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Against Laws of Nature as Truthmakers for Presentists

Author(s): Pablo Rychter / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

This paper addresses the so-called ‘truthmaker problem’ or ‘grounding problem’ for presentism. In section 1, I set the stage by introducing presentism and the truthmaker problem. In section 2, I consider a proposed solution to it, which I call the ‘laws of nature proposal’ (LNP), recently defended by Markosian (2013). I argue that LNP fails as a solution to the truthmaker problem because it does not meet a constraint that is generally taken as constitutive of it: that the entities doing truthmaker work should be categorical. Then, in section 3, I discuss the prospects of abandoning this ‘categoricity constraint’. The conclusion of this discussion is that the presentist should be allowed to such a move. This, however, is not completely good news for the friends of LNP, since the abandonment of the ‘categoricity constraint’ opens the door to simpler solutions, like what is often called ‘Lucretianism’.

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The Reception of Stanisław Leśniewski’s Ontology in Arthur Prior’s Logic

Author(s): Zuzana Rybaříková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

Arthur Prior’s logic was influenced, among others, by logicians from the Lvov-Warsaw school. This paper introduces the impact Leśniewski’s Ontology had on Prior’s logical system. The paper describes the main characteristics of Leśniewski’s Ontology, Prior’s logical system and the manner in which Prior became acquainted with Leśniewski’s logical system. Since Leśniewski was no longer alive when Prior began to develop his logical system and Leśniewski’s papers were not easily available to Prior, this paper also includes Prior’s interpretation of Leśniewski’s logical system which did not always correspond to Leśniewski’s original ideas.

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The Constitution Theory of Intention-Dependent Objects and the Problem of Ontological Relativism

Author(s): Mohammadreza Tahmasbi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

According to Lynne Rudder Baker’s constitution theory, all artworks and artifacts are constituted intention-dependent (ID) objects which are irreducibly real and cannot be reduced to the collections of particles which make them up. The constitution theory of ID objects is based on Baker’s theory of practical realism according to which our everyday life-world is a resource for metaphysics. This paper will focus on the problem of ontological relativism entailed by the constitution theory of intentiondependent objects. I will argue, by way of an example, that the constitution theory of intention-dependent objects entails ontological relativism. That is because everyday life worlds vary from culture to culture. Finally, I examine if there is any possibility for the constitution theorist to avoid the problem of ontological relativism. I discuss Baker’s idea of a thin commonsense framework.

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Zkušenost v Deweyho experimentální metafyzice: Radikální překročení subjekt-objektové epistemologie

Author(s): Radim Šíp / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2014

The author traces the road Dewey covered when he tried to free himself from a traditional ontology and epistemology. He did completely change understanding of the concept of experience. In the second part, author shows what it is meant to be “true”/“false” in the pragmatist logic and epistemology. It is indicated by explication of Dewey’s up-to-date conception of perception and knowledge. The role of action is stressed there. In the third part, author explains why our traditional approach to thinking could not accept this pragmatist understanding. He introduces there Dewey’s analysis of the old Greek idea of knowledge as seeing finalities of the “true world”. In the semi-final part, the author articulates Dewey’s conception of “ecological paradigm” that could be seen as final liberation from the old, powerful, yet false tradition of the separate objects ontology. There the conception of situational ontology is presented. In the last part, he summarizes a new understanding of knowledge, truth and situational ontology and thus determines a new meaning of experience. Experience there is understood as a not-subjective field of powers that cross back and forth borders of objects in a process of achieving equilibrium.

