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Affecting International Migration Trends through a Multi-Faceted Policy: Kazakhstan within Central Asia and the EAEU

Author(s): Baurzhan Bokayev,Rymkul Ismailova,Zulfiya Torebekova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

This article assesses the implementation of migration policy in Kazakhstan over the past twenty years, focusing on the results attained through attempts to reverse Kazakhstan’s net negative migration trends. Our analysis traces the impact of socio-economic conditions on migration processes, using the example of the Central Asian and Eurasian Economic Union member states including Kazakhstan. Consideration of further factors, such as ethnic repatriation, also points to the uphill battle that Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries face in maintaining their skilled workforce and encouraging high skilled migrants to come into the country. The results of the analysis reveal the causes of the low level of efficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan’s migration policy. Undocumented workers continue to play a major role in industries outside of the highly skilled and household workers, yet they are often denied their labor and human rights. The authors propose new approaches in the regulation of migration activities aimed at improving the quality of life of prospective migrants, improving the socio-economic conditions of the native population, and mitigating the further outflow of highly qualified specialists from the country. These approaches recognize that solutions must not only address barriers to economic success in Kazakhstan, but also must inspire confidence in Kazakhstan’s improving economic situation even when per capita income remains relatively low.

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Non-salary employment conditions as a factor shaping migration decision-making: an example of workers from Ukraine in Poland

Author(s): Maciej Duszczyk,Kamil Matuszczyk / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

The paper studies non-salary employment conditions as a factor affecting labour migrants’ choice the host country and a particular employer. It argues that the extant literature, focusing mainly on wage levels offered by employers, is insufficient to understand the decisions taken by migrants, especially if there is persistently low unemployment and high demand for foreign labour in a given market. A secondary analysis of the results of two empirical studies conducted in Poland in the period 2017–2019, focusing on various categories of Ukrainian workers, was used to shed a light on the role of non-salary employment conditions in the migration decision-making process. At that time, Poland encountered both low levels of unemployment and persistent demand for foreign workers, as well as liberal immigration regulations for labour immigration from selected Eastern European countries. Therefore, it met the conditions of the so-called migration laboratory.

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Islamophobic Discourse of Czech Politicians and Political Parties on Twitter during the 2015 Migration Crisis

Author(s): Zbyněk Vallo,Robert Jaworek,Vladimír Matlach / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2020

This article focuses on the manifestations of Islamophobia of Czech politicians and political parties on the social networking service Twitter during the 2015 migration crisis. It utilizes the securitization theory of Copenhagen school as a theoretical framework, and through content analysis of relevant tweets aims to provide more data on what role Islamophobia played in the securitization of incoming migrants. We find that although securitization, and much more politicization, of migrants took place, obvious Islamophobia, similar to the one of the Czech Islamophobic movement, happened only in some cases. A number of those politicians who politicized or migrants and Islam usually raised their voices against radical Islamophobes.

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The Dangerous Discourse of “Us” vs. “Them:” Spain’s VOX Discursive Practices

Author(s): Francisco de Borja Navarro / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

Since the entry of the far-right party VOX into the Spanish government administrations in 2018, Spain’s political scene has gone through a deep transformation. The disparity in opinions among the different parties concerning migration seems to tear the country’s democratic foundation apart. This paper is a study of the language and discursive strategies used by VOX’s leader, Santiago Abascal, articulating the party’s populist propaganda for a united country to “make Spain great again.” The analysis was grounded on the theoretical underpinnings of Wodak’s (2001) discursive strategies and Van Dijk’s (1993) “Us” vs. “Them” framework. The data were based on Abascal’s closing political campaign speech during the Madridlenian elections, which was televised in May 2021. Th e 30-minute video recording was transcribed, annotated, coded, and analyzed. The findings suggest a pattern of discursive practices aimed at diminishing other political parties and their representatives, vilify immigrants, and impugn government measures that were against VOX’s authoritarian conservatism and nationalism. Th ere was a predominant use of predication strategies to positively present VOX while denigrating its political rivals. Referential/nomination strategies were also used to divide the society between in-groups and out-groups. Strongly embedded in these strategies were perlocutionary acts used to incite hate toward the out-groups and evoke fear and anxiety toward the in-group, strategically employed as tools to gain votes in the elections.

