Międzynarodowa solidarność. Operacje pokojowe ONZ, NATO i UE

Author(s): Joanna Dobrowolska-Polak / Language(s): Polish

Od kilkunastu lat na arenie międzynarodowej toczy się intensywna debata dążąca do określenia jak dalece moralny nakaz solidarności znajduje zastosowanie w stosunkach między państwami, narodami oraz ludźmi należącymi do obcych sobie grup etnicznych, narodowych i religijnych. Solidarność jest wpisana w system międzynarodowy. Ucieleśniającym ją mechanizmem prawnym są zawarte w rozdziale VI i VII Karty NZ akcje w razie zagrożenia pokoju i bezpieczeństwa: operacje pokojowe oraz interwencje humanitarne. Nadużycie prawa do interwencji humanitarnej w 2001 r. (interwencja w Afganistanie) i w 2003 r. (interwencja w Iraku) spowodowało ograniczenie międzynarodowej aprobaty dla działań interwencyjnych i oddanie pierwszeństwa operacjom pokojowym. W ostatnich latach stały się one głównym sposobem reagowania społeczności międzynarodowej na konflikty zbrojne i stanowią dziś podstawową formę wyrażania międzynarodowej solidarności. W 2008 r. Polska obchodziła 55. rocznicę udziału w międzynarodowych przedsięwzięciach na rzecz pokoju i bezpieczeństwa oraz 35. rocznicę pierwszego udziału w operacji pokojowej. Od 1953 r. w działaniach pokojowych wzięły udział ponad 63 tys. polskich żołnierzy, policjantów oraz obserwatorów cywilnych i wojskowych.

International solidarity. UN, NATO and EU peace operations

Author(s): Joanna Dobrowolska-Polak / Language(s): English

Solidarity has been implemented into international law as an obligation to respect and support the respect for human rights. It is embodied in the regulations under chapters VI and VII of the Charter of the United Nations (peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions). The 2001 (Afghanistan) and 2003 (Iraq) abuses of the right to military intervention limited the support for humanitarian interventions in favor of peacekeeping operations. The reform of the UN operation system started complex, multipurpose and multilateral undertakings (to be conducted also in cooperation with the EU and NATO), which allowed to implement the process of nation building and include operations to guarantee the respect for human rights and freedoms in the mission’s mandate. The task of strengthening the respect for human rights (as a part of security building in the region of the operation) is realized by soldiers, police officers and non-uniformed personnel from the contributing countries. In 2008, Poland celebrated the 55th anniversary of Polish participation in international actions for peace and security, and the 35th anniversary of its first participation in a peacekeeping operation. Since 1953, 63 thousand Polish soldiers, police officers as well as civilian and military observers have taken part in peacekeeping actions.

Internationale Solidarität. Die Friedensoperationen der UN, NATO und EU

Author(s): Joanna Dobrowolska-Polak / Language(s): German

Die Solidarität hat in Gestalt der Verpflichtung zur Achtung der Menschenrechte und zur Unterstützung von deren Einhaltung ihren festen Platz im Völkerrecht. Ihre konkrete Form sind die Regelungen von Kap. VI und VII der UN-Charta (Friedensoperationen und humanitäre Interventionen). Durch den Missbrauch des Rechts auf bewaffnete Interventionen in den Jahren 2001 (Afghanistan) und 2003 (Irak) nahm die Unterstützung für humanitäre Interventionen ab, stattdessen stieg die Akzeptanz für eine breitere Einsetzbarkeit von Friedensoperationen. Die Durchführung einer Reform des Systems der UN-Friedensoperationen ermöglichte komplexe Einsätze, die mehrere Ziele gleichzeitig verfolgten und die multilateral (u. a. in Zusammenarbeit mit der Europäischen Union und der NATO) durchgeführt wurden. Auf diese Weise konnte die Konzeption des nation building verwirklicht werden, u. a. durch die Aufnahme von Aktivitäten in das Missionsmandat, die auf die Gewährleistung persönlicher Rechte und Freiheiten der betreffenden Bürger abzielten. Die Aufgabe, die Einhaltung der Menschenrechte (im Rahmen der Schaffung von Sicherheit im Operationsgebiet) zu stärken, obliegt Soldaten, Polizisten und nichtuniformierten Mitarbeitern aus den an der jeweiligen Mission beteiligten Ländern. Polen beging im Jahre 2008 den 55. Jahrestag seiner Teilnahme an internationalen Friedens- und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen sowie den 35. Jahrestag seines ersten Engagements im Rahmen einer Friedensoperation. Seit 1953 nahmen über 63.000 polnische Soldaten, Polizisten sowie zivile und militärische Beobachter an Friedensmaßnahmen teil.

Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts. Rafał Lemkin’s heritage

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Polish,Ukrainian

The volume presents the proceedings of the international conference on Rafał Lemkin’s Heritage organized in Lviv by the University of Warsaw, the University of Lviv and the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation. Lemkin’s life-long commitment to the struggle for the dignity of individuals, groups and nations was the key message of the conference attended by international experts. The keynote paper on Rafał Lemkin’s Concept of Genocide was delivered by Professor Adam Rotfeld, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland.Rafał Lemkin, a distinguished jurist and one of the most impressive figures of the 20th century, coined the word ‘genocide’ and initiated the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. His ideas had a lasting impact on international protection of human rights, international humanitarian law and international criminal law and are reflected in The Responsibility to Protect norm which entails the prevention of mass atrocity crimes. Lemkin’s work continues to inspire the international community in their efforts to protect individuals and nations.

Problemy bezpieczeństwa Bliskiego Wschodu i Północnej Afryki (MENA)

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Region Bliskiego Wschodu i Północnej Afryki (Middle East and North Africa – MENA) jest uznawany za jeden z najbardziej niestabilnych, a zarazem niezwykle istotnych dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego obszarów współczesnego świata. Na jego sytuację – zarówno w wymiarze regionalnym, jak i wewnątrzpaństwowym – wpływają spory, konflikty, a także różnorodne procesy społeczne, polityczne i gospodarcze. Złożoność tych czynników, ich zasięg oraz zakres powodują, że przenikają się tam problemy bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego i międzynarodowego. Autorzy zebranych w tomie artykułów przybliżają Czytelnikom wiele aspektów dotyczących wyzwań i zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz w Północnej Afryce. Ponadto wyjaśniają ich wpływ na poziom bezpieczeństwa innych regionów, zwłaszcza Europy oraz ukazują ich znaczenie dla polityki mocarstw, przede wszystkim Stanów Zjednoczonych.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "THE COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT" - VOLUME II

Author(s): / Language(s): English

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI "THE COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC NATURE OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT" - VOLUME II

الدعائية، » داعش « حملات قبل انهيار التنظيم وبعده طرّف العنيف

Author(s): Charlie Winter / Language(s): Arabic

إن هذا التقرير يقارن بين ارشيفين من وسائل الإعلام الرسمية ل”داعش“ بفارق أربعسنوات. يبحث التقرير في تفاصيل نظرة التنظيم للعالم ويتابع تأثير العوامل الظرفيةالخارجية والداخلية عليه خلال سنوات تكوين الخلافة. وقد تب أن نشاط البنية التحتية يالإعلامية للتنظيم في أواسط 2019 قد انخفض الى حوالى عُشرٍ من نشاطها في أواسط2015 . تُظهر البيانات أيضاً أن التنظيم كان يخصص وقتاً أطول لمتابعة شبكته العالمية في2019 مقارنة ب 2015 . وأخيراً، تشير البيانات الى تغيير مواضيعي جسيم في رواية التنظيمالدعائية بشكل شامل، وقد تجسد ذلك في تحويل روايته من طوباوية مليارية الىإنكارية عسكرية. وخلاصة القول أن البيانات تدل على أنه بحلول عام 2019 ، انخفضنشاط القائمين بالدعاية لتنظيم “داعش” بشكل ملحوظ، وعملهم الإجمالي كان دولياًومركّزاً أقل على القضايا المدنية. إن هذا التغيير يشير الى بدء مرحلة جديدة في مسارالترويج السياسي للتنظيم، وقد أصبح مركّزاً أكثر على البقاء وليس على التوسّع.

Militarne i pozamilitarne aspekty współczesnego bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Wybrane problemy. T. 1

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

"Today, it seems obvious that research on international and national security must cover all types of threats and factors affecting its form, the dynamics of the processes that create it, and the possibility of maintaining the adopted status quo. The current paradigm of research into security goes beyond mere attempts to understand the principles of the use of armed force by states, and the control of such activities, at the same time, however, it does not abandon this perspective but takes it into consideration in the analysis. It results from the very essence of the concept of security, which etymologically and semantically does not have to be limited to military security or external security. The state of certain stability and predictability of social relations in the national and international dimension should be recognized as security, therefore it is beyond dispute that it is necessary to take into account not only the classically distinguished soft aspects of security (economic, social, political etc.), but also other factors that may even indirectly affect the security situation of a given community, such as cultural, demographic, institutional and legal aspects. Only a holistic and interdisciplinary view on national, regional and global security can contribute to a true understanding of the dynamics of threats to the values that modern societies have committed to protect. In order to explain what security is and how to respond to the challenges resulting from ensuring it, it is not sufficient to consider only one of many scientific and praxeological perspectives. Only the synergistic utilization of different tools will enable getting a little closer to understanding security threats and their dynamics. However, a thorough and reliable consideration of all these perspectives is beyond the capability of one researcher.What was the result of such a defined scope of research were twelve chapters written by invited researchers and collected in this volume. The adopted title of the collection, i.e. Military and non-military aspects of contemporary international security. Selected problems corresponds to the aim of the research and is supposed to give evidence for taking into account all the aforementioned challenges and the multiplicity of possible scientific perspectives, not limited to only one discipline or subject. At the same time, the publication is to be an attempt to take into account the multiplicity of threats and research perspectives in the scientific reflection over broadly understood security. It should be emphasized that this volume is only the first part of the two planned, because of the fact that the conducted research went beyond the scope of merely one publication and required the preparation of the second collective work. "(Excerpt from the introduction)

