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Analiza zakonske i sudske politike kažnjavanja počinitelja kaznenih djela ratnih zločina

Author(s): Marko Sjekavica,Jelena Đokić Jović,Maja Kovačević Bošković / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Sažeto rečeno, svrha kaznenih sankcija sastoji se od posebne i opće prevencije te od retribucije/kažnjavanja društva počinitelja kaznenih djela. U suvremenim pravnim porecima zapadnog tipa, težište se pomaknulo na preventivni element kaznenog sankcioniranja radi odvraćanja od činjenja budućih kaznenih djela i s težnjom resocijalizacije počinitelja, iako osuda i kazna ostaju sastavni dio izricanja kaznenih sankcija.

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Nicolae Iorga Şi Centenarul Răpirii Basarabiei (1812‑1912)

Author(s): Constantin I. Stan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Împlinirea unui secol de la răpirea Basarabiei de către Rusia ţaristă a prilejuit organizarea unor manifestaţii zgomotoase în Chişinău. La 3 mai 1912 a avut loc o adunare a zemstvei guberniale a Basarabiei sub preşedinţia directorului administrativ gubernial A. N. Iugan. Cu această ocazie, s-a discutat problema găsirii celor mai potrivite căi şi metode prin care să se convingă populaţia să vină la serbările ce se vor organiza pe 16 mai 1912. Autorităţile guberniale au decis ca în ziua jubileului să fie o adevărată sărbătoare. În acest scop, a fost aprobată suma de 20.000 de ruble pentru împodobirea şi iluminarea Palatului Gubernial din Chişinău şi alte 7000 de ruble repartizate celor şapte preşedinţi de judeţ. În total, pentru amintitele festivităţi s-au cheltuit 734.000 de ruble sau 1.800.000 de lei.

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Impactul Evenimentelor Din Vara Anului 1940 Asupra Locuitorilor De Origine Evreiască Din Basarabia

Author(s): Florin Stan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Anul 1940, an tragic în istoria românilor, a marcat sfârşitul graniţelor României Mari. Într-un context în care evoluţia ostilităţilor celei de-a doua conflagraţii mondiale a impus autorităţilor române o reorientare diplomatică, din mers, de partea Axei, politica internă fiind, de asemenea, afectată de considerente externe şi determinări care au adus atingere inclusiv coabitării populaţiei române cu una dintre etniile bine reprezentate în cadrul demografiei României , acest an a premers momentului care a marcat „fracturarea unei lungi convieţuiri”. Din această perspectivă considerăm utilă tratarea impactului evenimentelor din vara anului 1940 asupra locuitorilor de origine evreiască din Basarabia, condiţie a înţelegerii extinse a dimensiunii manifestării unui fenomen care a afectat poporul evreu la scară europeană.

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FOG ON THE BALTIC: RUSSIA’S AND CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN THE REGION

Author(s): Edward Lucas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Russia and China are both superpowers. They are not allies, and they are not rivals, but they have overlapping aims, occasionally similar tactics – and wildly differing resources. In both countries, all policy, internal and external, stems from the overriding goal of regime stability. China regards the West as a threat to its economic development and political sovereignty. The Kremlin too sees the West, particularly the European Union (EU) and NATO, as illegitimate constraints on its decision-making, and as potential instigators of ‘colour revolutions’ that will exploit Russia’s ethnic, religious, political, and other fissures.

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Activitatea social-umanitară a societăților de binefacere în vreme de război

Author(s): Ema Bogdan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Metropolitan Pimen Georgescu shepherded at a time when the Romanian Orthodox Church and our country have crossed a tense period through the prism of the First World War. During the Wars, the Church accompanied the military troops on the battlefield. In monasteries have been established orphanages, hospitals and charity societies that provided both, spiritual and material aid. Romanian priests contributed to the creation of the Romanian National State offering hope to the soldiers to obtain the Glory of our country.

