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Nelsona Goodmana koncepcja 'tworzenia światów' - analiza krytyczna

Author(s): Miłosz Kudela / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2016

Koncepcja ‘tworzenia światów’ sformułowana została przez Nelsona Goodmana jako stanowisko opozycyjne zarówno w stosunku do realizmu jak i idealizmu metafizycznego, stając się manifestem radykalnego antyrealizmu epistemologicznego, określanego przez autora mianem „irrealizmu”. Na jego gruncie wyeksponowana została konstytuująca funkcja schematów pojęciowych, służących, według autora, nie tylko do interpretowania danych doświadczenia, lecz w istocie konstytuujących je. W artykule, po naszkicowaniu kontekstu historycznego i teoretycznego, w którym propozycja Goodmana ukazana zostaje jako kontynuacja pokantowskich rozważań prowadzonych w kontekście sporu realizmu z idealizmem metafizycznym, przedstawione zostają główne tezy koncepcji ‘tworzenia światów’, przede wszystkim zapośredniczenie poznania w języku oraz epistemiczna koncepcja prawdy. W oparciu o analizę poszczególnych aspektów tej doktryny ukazane zostają następnie niektóre aporie, w jakie uwikłana jest próba subiektywizacji i relatywizacji poznania, wymuszająca ostatecznie zgodę na istnienie transcendentalnego uposażenia podmiotu lub przyznanie realności przedmiotowi poznania.

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Daseinsanalyse und die Seinsfrage beim frühen Heidegger. Destruktion des Husserlschen Bewusstseinsbegriffs als des absoluten Seins im Sinne der absoluten Gegebenheit

Author(s): Željko Radinković / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2017

The text deals with a certain phase of the Heideggerian way of thinking, which had precedes the emergence of “Being and Time” (1927). Heidegger’s reception, criticism, and transformation of some of the central concepts of Husserlian phenomenology (intentionality, a priori, categorial intuition) is the focus of the reflections. This article shows how this radical transformation of Husserlian phenomenology goes beyond the formal coincidence of the phenomenological principle “to the things themselves” and points to the essential connection of the question of being and its phenomenological demetalization.

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The Mystical Unity of Existence - A Look at the Philosophical Interpretations of Mystics' View Regarding the Unity vs. the Plurality of Existence

Author(s): Husain Agha Shiraz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The Unity of Existence is a concept that was first proposed by mystics. However, this concept has been interpreted in different ways by different groups of scholars. This is due to the fact that these mystics did not always speak in an explicit manner. One of the groups that attempted to interpret this concept was the philosophers. An examination of the works of philosophers leads to the conclusion that there are at least 15 different philosophical interpretations of the Unity of Existence. Some of these interpret this concept epistemologically, while others interpret it metaphysically. Some of them are legitimate interpretations of the sayings of the mystics, while others contradict some of the other sayings of the mystics and, therefore, cannot serve as adequate explanations of this mystical concept. Nonetheless, they can still serve as independent interpretations of the unity vs. multiplicity of the Universe. In this article, the 15 different philosophical interpretations of the mystical unity of existence will be presented and the legitimacy of some of them will be assessed. Another discussion that is of primary importance is the truth or falsehood of these interpretations. This is something that cannot be addressed in this article and, yet, deserves to be examined independently.

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Osobné svedomie človeka – pátranie po ontologických základoch

Author(s): Gorazd Fronc / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2010

There is an inseparable bond between a person and its conscience in an ontological, psychological and ethical way. In this article the focus is oriented to our searching for certain ontological fundaments of the personal conscience. Videlicet, we have pointed to “a gestalt understanding of the conscience” on the basis of the personal nucleus of the man contained in the contemporary personalistic idea of “a gestalt understanding of the person” and consequently to analyze ontological ground of the conscience. We have attempted to explore ontic relations between man, person and conscience and their existence, subsistence and essence.

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Rzeczenie jako o-rzeczenie, czyli orzekanie o rzeczy. Arystotelesa pytanie o filozofię i jej rzecz

Author(s): Seweryn Blandzi / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2017