Militarne i pozamilitarne aspekty współczesnego bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Wybrane problemy. T. 2

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Documents Talk NATO-RUSSIA relations after the cold war

Author(s): / Language(s): English

(...) regardless of the adopted perspective of an observer or analyst, and optimism/pessimism related to NATO-Russia relations, they will remain a key aspect of international security. This necessitates the search for “source knowledge” and “decoding” numerous stereotypes and simplifications that these relations have overgrown for the last quarter century. One must not forget the calculated and deliberate disinformation that Russia has been practising regarding its relations with the Alliance. It consistently uses the myth of “betrayal of the West”, blaming NATO nations for being the primary cause of the current state of NATO-Russia relations. It is not our task in this volume to explain the nature of these problems exhaustively, nor to discuss the structure of modern Russian political mythology. However, the significant dispersion of “first-hand” sources raises the bar of problems confronting researchers of NATO-Russia relations. Therefore, this volume attempts at gathering key open-source documents produced by both sides and arranging them into a representative whole to provide a better understanding of the “big picture” (...). The emerging picture of political thinking and policy justifications offers the power of beating back many stereotypical opinions (...)

Gândirea militară românească sub amprenta clausewitziană

Author(s): Adrian Lesenciuc / Language(s): Romanian

This book plays two roles: to suggest the possibility of re-reading military thinking - especially the Romanian one - after applying the ideological markers on the dominant schools of thinking, but especially after applying the markers for pointing out Clausewitzianism. These markers paint ideological "-isms" in different colours: Clausewitzianism, Anticlausewitzianism, Neoclausewitzianism and enable the interpretation of the radiography of military thinking outside ideological debris.

DOSIJE: Zločini nad Hrvatima u Vojvodini

Author(s): Jovana Kolarić / Language(s): Serbian

In the period from 1991 to 1995, a campaign of intimidation and pressure on Croatian civilians was conducted on the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in the Republic of Serbia, with the aim of moving them out of their homes and leaving Serbia. The campaign, which changed in intensity and peaked in the second half of 1991, from the spring to the fall of 1992 and the summer of 1995, resulted in the expulsion of tens of thousands of Croats from Vojvodina. Violence against Croats in Vojvodina included attacks on private property and religious buildings, threats, physical attacks and killings. In the period between the two censuses, in 1991 and 2002, a decrease in the number of Croats and other non-Serbs was noticeable on the territory of Vojvodina. The number of Croats decreased in 39 out of 45 municipalities in Vojvodina, and on the territory of the whole of Vojvodina, the number of Croats decreased by 18,262, ie by 24.41%. This Dossier presents evidence of events in the municipalities of Vojvodina (Ruma, Sid, Stara Pazova, Indjija, Petrovaradin and Apatin) in which the pressure on Croats to emigrate was strongest and in which the ethnic picture changed the most. The dossier is based on statements by witnesses and families of victims given to the Humanitarian Law Center (HLC), documents of the Serbian RDB, court rulings in Serbia, documents presented to the ICTY as evidence and media reports.

Режим Путіна: перезавантаження-2018

Author(s): Maxim Rozumniy / Language(s): Ukrainian

The current state of domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation is considered. The resources that can be used to keep the current leadership of the Russian Federation in power, the main trends of socio-economic and domestic life of Russia, its foreign policy are analyzed in respect of its political interests and means of achieving geopolitical goals. The main scenarios for the Kremlin's policy of restoring imperial status, including the reintegration of the post-Soviet space, confrontation with the West, and Russia's expansion in strategically important regions of the world, have been identified. The publication was prepared by the Center for Research of Problems of the Russian Federation of the National Institute for Strategic Studies.

Виклики національного самовизначення

Author(s): Maksym Rozumnyi / Language(s): Ukrainian

National self-determination is interpreted as a complex process of selforganization of society, which follows the path of modernization. This process includes the nationalization of the collective consciousness, democratization of the political life and integration into existing international relations and communications. Each of these tasks requires innovative approach of the national leaders and elites, their good will and unique intelligent solutions. Some of these ideas and decisions are offered by the author for a public debate and close examination. The book is based on the author’s publications in the media and academic magazines. The book is addressed to the active citizens and fellow researchers in the field of humanities and social sciences.