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KÜÇÜREK ÖYKÜDE EPİFAN

Author(s): F. Gül Koçsoy / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2018

This study aims at finding the common points between epiphany as a literary concept and sudden fiction genre and demonstrating them through sample stories. Epiphany which is the means/technique/experience of explaining spiritual insights has ontological feature and shares with philosophical and open-ended sudden fiction momentary perception, poetic nature and the power of leading to the permanent changes in behaviours. Both in epiphany and sudden fiction, seemingly ordinary and known phenomena, with their different aspects are shown and the individual experiences gain universal particularity. The common purpose of epiphany and sudden fiction is to make the reader sense the truths about the essence of life/being, adopt new points of view and gain the habit of exercising this process for other experiences. The epiphany in sudden fiction, like the ones in other genres, begins at the ending/closure leaving a shocking impact on the reader. It motives her/him to experience a rapid emotional and intellectual process and to produce new understandings, values and beliefs on the particular event/phenomenon and to internalize them. In this context, sudden fiction directly reminds us of epiphany.

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Kontingentnost existence intencionálních entit

Author(s): Jiří Raclavský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2012

Úvahy této statě byly inspirovány úvahami Pavla Cmoreje, který je nedávno uvedl v rámci diskuse o existenci, která je vedena v tomto časopise. Mým hlavním problémem je, zda se univerzum mentálních entit může měnit, protože odpověď musí být negativní. Následně je třeba řešit i problém, jak je při neproměnlivosti univerza mentálních entit možná kontingentnost jejich existence. Poté úvahy zpřesním adekvátnější explikací mentálních entit ve smyslu představ, které jsou odlišné od mentálních entit ve smyslu intencionálních objektů (v užším smyslu). Tímto dojde k exaktnímu zachycení pojmů existence, které začaly být v probíhající diskusi uvažovány.

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K existencii intencionálnych objektov prof. Sousedíka

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

Sousedíkova koncepcia intencionálnych objektov nadobudla v jeho poslednom diskusnom príspevku, uverejnenom v tomto čísle Organonu F (pozri Sousedík 2012), ucelenejšiu podobu, ktorá poskytuje dobrý podklad pre odstránenie niektorých nedorozumení a pokračovanie v diskusii prebiehajúcej na stránkach 1., 2. a 4. čísla minulého ročníka Organonu F (pozri Sousedík 2011, 2011a; Cmorej 2011a, 2011b). Sousedík sa v tomto príspevku sústredil najmä na obhajobu intersubjektívnej dostupnosti intencionálnych objektov v jeho zmysle a bližšie určenie ich povahy a vzťahu k niektorým mentálnym fenoménom a k jazykovým výrazom, ktoré ich opisujú. V tomto článku sa pokúsim poukázať na isté medzery v jeho obhajobe intersubjektívnosti týchto objektov, upozorniť na nejasnosti v špecifikácii ich povahy a uviesť isté pochybnosti o ich existencii.

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K ontologii intencionálních jsoucen

Author(s): Stanislav Sousedík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2011

Prof. Cmorej v předminulém číslu Organonu F reagoval na moji jemu věnovanou repliku obsažným článkem, k němuž se chci v tomto svém příspěvku vyjádřit. Cmorejův článek1 je rozdělen na dvě části. Zaujmu stanovisko nejprve k části druhé, která se týká bezprostředně před tím diskutované otázky, zda se v existenčních výrocích typu „existuje takové x, že F(x)“ mluví pouze o pojmu F, a nebo také o nějakých „F-ných“ individuích, a zda tato individua, je-li onen existenční výrok pravdivý, existují nějakou existencí, která není vlastností pojmu F.

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Causation and Structural Realism

Author(s): Martin Schmidt / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2010

M. Esfeld has recently argued that ontic structural realism may succeed only if it is based on causal structures. In order to meet this requirement, he offers a combination of dispositional/causal relations with moderate form of ontic structural realism. This paper, however, demonstrates that moderate position, in relation to causation, faces a dilemma whose resolution leads to a monistic ontology that creates a rather hostile environment for structural metaphysics.

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Na margo zlej správy pre ontologických nudistov

Author(s): Pavel Cmorej / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2010

Do diskusie o holych individuach, ktora od roku 2006 prebieha na strankach Organonu F a jeho priloh, nedavno vstupil M. Schmidt (2010), ktory s odvolanim sa na dve prace od J. Raclavskeho (2008a, 2008b) a članok Cmorej (2006) už v druhej vete svojho prispevku s predstieranym znepokojenim konštatuje, že tieto „state… priniesli veľmi zlu spravu pre zastancov holych jednotlivin, a tou je to, že hole jednotliviny nejestvuju“.

