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Thousands more migrants and refugees remain stranded in Serbian camps, trapped by higher European entry barriers for non-whites.
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The large-scale demonstrations that took place in Georgia in early March 1956 following Khrushchev’s criticism of Stalin at the 20th Party Congress were the first significant expressions of public protest and civil disobedience in the Soviet Union for decades, and they also bore a clearly nationalistic character. Based primarily on materials from the Georgian KGB and Party archives and interviews with former Party officials and participants of the events, this article examines potential interpretations of these events derived from elite incorporation and ethnic mobilisation theories.
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Russia is at odds with Chisinau’s demand that the UN should put the issue of Russian troop withdrawal on the agenda.
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This paper examines the misperceptions about the Russian-Chechen conflicts, trends of which can be observed in the Western media and academia. The first section investigates issues related to Islamic fundamentalism in Chechnya, while the second section looks into discussion about the roots of the conflict. The third section is devoted to the issue of brutality - the most debated topic in the Western media. I argue that an overarching misperception about the Chechen conflict was caused not only by Russian propaganda, but also by the inherent attitude prevailing in the West. This attitude should be understood in the framework of Orientalism as was explained by Edward Said.
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The military operation in Yemen is significant departure from Saudi Arabia's foreign policy tradition and customs. Riyadh has always relied on three strategies to pursue its interests abroad: wealth, establish a global network and muslim education and diplomacy and meadiation. The term "proxy war" has experienced a new popularity in stories on the Middle East. A proxy war is two opposing countries avoiding direct war, and instead supporting combatants that serve their interests. In some occasions, one country is a direct combatant whilst the other supporting its enemy. Various news sources began using the term to describe the conflict in Yemen immediately, as if on cue, after Saudi Arabia launched its bombing campaign against Houthi targets in Yemen on 25 March 2015. This is the reason, why author try to answer for following questions: Is the Yemen Conflict Devolves into Proxy War? and Who's fighting whom in Yemen's proxy war?" Research area includes the problem of proxy war in the Middle East. For sure, the real problem of proxy war must begin with the fact that the United States and its NATO allies opened the floodgates for regional proxy wars by the two major wars for regime change: in Iraq and Libya. Those two destabilising wars provided opportunities and motives for Sunni states across the Middle East to pursue their own sectarian and political power objectives through "proxy war".
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The article discusses some of the theses presented in Rosyjski sztylet. Działalność wywiadu nielegalnego by Col. Andrzej Kowalski. The former director of the Polish Military Counterintelligence Service presents the most important aspects of the illegal intelligence of the former USSR. On that foundation, he analyzes media and news about the contemporary intelligence activities of the Russian Federation. He concludes that the use of illegal intelligence is still an important element of the Russian strategy and poses an underappreciated threat to the West. The book is not free of mistakes, namely that some statements cannot be confirmed by the sources. Nevertheless, it is a valuable research perspective; it’s greatest value being the practical knowledge and experience of the author.
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The article presents the potential problems related to conflict resolution while cooperating in multicultural teams. Special attention is paid to specific character of such teams as well as to the concept of productive conflict and the ways of resolving it. The experiences gained in the Erasmus Intenstive Programme - Effective Working in Multicultural Teams were used.
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The article is delivered in Ukrainian at the conference of the European Association of Science on Security and International Socio-State Programme of UNESCO "ADULT EDUCATION OF UKRAINE" September 14, 2014, in the press center of the Ukrainian News Agency "Capital" in Kiev (Ukraine). This sketch does not aspire to any attempts to analyze international relations in Europe. It is only an attempt to assess the present situation from the perspective of the experience of the European association of science safety, whose members include representatives from 23 countries of Europe, including Poles, Russians and Ukrainians.
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Twenty years after the Dayton Peace Agreement an exclusive ethnic ideology, international tutelage and dependency characterize Bosnia and Herzegovina. Wrong political approaches by the international and local political actors in Bosnia and Herzegovina created permanent crisis, the status quo and a ‘case’ country. Conflict, furthermore enriched with exclusive ethno-cultural paradigm and the legacy of bloody crucible of the war, shape today’s political discourse in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on content analysis of leading newspapers, this paper examines the relationship between conflict and peace inclinations of main political leaders among Serbs, Bosniaks and Croats. In order to test the first objective on political discourse and political relationships based on the conflict vs. peace politics, using content analysis, the research analyzed media news on Bosnia and Herzegovina by considering only socio-political topics. We randomly selected 120 news from newspaper namely, Nezavisne novine, Glas srpske, Dnevni list and Dnevni avaz. For testing, the second objective on positive vs. negative political discourse of main political leaders we randomly selected 360 interviewbased news about key political leader including Bakir Izetbegovic (Bosniak), Dragan Čović (Croat) and Milorad Dodik (Serb). Research findings indicated that the conflict politics is deeply rooted in political discourse, media, among political leaders and the public.