The author puts forward hermeneutic rethinking of Aristotle’s theory of being, freed from later mediation (Aristotle’s commentators, scholastics, modern ontology), which unwittingly still influence the original understanding of his predicative ontology. The term ‘being’ (TO on) as a nominalized form of ‘being something’ (TO eívaí TITO on) does not denote existence (or ‘the existent’), Being as object in general or the notion of Being or Being as a notion, but expresses a general truth claim of predication.The form on (‘being’), the participle of eívaí (‘to be’) belongs to speech, it is a carrier of predication, but not a straight object (res), of which (in later metaphysics) we predicate as of ‘Being’ (to on, ens). Metaphysics shifted the stress from predicativity ov, that is, from the carrier of predication onto what is predicated (subject). As a result in the Latin tradition, the function of ov is obscured a limine by the substantive and substantial understanding of what is predicated as ens.This shift of stress results in a substantivization of ov under the influence of what is predi¬cated (res). The linguistic element undergoes conflation into one with what is predicated. As a result of this reificating substantivization, the predicative Greek ov is translated into Latin as the subjective (id) quod est (‘what is’), which later is used interchangeably with ens. We could call it a transformation of the universal predicate of ‘being something’ into the universal name ‘Being’, and the most general concept.The grammatical form (to) 61/ is a linguistic exponent of predicativity, whose real designate is oůoía, that is essence or substance. In short, the predicating element is ov, the predicated - ou oía, the latter as definitional essence or individual substance (toSe tí).Aristotle does not dwell on the sense or meaning of to ov, but asks the question tito ov and answers concretely: touto eotí tię h oůoía, Being (res) is essence or substance.In this paper the author also takes up the controversial issue of Aristotle’s ‘prime’ philosophy, mostly on the basis of Metaphysics, Book VI, which continues considerations published in the paper Aristotle’s Prote Philosophia: Metaphysics, Ontology, Theology or Methodology?, “Archive of the History and Philosophy of Social Thought”, vol. 61/2016, pp. 273-286.

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D.D. ROŞCA AND THE CRITICISM OF THE “MYTH OF FULL RATIONALITY”

Author(s): Vasile Macoviciuc / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2016

The ideal of full knowledge implies hazardous assumptions in relation to rigorousness and testability, based on the belief that the universe is, in its intimate structure, rational and intelligible. It is postulated, therefore, that there is a fundamental/full agreement between the essence of outer reality and thinking. Through the myth/mythicization of full rationality, existence assigns a meaning, a finality, and, consequently, a sense to human life, from naïveoptimistic standpoints. It is believed, here, that everything - the world and humankind - has a clear-cut sense. By default, it is accepted that the cultural act is necessary, being perceived as a mere extension of biology, its enrichment and deepening; human relations with the world are unproblematic, implying a familiarity with the surroundings, which satisfies the human need for inner security and, implicitly, for the instinct of self-preservation.

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Martin Luther’s Relational Ontology

Author(s): Ľubomír Žák / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

In the second half of the twentieth century, the overcoming of the infuence of Kant’s philosophy on the interpretation of Luther’s theology gave the impetus to a new shift in the Luther studies. However, it also revealed the importance of the theological intuitions of the Reformer on the current philosophical-theological debate on the possibility of restoring metaphysics and ontology in particular. The study aims to present the ontological dimension and the orientation of some of these intuitions present in Luther’s commentary on the Letter to the Romans. This dimension is determined by his conviction that the revelation of the trinitarian God in Christ has shown the truth of being in general, and of human being in particular, the truth of the fact that this being is structurally related but also of the fact that, in the historical space, this relationship has to bring to date and to augment what is happeniing by means of following the Crucified and Risen Logos of the Creator, and uniting with his Holy Spirit in the communion of believers.

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Kako Heidegger pita o tehnici? (Interpretacija Heideggerova spisa Pitanje o tehnici)

Author(s): Zvonko Posavec / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 04/1979

Svako pitanje je neko traženje. Mislilac nas pitanjima upućuje na neki put, jer sama pitanja već su utiranje nekog puta.

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Substances jēdziens un nozīme

Author(s): Arnis Mazlovskis / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 1/2018

In the endeavor to form a comprehensive system of knowledge, thinkers coin concepts and suggest hypotheses which are subject to critical review in the future. Some theories proposed already in classical antiquity have proved right and useful (atomic structure of matter, heliocentric planet system) while others have been discarded as based on misconceptions (e.g. phlogiston, world ether and vital force). Most contemporary philosophers reluctantly resort to metaphysical constructions, and some habitual representations allegedly prompted by common sense are open to query. In the present paper, different views on the fundamental ontological category of substance are considered. In his teaching on categories, Aristotle distinguished several meanings of substance. Individual particulars he called primary substances, and their species and kinds were named secondary substances. The substratum lacking properties and inner structure was defined as prime matter. Aristotle admitted both material and immaterial substances. In the latter class, human souls and the unmoved mover were included. Christian theologians used the concept of substance for more accurate restriction of dogmatic nuances. The similarity of Christ with the Father was designated as consubstantiality, the transformation of bread and wine in Eucharist as transubstantiation. Thomas of Aquinas arranged substances according to their essence and individuality. God’s essence necessarily includes existence whereas creatures have contingent existence. Immaterial beings only differ by species, while compound beings containing form and matter are individuated due to matter. Spinoza deemed substance as infinite in any aspect. He called it God or Nature. A single substance is solely possible. Extension and thought are attributes of the substance, particular things are modifications or modes of attributes. The Buddha denied substances. Physical formations have properties but no matter in them. Mentality is just a flow of sensations, perceptions, volitions, and cognition. Neither a substantial soul nor its immortality is recognized. However, the empirical identity of persons and its consequences: merits and responsibility, are maintained.