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The Ontological Foundation of Possibility: An Aristotelian Approach

Author(s): Petr Dvořák / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2007

The article introduces and defends Aristotelian ontological theory of the possible as that which a power (active potency) is capable of bringing about. It regards this conception to be a sort of middle way between Platonic explanation based on abstracta on one hand and the possibilist theory ultimately making everything possible into actual on the other. The doctrine defended leads to the conception of necessary being. Combined with other assumptions concerning this being, there arise some interesting issues and apparent tensions to be resolved. The article outlines some of the discussions related to these problems in medieval and early modern Scholasticism.

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Fictionalism and the Problem of Universals in the Philosophy of Mathematics

Author(s): Strahinja Đorđević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

Many long-standing problems pertaining to contemporary philosophy of mathematics can be traced back to different approaches in determining the nature of mathematical entities which have been dominated by the debate between realists and nominalists. Through this discussion conceptualism is represented as a middle solution. However, it seems that until the 20th century there was no third position that would not necessitate any reliance on one of the two points of view. Fictionalism, on the other hand, observes mathematical entities in a radically different way. This is reflected in the claim that the concepts being used in mathematics are nothing but a product of human fiction. This paper discusses the relationship between fictionalism and two traditional viewpoints within the discussion which attempts to successfully determine the ontological status of universals. One of the main points, demonstrated with concrete examples, is that fictionalism cannot be classified as a nominalist position (despite contrary claims of authors such as Hartry Field). Since fictionalism is observed as an independent viewpoint, it is necessary to examine its range as well as the sustainability of the implications of opinions stated by their advocates.

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Some Remarks on Husserl’s and Seiferts’s Ontology of Propositions

Author(s): Dariusz Łukasiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 57/2012

In the article I present and compare two conceptions of the ontological status of propositions (meanings of sentences). The first was formulated by Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, in the early period of his philosophical activity, and the second by Josef Seifert, the contemporary Austrian phenomenologist. On Husserl’s view, a proposition is an ideal abstract exemplified by particular acts of judging. The relation of exemplification is dichotomous: a proposition is exemplified or not. The critical point of this theory is that the meaning or sense of our mental acts is changeable, and the proposition as a kind of ideal being is not. Seifert’s theory attempts to explain variability of meanings by replacing the relation of exemplification with that of participation. Participation has degrees, and therefore a judgment made by a human subject may be more or less similar to the ideal proposition in God’s mind. The extent of that similarity can be bigger or smaller, and this gradation of similarity provides an explanation why meanings can change without thereby abandoning the absoluteness of truth.

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Ontologická alternativa McTaggartova paradoxu (K neprostorovému pojetí temporality přítomnosti)

Author(s): Vladimír Havlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/1995

The article deals with McTaggartś paradox of time from an ontological point of view. There are two basic approaches which are usually taken in solving McTaggartś paradox. The most commonly adopted in analytic philosophy is the rejection of the flow of time as a myth. This position leads to the extreme statement that the world is intrinsically tenseless. The other is the view that temporal passage is a genuine feature of the world and is consistent with an ontology of concrete events. The author endeavours to support the latter position with a discussion of a non-spatial conception of time. This conception is based on the present being conceived as a "moving Now".