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The review of: “Non-State Actors and Terrorism: Applying the Law of State Responsibility and the Due Diligence Principle” by Robert P. Barnidge Jr.; The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Press, 2008, XVI + 244 pages. ISBN 978-90-6704-259-8
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The main purpose of this article is to characterize the Polish Armed Forces. The study uses qualitative methods and the source of information was mainly the analysis of the content of documents and literature on the subject. In the first part of the article, the authors present the basic changes and assumptions of the Homeland Defense Act of March 11, 2022. Then they characterize the Polish Armed Forces. In the main part, the authors focus on the structure and tasks of the Polish Armed Forces. Summing up, they draw attention to the role played by the armed services in the military as well as civilian aspect. The aim of the research is to determine the role of the Polish Armed Forces in the security system of the Republic of Poland and to update the tasks and structure of the Polish Armed Forces introduced by new legal regulations. The study uses qualitative methods and the source of information was mainly the analysis of the content of documents. The literature on the subject served as a supplement to selected issues. The main problem of the research boils down to the question: What are the tasks of the Polish Armed Forces in the security system of the Republic of Poland and what changes do the new legal regulations bring to its structure? To answer this question, consider the following: 1. What does the Homeland Defense Act of March 11, 2022 change in the field of defence, including the Polish Armed Forces? 2. What are the types of the Polish Armed Forces and what tasks do they perform? 3. What is the role of command bodies of the Polish Armed Forces in the defense management subsystem?
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The demonstration activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation at the border with Ukraine at the turn of 2021/2022 were aimed at adopting the Russian point of view in the revision of the current European order by the authorities of Ukraine, the USA and Western countries. Russia’s leader, Vladimir Putin, in political talks aggressively demanded recognition of the proposed Russian order in Central and Eastern Europe. The organizational and technical modernization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, carried out over many years, made it possible for the president of the country to assume that Ukraine, the USA and the Western countries would be afraid of this demonstration of power and would agree to Russia’s revisionist demands. The effect was the opposite - Ukraine and the countries supporting this country were preparing for the worst option - war, rearming and training soldiers. Due to the lack of acceptance by all interested parties, the President of the Russian Federation changed the demonstration of military force into military aggression against Ukraine on February 24, 2022.
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The authors of this publication present the results of research on the participation of the Polish Armed Forces in the Icelandic Air Policing mission. The article contains an analysis and characteristics of the participation of the Polish Military Contingent in the Republic of Iceland. The obtained research results indicate the appropriateness of the activities undertaken by the Polish Armed Forces by intensifying involvement in multinational projects resulting from the obligations towards membership in the North Atlantic Alliance. The results of the above are the implementation of adequate solutions in pursuit of interoperability with other NATO countries, verifi cation of the capabilities of individual components of the Polish Armed Forces, and thus the possibility of identifying gaps in security systems. The authors of this article, presenting conclusions from the previous experience of soldiers of PMC Iceland, indicate possible directions of development in the implementation of similar tasks in Air Policing missions over the territory of allied countries. The aim of the article is to identify the legal conditions and tasks of the Polish Armed Forces in the Icelandic Air Policing mission. Attention was paid to Iceland’s security policy and the origins of the Icelandic Air Policing mission. The research problem was expressed in the question: how did the Icelandic Air Policing mission contribute to building of capacity to conduct eff ective airspace surveillance operations over the territory of Poland and the North Atlantic Alliance countries? Theoretical research methods were used. The main basis for considerations were NATO doctrinal documents, relevant normative acts related to the implementation of tasks outside the Republic of Poland by the Polish Armed Forces, literature on the subject, as well as informal interviews with soldiers taking part in the mission.
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A particular threat to state security may result in the adoption of emergency measures aimed at restoring its normal functioning. In a digital state, cyberspace is widely used to carry out public tasks, therefore its protection must be a priority for public authorities. Security threats in cyberspace may sometimes be of a serious nature, therefore combating them or removing their eff ects will require the introduction of a state of emergency. Therefore, the main goal was to analyze cyber threats as the reason for introducing a state of emergency. The article uses the dogmatic-legal and theoreticallegal methods.
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The article analyzes the transgenerational consequences of the Holodomor-genocide for Ukrainian society. The Holodomor of 1932-1933 took the lives of millions of Ukrainians, including infants and children. People who survived the Holodomor as children were imprinted with psychophysical trauma for the rest of their lives. During the Holodomor of 1932-1933, they were constantly hungry, ate surrogates, dead animals, etc., which directly affected their physical health and the health of their descendants. The everyday life of children during the Holodomor of 1932-1933 was filled with the search for means of survival. They saw people dying of hunger every day. Many children were orphaned and their parents and relatives died before their eyes. The intergenerational consequences of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 were felt throughout subsequent generations. The article analyzes the differences between transgenerational and intergenerational trauma, elucidates their essence, duration and manifestations in the descendants of the victims of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932-1933.