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VYDŪNAS IR ANTINATALIZMAS

Author(s): Gintautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2018

After completing concise review of the nature, species and origin of antinatalist philosophy, the article focuses on the relation between Vydūnas’s practical antinatalism and his philosophical creed. It concludes that Vedantic-Platonic Vydūnas’s treatment of the relation between human soul and body is essentially compatible with his decision not to have children. Nevertheless, remains some doubts concerning his concept of sexuality. Does he relegate it exclusively to the body (as Plato does) or rise it to the level of the soul? In the latter case, antinatalism would be essentially harmful to a woman and to a couple.

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INTUICIJŲ IR TRANSCENDENCIJOS REIKŠMĖ GRINDŽIANT RACIONALUMĄ

Author(s): Vytautas Vyšniauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 95/2018

The paper deals with the paradox that rationality demands rational substantiation which can’t be given in principle. Thus it is argued that only intuition can prevail against skepticism and subjectivism. But intuition is „transcendent“ to rationality and therefore its acceptance as the substantiation of rationality implies existence of transcendental reality. In itself it has infinite regress qua infinite reiteration of reality levels without any qualitative ontological alteration, therefore only infinite transcendence is able to ground a finite immanence.

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Fichte

Author(s): Ferenc L. Lendvai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 08/2019

For Fichte, philosophy must be scientific and its organisation must resemble science too: it must be the Theory of Science (Wissenschaftslehre). Hence, first and foremost, it should be a system, and as a scientific system it should develop from one or a few doctrines (from presumed axioms that cannot be proven). The first, starting theorem of the Theory of Science sounds like this: “The I begins by an absolute positing of its own existence.” The I for Fichte, just as for Kant, is in a dual relationship with reality: not only in a theoretical (cognitive) but also in a practical (active) relationship. In its activity, through perception, representation and understanding (Verstand) it reaches reason (Vernunft), that is, real self-consciousness which captures the self according to its true essence. Its true essence is freedom, and the moral instinct requires the realisation of freedom. History, in Fichte’s conception, is the progress of human communities, of humanity towards freedom; however, this process has a tortuous and contradictory nature, it appears as a process that goes through pitfalls and even alienation from its original goal.

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НИКОЛАЙ ГАРТМАН О ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМЕ СЕЗЕМАНЕ. 1933

Author(s): Nicolai Hartmann / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

This publication provides a translation of Nikolai Hartmann’s review into an article by Vasily Sesemann,which is so voluminous that the reviewer mistakenly calls it a book. The publication provides Hartmann’s review of Sesemann’s study 1932 “Logical Laws and Being” („Die logischen Gesetze und das Sein“). Sesemann undertakes this research in order to accentuate the nature and essence of the logical,rational-reflexive sphere, on the one hand, its naturalness in the process of cognition, but, on the other, — derivativeness and limitations. In his review, Hartmann assesses this article not as logical, but as strictly ontological, although it would be more accurate to call it nevertheless ontological and epistemological,since not only the problems of being are the focus of attention of the Russian philosopher,but also the problems associated with the various possibilities of its comprehension.

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ON TATYANA GORNSHTEIN’S NICOLAI HARTMANN’S PHILOSOHPHY The Science Publishing House. Leningrad Branch. Leningrad, 1969

Author(s): Andrei Patkul / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This article consists in a brief presentation of Tatyana Gornshtein’s Nicolai Hartmann’s Philosophy(1969) for non-Russian speakers. It provides some information on the author of the work, describes the purpose and structure of the book, and briefly describes the subject matter of each of its chapters.It also focuses on the most interesting points of the author’s analysis of Hartmann’s philosophy. The different sections of this article follow the order in which the content of the book is presented. Special emphasis is placed on the appraisal and critique of Hartmann’s ontology from the perspective of dialectical materialism as elaborated by Gornshtein throughout her book.