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Bit vremena i zadaća mišljenja u filozofiranju Vanje Sutlića

Author(s): Denis Novko / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/150/2018

The question of contemporaneity of philosophy, which is thought as the co-existence with the time itself, is not aimed at some period within the history of philosophy, but at the question of philosophy itself. With such a question philosophy asks, distinguishes and judges itself, and thus essentially determinates itself in the entirety of the historical frame. The period of contemporary philosophy, viewed in the sense of self-contemplation, is thus judged as a period of the crisis of philosophy. Sutlić consider that s the reason is the inability of philosophy to orientate itself in the essence of time. In the prevalent crisis of our time, philosophy has a task to distinguish and to judge its potentiality. The reason for the inability of philosophy to orientate itself in the essence of time should, therefore, be sought for in the very potentiality of everything that is, as well as philosophy itself. The question of potentiality, of the origin of everything that is, aims to solve the crisis of philosophy. Problematizing worldly problems in that sense does not provide a solution. By asking the question about the essence of everything that is, in other words, asking essentially, is a solution to the crisis and the beginning of the reversion to the primeval reality, to a new way of thinking that thinks from the history itself.

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Bitak – prostor – duša. Hegelova tematizacija prostora kao apstraktne općenitosti

Author(s): Mina Đikanović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/149/2018

Hellenic philosophers were not familiar with the phenomenon of space as an abstraction, but only of place as a completely occupied space. Newton’s thematization and Modern philosophy had for the very first time allowed the abstract determination of space and time. In Kant’s philosophy, self-evident objectivity of Newtonian space is transformed into a priori subjectivity of space as pure form of intuition. For Hegel, space is a pure abstraction, the very first determination of nature. The author examines Hegel’s understanding of space in analogy to being as the first moment of science of logic and soul as the first moment of philosophy of spirit. Being, space and soul designate first abstractions which – by the paradigm of pure necessity – contain the whole categoriality of freedom. Philosophy of nature begins with concept of space and ends in process of the genus, discovering the freedom as its very substrate. That allows for pure abstractness of space as res extensa to develop into concreteness of res cogitans.

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Miodrag Živanović, Traktat o izvjesnosti,

Author(s): Aras Borić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2018

Review of: Miodrag Živanović, Traktat o izvjesnosti, Udruženje za filozofiju i društveno-humanistička istraživanja „Eidos“, Zenica, 2018

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Struktura rzeczywistości: jednowielorakość? Refleksja intuicjonistyczno-wyobrażeniowa z po-granicza ontologii

Author(s): Bartłomiej K. Krzych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

In this paper, I present my own concept which refers to the fundamental meta-level of reality founded on the category of relation. Firstly, I explain initially the introduced concept (unidiversity); secondly, I try to present my inspirations which led me to create the concept and finally, I show three selected examples from the history of philosophy (einanology, hierarchism-realism, rationalism-logicism). I take tesseract (mathematical figure) as the symbol of unidiversity), which expresses the elasticity of the proposed model. Considering the category of relation as the fundamental in the general structure of reality is the main thesis in the text.

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Science and human religiosity from the perspective of the cognitive science of religion

Author(s): Wojciech P. Grygiel / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2017

The cognitive science of religion is a developing sub-discipline of the cognitive sciences which aim at providing the natural explanation of religion by indicating mental tools responsible for the acceptance of religious beliefs. The main goal of this study is to assess the impact of the rapid development of sciences on human religiosity with the use of the conceptual means offered by the cognitive science of religion. Also, a discussion of the role of the models of supernaturality is carried out with the indication that their introduction may be of great assistance in substantiating the outcomes of the cognitive treatment of religiosity. Possible responses to the impact of sciences on religiosity are surveyed.

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Ontologisierung der Praxis und vortheoreti scher Praxisbegriff . Weitere Überlegungen zum Problem der Heidegger’schen prakti schen Philosophie

Author(s): Hongjian Wang / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2018

Although it is not rare in research to consider Heidegger’s thoughts in the light of the rela tionship between theory and practice, Heidegger behaves himself against this dichotomy. In order to understand Heidegger’s criticism of this dichotomy and his conception of the original unity between theory and practice, we must trace back to Heidegger’s reading of Aristotle’s practical philosophy. It is attempted to show that Heidegger’s ontologization of practice aims at elaborating the pre-theoretical concept of practice, which is in contrast to the unity of theory and poiesis. The ontologization is realized through the method of formal indication, which in this sense is at the center of Heidegger’s philosophy.

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