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The assassination of Croatian people’s representatives, which took place on June 20, 1928, in Belgrade during the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has been extensively documented in history books. Puniša Račić, a member of the People’s Radical Party, carried out the assassination, killing Pavle Radić and Dr. Đuro Bašariček at the assembly and gravely wounded Stjepan Radić, who passed away as a result of the assassination in Zagreb on August 8, 1928. Račić then injured the Croatian delegates, Ivan Pernar and Ivan Granđa. The goal of this article is to provide information and proof of the Montenegrin party’s response and handling of the crime, rather than repeating what is widely known. Using various sources and methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison, along with relevant historical literature, this paper summarizes how the Montenegrin Party condemned the assassination and how its representatives in the National Assembly of the Kingdom of SHS, who belonged to the Peasant-Democratic Coalition Club, Dr. Sekula Drljević and Mihailo Ivanović, left the club after the assassination along with the other representatives of the SDK Assembly and never came back. The Montenegrin party believed that the assassination was premeditated, coordinated, and the result of a plot by Belgrade’s hegemonic and centralist leadership.
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The end of World War I was anxiously but hopefully anticipated by activists of the Albanian question. However, Albanian territories still remained occupied, this time, by the Entente armies. Following the withdrawal of the Austro-Hungarian forces, a contingent of ally troops under French command was positioned in Shkodra. The French were also present in the Korca region, whereas the rest of Albania’s territory was under the control of Italian troops. Meanwhile, Serbia and Greece, who sided with the Allies, despite not engaging in military action, expected the Paris Peace Conference to satisfy their claims over those Albanian territories which they had failed to annex following the London Conference of 1913.
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The historiographic point of view evaluates the process of the creation and action of an event closely related to the corresponding conjuncture, which was created and delineated in a specific way. First of all, this concept originates not only from the fact that the historical event is the product of a certain conjuncture, but also from the reflection it makes on the advantages or shortcomings that the latter offers. No event, no matter how big or small, is exempt from such historical legality. Seen in this context, we affirm that the clash between the Balkan coalition and the Ottoman coalition on the day of San Vito on June 28, 1389, according to the Gregorian calendar, cannot be perceived and understood without evaluating the created conjuncture, in the Balkan plane and beyond, along XIV century.
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Its coasts in the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea, its proximity to energy reserves, and its transit country location in the transportation of Russian and Central Asian energy resources to Europe make Ukraine a key actor in sustainable security in the region. Ukraine, which has been developing a partnership with NATO since 1991 when it gained its independence, has instrumentalized its cooperation with NATO within the scope of military, political and geopolitical scope in order to soften the autocratic tendencies in the country on the one hand and to balance the pressures from Russia on the other hand. Ukraine, with its 2,759 km of coastline and more than 72,000 km² of exclusive economic zones, is a state whose military and economic national interests are closely linked to the seas. Therefore, it is critical for Ukraine to have a modern and developed naval force with the ability to move at sea. However, with the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014, 70% of the Ukrainian Navy was destroyed, and the large-scale military operation launched by Russia against Ukraine in 2022 revealed the vital importance of the Ukrainian Navy again. The aim of this study is to analyze the 2035 Naval Strategy Document published by Ukraine and to examine the objectives of the reforms included in the document, which include NATO standards, principles, and values. The Ukrainian Navy aims to build a modern and advanced naval force in NATO standards by 2035 and to realize a force structure with offshore mobility.
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The objective of this study was to identifying the psycho-social impact of Israeli settlers violence against Palestinian population and its relation with the following variables (Age, Sex, Education, Marital status, Working status, Area, Number of incidence, Type incidence, Source of violence and Direction of incidence”) Also to know the resilience of these population to restore the equilibrium and its relation to the following variables (sex and area). So this study came as a step to reach for a solid information’s about mental health conditions for those people who suffer from settlers violence, because available information’s has been unable to confirm details of a particular incidence impacts. Four hundred twenty three consenting participants who were suffering from Israeli settlers violence , participant was selected purposively, the sample consisted on a groups intervention participants, which were received first psychological aid from NGOs, during the first two weeks to tow years of incidence. The researcher has used CRIES& IES-R scales, and CYRM scale, the data was collected through personal interview, and used SPSS to analyze data. Results: The results showed that children and adults probability having post-traumatic stress disorder, and the most prevalence signs of PTSD were Intrusion is the highest next hyper arousal and lowest is avoidance. The study showed that there is a significant differences related sex in favor to female, source of violence to the favor of settler’s variables between children and adults. But also there is a significant differences related to type of incidence to the favor of property damage and intimidation between adults, also the study showed that there is no significant differences related to marital status, area, education, work status, number of incidence, direction of incidence variables between children and adults, and there is no significant differences related to type of incidence variable between children. Also the results showed that the total means scores of child and youth resilience measure for all ages was having very high. And showed that there is no significant differences on resilience of population at the level of (α=0.05) according to child, youth and adults CYRM total score by gender, and there is no significant on resilience of population at the level of (α=0.05) according to child and adults CYRM total score by city. On the other hand, there is a significant differences on on resilience of population at the level of (α=0.05) according to youth CYRM total score by city to the favor of Qalqilia villages. Conclusion: The results showed that children and adults probability having posttraumatic stress disorder. But also the results showed that child and youth resilience measure for all ages was having very high.
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