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O (moći nad) gomilama hipnotiziranim mušičavim plitkostima

Author(s): Nermin Sarajlić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 28/2018

Ljetni je zvizdan. Ilidža. Tri pivom raspoložene korpulentne ‘bitange’, tri zapuštena morža, sva trojica nepristojno debeli, k’o da su klonirani Demis Roussos za vakta Aphrodite’s Child, prilaze sićušnom, skromnom kočijašu, vlasniku još neuglednijeg konjića upregnutog u fijaker, da pogode prevoz do vrela Bosne. Pa šta košta da košta! Kočijaš ih odmjeri, pristaje, al’ preklinje: - More, more al’ hajte ljudi, k’o boga vas molim, ‘vamo ozada, ov’da, s ove strane, samo da vas konj ne vidi. I ovdje valja uvesti slučajnog promatrača, vidno načetog emocionalnom alergijom, koji ne oklijeva da brizne u plač pred tim prizorom. [...]

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Tragoedia Humana: problem idealističkog promašaja

Author(s): Bernard Špoljarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 01/153/2019

Locating the origin of psychic suffering akin to human kind requires an approach to the subject that cannot be reduced to any special method of natural sciences, psychology, history and sociology, and it oversteps particularities which are being carried by confined perspectives; cultural and historical spacing. The question of psychic suffering is a question regarding a human being in general, and thus except for insights compiled by the interdisciplinary method, we also need a philosophical investigation of the subject. It is not meant in the sense of isolation, rather as coupled with that wholeness by which a human being attains its being as being one among many. In a sense given, this investigation is guided by an idea of rupturedness as a paradigm of what is considered to be psychic suffering, conditioned by the fact that suffering presupposes a sort of deficiency. The paper seeks possible solutions starting from understanding the human condition as an inherently tragic state of neediness.

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Errant Man: The Importance of Cosmological Models in Culture

Author(s): Irina Dobroskok / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2019

The author considers the meanings of the term “errant man” in the paper. The birth of man is his abandonment in being and wandering in it. It is important that wandering in being have direction, the source that drives man, forms the authenticity existence. Based on the ideas of Heidegger, the author argues that such a source for “errant man” is “Lichtung”. “Lichtung” is the light that guides man in being, which warns wandering from delusion, thereby keeps it within the bounds of authenticity existence. An important place in establishing “Lichtung” is occupied by cosmological models that reveal the true place of man in the scale of the cosmos. The author considers The “Evolving Matter” theory as “Lichtung”, namely, how a particular cosmological model performs the functions of light that drives man, directs his activity and expands the boundaries of self-realization. Cosmological models integrate culture into cosmic processes; concentrate in themselves knowledge, which in Plato’s terms provide “ascent to the Divine.”

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The Republic of Objects: Prolegomena to an Object-Oriented Reading of A Tour on the Prairies

Author(s): Naruhiko Mikado / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This article has two purposes. First, it attempted to introduce ‘flat ontology’ and ‘withdrawal’, two of many concepts of object-oriented ontology (OOO), as effective intellectual devices to dissect a literary text, especially in order to investigate the complexity of contacts between/among various existences on a horizontal surface. Second, it examined how the narrator of A Tour on the Prairies, one of the underappreciated texts of Washington Irving, gradually begins to doubt the naive human/nonhuman binary and broadens his horizons through an encounter with another object, wild bees in this case. In conclusion, it demonstrated that, when read from an object-oriented outlook, this text proved to offer a rich world in which every single object acts and exists on its own right, and thus to entice its readers to rethink humans’ position within the ‘republic of objects’.

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FALSE FACE MUST HIDE WHAT THE FALSE HEART DOTH KNOW: READING A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE THROUGH R.D. LAING’S CONCEPT OF ONTOLOGICAL INSECURITY

Author(s): Ivana Pehar / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2014

Ontological insecurity, as defined by Ronald David Laing, forms the basis of this paper. The aim is to research the impact of society on formation of opinion in regard to class, gender roles, and sexuality. Special attention, in search for the roots of ontological insecurity, is given to childhood years of the main characters in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire. The aim is to show that both Stanley and Blanche exhibit the symptoms of ontological insecurity. However, Stanley succeeds to adjust to the norms of society and is represented as sane. Namely, Stanley adopts entirely the kind of personality offered to him by cultural patterns of the patriarchal society, and becomes the person he should, in the eyes of society, be. Blanche, on the other hand, fails to adjust. She challenges those patterns, and as a consequence, becomes represented as a schizoid person.

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Lino Veljak, Uvod u ontologiju

Author(s): Rusmir Šadić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2019

Review of: Lino Veljak, Uvod u ontologiju, Naklada Breza, Zagreb, 2019

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