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SEPARATISM TODAY: THE GEOPOLITICALLY SIGNIFICANT CASE OF CATALONIA

Author(s): Anamaria MANOLE / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Catalonia’s national identity has its roots in the Middle Ages and Early modern times. In the 19th century, the Catalonian search for independence was encouraged by romantic and revolutionary concepts spread across Europe. After the First World War, we can notice a significant increase of political actions as regards the Catalonian nationalists-separatists, including violent episodes and riots in main cities. As for the contemporary period, the financial crisis in 2007-2008 acted as a new booster for nationalist-separatist ideas leading eventually to referendums in 2009 and also in 2017. The present study is exploring in a historical register the process of Catalonian’s independence. In doing so, I intend to identify and examine theCatalan’s main reasons in claiming complete political independence. The study tackles particularly recent interviews presenting opinions of several Catalonian citizens, some of them with political or administrative responsibilities, concerning regional independence and its potential consequences.

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STRATEGIC SEALIFT CAPABILITIES: THE SPECIAL CASE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Author(s): Florin DIACONU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Along several millennia, sealift capabilities have played a significant role in shaping the political international arena, and the global strategic landscape. We cannot imagine, for example, a fully operational Roman Empire without a massive set of sealift capabilities, able to deploy large armies anywhere around the Mediterranean, and to bring huge amounts of Egyptian grain to Rome. The study is briefly exploring some pivotal moments in global history when sealift has been massively present; and then it explores, with some details, the present situation of the US strategic sealift capabilities. As far as we know, the ability of the United States to use, in case of need, fully effective strategic sealift is clearly facing important problems and shortages, and this feature of the US national power might generate a lot of problems in many future scenarios, massively impacting strategic evolutions on the World Ocean, in Europe, and mainly in the Asia-Pacific

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Procesul de deeplearning al aplicațiilor cu inteligență artificială

Author(s): Sorin-Constantin Lică,Ciprian Eugeniu CONSTANTIN / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Deeplearning is a branch of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on training deep neural networks to learn and make decisions or make predictions. This technology is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain.Deeplearning models are made up of several layers of interconnected artificial neurons, called artificial neural networks. Each layer takes the output from the previous layer, processes it and sends it to the next layer. Layers close to the input are responsible for extracting lower-level features, while deeper layers learn higher-level representations or abstractions.One of the main advantages of deeplearning is its ability to automatically learn relevant features or representations from raw data, eliminating the need for manual engineering. This allows deeplearning models to excel in tasks such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommender systems, and more.Training deeplearning models typically involves providing a large set of labeled data and using an algorithm called backpropagation to adjust connection weights between neurons, minimizing the difference between predicted and actual outputs. This process is computationally intensive and often requires significant computational resources such as specialized hardware (e.g., GPUs) or distributed computing systems.

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Strategii de prevenire și combatere a criminalității organizate din perspectiva falsificării de monedă

Author(s): Eduard Constantin / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Organized crime is a dynamic, cross-border, criminal phenomenon that requires the periodic development of strategies adapted to new trends to prevent and combat it. In this sense, the criminogenic factors, the methods and ways of committing the purpose crimes, the relevant legislation in force, the competence and performance of institutions specialized in combating crime, but also of social reaction to organized crime, must be taken into account.At the european level, the EU Strategy to combat organized crime 2021-2025 is applicable, being the first unitary strategy dedicated to organized crime; this derives from the EU Security Union Strategy. In Romania, the seat of the matter is Law no. 39/2003, national strategies and specific, multi-annual action plans being developed.Currency counterfeiting, as a manifestation of organized crime, is part of the scope of strategies of this type, which include a series of measures and actions to prevent and combat such a criminal phenomenon, which seriously affects the economy, the financial system of the European Union and the member states, but also the patrimony of the natural or legal person injured by receiving counterfeit currency.The SOCTA 2021 assessment by Europol mentions currency counterfeiting as the main area of activity of organized crime networks, being classified as a priority threat under the European Multidisciplinary Platform against Criminal Threats 2022-2025 (EMPACT 2022).