Інтерпретація російсько-українського конфлікту в західних наукових і експертно-аналітичних працях

Author(s): Volodymyr Kulik,Mykola Ryabchuk,Kateryna Zarembo,Marianna Fakhurdinova,Nadiia Koval,Svitlana Nabok / Language(s): Ukrainian

BETWEEN ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY MARKET INTEGRATION. Guidelines for the future development of the EU’s external energy policy in Europe’s neighbourhood

Author(s): Zuzanna Brunarska,Aleksandra Jarosiewicz,Agata Loskot-Strachota,Iwona Wiśniewska / Language(s): English

Energy policy is currently one of the EU’s sectoral policies. Its external dimension is aimed at fostering the achievement of sustainability, competitiveness and the security of supply. In the context of relations with third countries the EU external energy policy is at present focused on: – ensuring stable energy supplies at competitive prices and (often in relation to this) – seeking to reform the energy markets in neighbouring countries in order to harmonise them with the EU market. // This reconciliation of the effectiveness of external actions with the attainment of the objectives of increased self-sufficiency and energy efficiency remains the key challenge for the EU’s external energy policy.

From Democratization to Security Politics: The Transformation of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party

Author(s): Fatih Ceran / Language(s): English

Turkey started the new millennium with change and change has never lost momentum since then. It has not followed a linear path of progress though. From economic performance to democratic credentials, from civil-military relations to management of religion and from there to the country’s overall orientation in global geopolitics things have changed so fast that a broad variety of people and institutions felt compelled to revise their perspectives and positions on Turkish politics in this two-decade period. As this revision does not go without merit the book that you are holding presents an account of the transformation that underlies it. The last decade of 20th century was less-than-fortunate for Turkey as it was loaded with economic and political turmoil. However, the country started to reform by the beginning of 21st century under the rule of the newly founded Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, henceforth AKP) lead by a young and charismatic politician; Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

Obszar poradziecki w polityce zagranicznej Federacji Rosyjskiej

Author(s): Anna Czyż / Language(s): Polish

The publication refers to the place, importance and role of the post-Soviet area in the foreign policy of the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. This is an important and current topic, especially in the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine. The Russian Federation uses all possible instruments of influence to maintain control over the post-Soviet area, treated as the exclusive sphere of Russian influence and the priority direction of Russian foreign policy. The main goals of Russian foreign policy towards the so-called near-border include the political, economic and military integration of this area under the leadership of Russia.

Srebrenica: 25 godina, Sjećanje na žrtve genocida

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian

The genocide in Srebrenica is considered the biggest crime in Europe after World War II and the Holocaust, one of the most horrific events in modern European history in which more than 8,000 people were killed. The victims of the genocide in Srebrenica came from 50 municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The book documents the names of 6,879 victims of genocide buried between 2003 and 2019. 6,642 people were buried in the Srebrenica Memorial Center, while 237 victims were buried in other local cemeteries. Data for this book were obtained from the Srebrenica Memorial Center and the Institute for Missing Persons of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

NATO after the End of the Cold War

Author(s): Zdeněk Kříž / Language(s): English

Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has been going through a permanent adaptation process that has changed it beyond recognition. If the Alliance had wanted to survive the Warsaw Pact, it did not have any other choice. As regards the beginning of the permanent NATO adaptation process, it is possible to regard the adopting of the 1990 London declaration. Today’s shape of NATO differs from its form in the Cold War substantially. The Alliance’s tasks have been extended significantly, as well as its territorial range and the number of its members. Rob de Wijk points out that the successful adaptation of NATO to the new post-Cold-War realities is an unprecedented event because traditional military alliances were dissolved together with the expiration of the reason for their existence in the past. (Wijk 1998: 14–18). However, one should pay attention to the fact that NATO has never been a merely military alliance based only on the idea of collective defense. According to Karl Deutsch, the Alliance has been an organization of states sharing common values, which makes war among members impossible. He calls this kind of alliances “security community”. (Deutsch et al. 1957; Adler – Barnett 1998) This paper aims to describe and analyze the main tendencies in the NATO transformation after the end of the Cold war and will proceed as follows. The second chapter will pay attention to the changes in the NATO strategic thinking. The third chapter will focus on the NATO enlargement followed by the fourth chapter dealing with the NATO-Russian relations. The fifth chapter is devoted to the NATO expeditionary operations and the sixth will provide a survey of the NATO military adaptation. The last chapter will summarize the main outcomes of the NATO adaptation after the end of the Cold War. As far as methodology is concerned, procedures typical of history science will be used in this paper.