): Paweł Kosiorek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2009

The aim of the article is to decide whether Witkiewicz’s point of view on relation between physical objects and mind depends on the context of his writings: the latter may be of two kinds. The first one is connected with Witkiewicz’s own exposure of his ontology, the second one involves Witkiewicz’s polemical writings. The example taken for the article is Witkiewicz-Whitehead polemics. The main problem is: does Witkiewicz in the polemics refer to his own monadic concept or rather tries to point out that dualism should be thought as undoubted. Firstly, the article contains recapitulation of Whitehead’s denial to divide nature into two separate parts: physical objects and sense-data. The main part of the article involves analysis of Witkiewicz’s presentation of Whitehead’s construction. The analysis lead to the conclusion, that in a substantial part of Witkiewicz’s polemics the author refers to dualism understood as a undeniable ground for any ontological consideration: this way Witkiewicz in the chosen polemics reveals himself as a supporter of dualism.

Екзистенційні аспекти діалогу «людина - природа»

Author(s): Vitaliy Darensky / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2007

Сучасні філософські рефлексії проблеми людина-природа, як правило, відбува¬ ються у двох напрямах: у напрямі критики техноцентричного світовідношення, яке однаково руйнує як природне середовище, так і внутрішній світ людини, а також у традиційному напрямі дослідження онтології матеріального світу. Утім, існує третій, не менш важливий і актуальний аспект цієї проблеми, пов’язаний із розумінням при¬ роди як одного з феноменів, що визначає людську екзистенцію, тобто насамперед процеси формування особистості як духовної істоти. Отже, словосполучення „діалог з природою” (яке, як відомо, було запропоноване І.Пригожиним) не можна розуміти лише як метафору, оскільки воно відображає певну сукупність процесів формування людської свідомості у її світоглядному вимірі.

Как е възможна онтологията на предметността

Author(s): Valentin Kanavrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/2017

Музична гармонія та її потенціальні можливості в організації буття та мислення людства

Author(s): Andriy Zymenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 20/2011

The article is dedicated to the problem of the humanity return to lost harmony and order. The idea of this research is in opening of the assimilation of the highest organizing meta-principle of Reiteration in art of music, which is potentially able to reinforce the effect of the humanistic philosophical intentions by adequate harmonic means.

До питання про історію терміна "етнічність"

Author(s): Alla Y. Doroha / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2011

The article deals with the historical genesis of views on ethnicity as a term and as substance, focusing on detailed analysis of English and French versions of the term "ethnos", examines contradictory approaches ethnological concepts L. Gumilev, and J. Bromley.

Образи античної міфології в процесіях та інтермедіях епохи Відродження

Author(s): Natalia Aleksandrovna Dovgopol / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 19/2011

The article deals with peculiarities of the popular Renaissance procession and interlude characters – the heroes of Antique mythology. Ontology of European processions and interludes from Antiquity to Renaissance is presented; their part in the history of arts is justified.

Eugene Thacker’s Conception of Negative Correlation Regarding Quentin Meillassoux’s Speculative Materialism

Author(s): Adas Diržys / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The current article deals with the analysis of the recently proposed ontological possibility to think the thing-in-itself. Quentin Meillassoux’s speculative materialism is explained in relation with Eugene Thacker’s critique of vitalistic correlation which is assumed as a broader attempt of thinking to transcend itself. The latter analysis manifests the limit of Meillassoux’s project optimism, concerning the ordering of necessity of contingency, situated through the epistemological conditioning of possibilities. In this part, contingent logic requires the full apprehension of the possibility to be otherwise despite the determination of logical probabilism. The article ends with the explanation of Thacker’s suggestion of the new mediation theory based on the excommunication (the negative communication act) as the primal condition of every speculative approach.

Музика як умовна реальність

Author(s): Boryslav Stronko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 17/2010

An article is dedicated to actual subject of a special ontological status of music. Music and virtual (conventional) reality are compared as allied notions. Extra autonomous, creative essence of music as conventional reality is underlined. Long time of historical development and many important functions of music as conventional reality makes it an effective mean of dialog with internal reality of a human.

Феномен смерті як об'єкт історико-філософського аналізу

Author(s): Lyudmila Kucher / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2010

In the article the problem of the phenomenon of death in historical and philosophical cut. Philosofskyy aspect of death is complicated system of different approaches. In traditional society th death was considered a problem in myths within socialization. Now solve this problem mostly associated with commercialization.

Філософія архаїчної людини у формах “нового гуманізму” сучасності (за М. Еліаде)

Author(s): Oksana Anatoliyivna Pushonkova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 24/2010

The article investigates the culture-forming potential of the archaic mans philosophy in works by Mircea Eliade. It makes inself felt in forms of “new humanism”, aimed at revelation of the spirituality “ontological sources”, the sеarch of the ways of improvement of the existing situation, the foration of the man, аble to reproduct archetypic heritage and ready to reality symbolizing.

Species as Individuals: Just another Class View of Species

Author(s): Bruno Pušić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In this paper I will present an argument that the view of species having the ontological status of individuals implies that species actually have the ontological status of classes, despite the fact that the representatives of the view that species are individuals (or SAI) claim the contrary. Representatives of the SAI view try to argue that species cannot be classes because classes cannot change. I will show that, according to the representatives of the SAI view, groups of organisms must fulfill four necessary conditions in order to be treated as species. They must be: 1. integrated and continuous spatiotemporal genealogical lineages of organisms that are their constituent elements; 2. separated from the continuous genealogical lineage, from the last known common ancestor to modern organisms, by evolutionary unity; 3. made up of organisms going through the same or similar evolutionary processes; 4. groups of organisms whose members reproduce sexually. I will also show that when these conditions are compared to the list of extrinsic essential properties made by Caplan and Devitt it will be apparent that they are the same. In conclusion I will argue that if, under the SAI view, one of the necessary conditions that groups of organisms must fulfill in order to be treated as species is that members of the species must reproduce sexually, then each member of the species must possess the same specific mate recognition system or SMRS, which in turn makes SMRS an intrinsic essential property of each member of the species. What follows from this is that, according to the species and individuals view, species are in fact classes.

The Environment and Its Ontological Status

Author(s): Salvatore Italia / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

Is reality a ‘Ready-Made World’ or an entity constructed by individuals and social activity? The concept of the environment seems to be the boundary that clearly shows how we can simultaneously adhere to our apparently contradictory intuitions— that is, those about the external and autonomous features of reality independent of human intervention, and those about its undeniably constructed character. The environment, then, seems to be a concept that shows how non-epistemic and epistemic notions of reality (i.e. respectively seeing reality as independent from and dependent on us) can be understood cohesively.