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DELINCVENȚA JUVENILĂ ȘI REGIMUL MĂSURILOR EDUCATIVE NEPRIVATIVE DE LIBERTATE

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author examines the juvenile delinquency, the act of participating in unlawful behavior as a minor or individual younger than the statutory age of majority. This explanation is accompanied by a thorugh analysis of the non-custodial measures which are regulated by article 115 of the New Criminal Code.Each measure is presented closely in order to have a better understanding of the role they have and the effects they direct on the minor.

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ASPECTE DE DREPT COMPARAT PRIVIND INFRACȚIUNEA DE VIOL

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author analyses the legal content of the crime of rape, regulated by article 218 of the New Criminal Code, while an exam compared with other states and their law towards this matter.On this occasion, the author also presents some critical opinion and suggestions with a view on improving the society and the law itself.

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ASPECTE GENERALE REFERITOARE LA INFRACȚIUNILE CONTRA VIEȚII PERSOANEI

Author(s): Emanuela Denisa Dinu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The author examines general aspects regarding the crimes against life, aspects that are outlined by statistics and studies over the years. On this ocassion, the evolution of the Romanian Criminal Code is highlighted and compared to other states, such as France and Russia. The purpose of this study is to understand the importance of penal provisions in preserving the lives

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PEDEAPSA ŞI OPINIA PUBLICĂ – CONSIDERAŢII CRIMINOLOGICE

Author(s): Alexandru Florin Măgureanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Punishment has undergone fundamental transformations over time, probably more so than any other institution of criminal law. Many of the changes in society call into question some characteristics of punishment and even seem to require a rethinking of the entire sanctioning system. The way society reacts to the application of punishments has also gone through important transformations. Even if by law the public reaction does not have an immediate impact on the punishment, the legislator takes this aspect into account, with some limits imposed by the international regulations on human rights, but also by the specifics of criminal law, at least in terms of future legislative changes.

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Metode de contrafacere şi de falsificare a bancnotelor

Author(s): Roxana MANEA (ALEXANDRU) / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Counterfeiting is the intervention made on an authentic banknote to change its name (increase invalue). Counterfeiting is a complex activity in which the appropriate technical means are used to helpimitate the original banknote, until authenticity emerges. Given the methods of counterfeiting, it turns outthat only the banknote can be counterfeited, the currency can only be counterfeited.

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Lupta împotriva terorismului în contextul internațional: fond și reguli procedurale. Studii de caz

Author(s): George Gabriel Nistorescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on the United States and generated a significant increase in legislation on the fight against terrorism at national and European level. Given the seriousness of these offences, judicial cooperation between States is indispensable. In this context, both substantial and procedural instruments are taken into account to provide the necessary measures to prevent and combat terrorism. These include the European Arrest Warrant within the European Union. However, there are two major risks associated with this supposed fight against terrorism. These include the European Arrest Warrant within the European Union. However, there are two major risks associated with this supposed fight against terrorism. The first risk is the creation of a so-called „criminal security law” that could undermine the legal safeguards and fundamental rights of individuals. The second risk is the questionable violation of human rights by some of these procedural measures. In the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters, judicial cooperation between Member States focuses mainly on the nature and characteristics of terrorism, an offence that does not respect territorial boundaries at all. The „criminal security law”, in the context of the war in Ukraine, has become, more than ever, a subject of great topicality.We will examine the provisions proposed by the draft EU Constitution on the material and procedural instruments used in the fight against terrorism in the field of judicial cooperation in criminal matters. In this context, we believe that it is crucial to adopt alternative instruments that protect citizens' civil liberties and human rights. Only in this way will fair and equitable judicial cooperation between the various Member States be possible.

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APLICABILITATEA DREPTULUI INTERNAȚIONAL UMANITAR ÎN CAZUL GRUPULUI WAGNER

Author(s): Maria Alicia Nistorescu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The war in Ukraine has raised the issue of the Wagner Group with regard to humanitarian law. Under humanitarian law, members of the Wagner Group should protect and respect the rights of civilians and others who do not participate in the fight, provide medical aid and respect the rights of prisoners of war. Also, members of the group should not commit war crimes, such as the murder and torture of civilians or prisoners of war.If members of the Wagner Group violate the rules of humanitarian law, they can be held criminally liable and tried in accordance with international law. Also, states that engage members of the Wagner Group in the conflict in Ukraine can be held responsible for violations of human rights and humanitarian law.Members of the Wagner Group involved in the conflict in Ukraine should abide by the rules of humanitarian law and provide protection to civilians and others who do not participate in the fight. Violations of these rules may lead to criminal liability actions and trials in accordance with international law.

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REALITATI PRIVIND CRIMINALITATEA ORGANIZATA

Author(s): Carmen Silvia Paraschiv / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Organized crime is the panacea that history has faced since ancient times. Without a trace of denial, we can affirm that this scourge, organized crime, represents in itself a phenomenon that is identified in its formation with the appearance and consolidation of the first human communities, a situation that perpetuates itself until the moment T0 - the one that is identified, in essence, with the emergence of the modern society, developed and based on democracy. We are not wrong if we affirm that it, crime, represents in itself the content of a dark, dark, mysterious and unknown world that grew in content and manifestation, in the midst of people, together with them and whose traces and consequences can only be detected with the help of victims who have fallen prey to it, or who have allowed themselves to be caught in the nets of the dark phenomenon. The phenomenon of organized crime is a permanent threat to citizens, institutions and the economy, and the law enforcement authorities of the member states of the European Union collaborate both with each other and with the other states outside the European Union to combat this serious and organized scourge.

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REINTEGRAREA SOCIALĂ A GRUPURILOR VULNERABILE DE INFRACTORI: MINORII ȘI DELINCVENȚII MINORI

Author(s): Gianina-Anemona Radu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Seen as a form of social deviance, delinquency represents a complex social problem as a result of the conjugated interaction between the individual and the environment. In fact, at the level of each society, it exists in one greater or lesser proportion, manifestations of transgression a norms that can take shape by relating them to certain criteria deviance or/and delinquency. The delinquent appears to us as an individual with a deficiency social maturation and at the same time, with social integration difficulties, which comes into conflict with the requirements of a certain value-normative system, including the legal norms.There is a difference between minors and juvenile delinquents, depending on capacity for criminal liability. We have minors who are not criminally liable and minors who are subject to criminal law sanctions. We also have non-custodial sanctions and restrictive or custodial sanctions.The reintegration of all minors who break the law is a sensitive issue. Reintegration services are designed to facilitate a youth’s transition from an out-of-home placement back to the community and family environment through collaboration between the youth and community service providers, and family to ensure the delivery of needed services and supervision. The overall goal is to assist the youth in becoming a productive citizen.

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On the Use of Semantic Frames in Law Enforcement English Methodology

Author(s): Ileana Chersan / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The methodology of English for specific purposes has long been employed and developed, capitalizing on the latest language research and linguistic traits. Using semantic analysis and more specifically semantic frames (in the sense of Fillmore ) to deconstruct the meanings of a lexical unit or word is a complex and rewarding methodological approach; this can facilitate the comprehension of cultural and social concepts behind the lexical units, contrasting concepts and situations and contextualizing them with more semantic precision. Law enforcement concepts favour this approach due to the social and historical complexity of law enforcement systems and their impact on cross-cultural communication. This paper explores two semantic frames of law enforcement concepts – ‘Criminal attempts’ and the ‘Power to stop and search’ - to demonstrate the rationale and applicability of frame semantics to English law enforcement vocabulary teaching.

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Un Studiu Aprofundat al Comportamentului Managerial în Context Organizațional

Author(s): Cristina Pielmuş / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The organisational behaviour represents the way in which members of an organisation understand to adopt certain attitudes or modes of action in their relationship with the organisational environment, as individuals or as members of a group. The understanding of organisational behaviour as an essential variable of the organisation is directly dependent on the human component that forms the core of organisations, without which we could not conceive their existence. The study of organisational behavior is relevant for the deep understanding of the mechanisms that engage the entire organisational life. In the specialised literature, the organisational context is viewed as the influencing factor of human behaviour, and, therefore, as the variable that has a direct impact on the type of behaviour that is created at the organisational level. As a matter of fact, this study aims at highlighting those dimensions of the organisation that act as determinants of organisational behaviour.

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