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Not Only A Man’s World: Women Also Cross Borders

Author(s): Maryam Liman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The migrants from Niger Republic move into the neighboring Nigerian communities in numbers in search for greener pastures. Previously, research in the region has shown migration to be male dominated (Liman, 2021). However, a new wave of women participation was noticed hence the need for literature update. The study was conducted at Daura Local Government Area, Katsina state in Nigeria. The study area shares with Niger Republic a manned border at Kongolom and unmanned borders throughout the expanse of its several remote villages making the influx of both human and animal resources uncontrolled. Women, just like men move freely into the study area yearly. In order to understand the reasons behind the decision by these women to cross the borders, four (4) Focus Group Discussions were conducted with the 35 migrants using a checklist as a guide. Four (4) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) also held with their hostesses. Qualitative data was therefore collected and reported in descriptive narration. The results of the FGD show all respondents were female within the age range of 12-56years. Some were married, some widowed, a good number divorced and the rest were spinsters. None of them had formal education but some had basic Islamic knowledge. They engaged in farming, post harvest activities, domestic chores such as cleaning, cooking and babysitting and others street begging. Findings reveal that economic gains were the major reason for coming to Nigeria. For some respondents, this is the first time of partaking in migration, others have had the joy of returning yearly thereby making them circular migrants. These ladies and others practicing this migration type are commonly referred to as ‘Yan Tabiradi.Information gathered from the 3 of 4 of the hostesses, who were elderly women, all widowed and lived in 2-3 room houses explained that some migrants pay a token fee to stay (N150-N200 monthly/less than 50cents) for accomodation. The fourth hostess, relatively younger, entertained her relatives at no cost.Finally, it can be concluded that, women from southern Niger Republic do partake actively in short distance, seasonal, circular migration in parts of northern Nigeria. They come due to availability of work, a good network of family and friends that secure the work and accommodate them and also the ease of crossing the border.

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CONSIDERATIONS UPON THE BOOK „MIGRATION THEORY. TALKING ACROSS DISCIPLINES”

Author(s): Maria-Camelia Dicu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2022

IMMIGRATION AND REFUGEES’ ISSUES REPRESENT TOPICS WHICH HOLD THE HEADLINES OF NEWSPAPERS EVERYWHERE IN THE WORLD TODAY. SINCE IT IS A HEATED SUBJECT-MATTER WITH IMPLICATIONS IN THE MAIN ASPECTS OF LIFE, THE AIM OF THE PRESENT ARTICLE IS TO FOCUS ON SOME OF THE DOMAINS INTERESTED IN MIGRATION. THEREFORE, THE ARTICLE FOCUSSES UPON THE BOOK “MIGRATION THEORY. TALKING ACROSS DISCIPLINES” PUBLISHED WITH THE ROUTLEDGE IN 2022, WITH THE AIM TO CAPTURE THE IMPLICATIONS OF MIGRATION FOR THE SCIENCES ANTHROPOLOGY, DEMOGRAPHY, ECONOMICS, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, LAW, POLITICAL SCIENCES, SOCIOLOGY.

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MIGRATION AND REFUGEES - THE EXPERIENCE OF TRAUMA

Author(s): Simona Coşerea / Language(s): English Issue: 01 Supp/2022

WE LOOK AT FORCED MIGRATION--TODAY A MAJOR GLOBAL PHENOMENON--WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON THE STATUS OF REFUGEES. SHE HIGHLIGHTS CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THIS POTENTIALLY TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE AND CONSIDERS IT A KIND OF DEPLOYMENT TO RELOCATE TO A NEW COUNTRY. THE ARTICLE PRESENTS REFLECTIONS ON THE PROCESSES OF TRAUMA AND RESILIENCE, COMBINING GENERAL THEORETICAL IDEAS WITH THOSE OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS.

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DIASPORA CHINEZĂ – REALITĂȚI ȘI PROVOCĂRI GLOBALE

Author(s): Ruxandra Iordache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

The Chinese Diaspora represents a very interesting and complex demographic, sociological and geopolitical issue. Even if one could say that the main reason of Chinese people migrating from China is economic, sometimes in terms of survival needs, this phenomenon reaches additional but very important features, especially in the context of the peculiarities of the Chinese political regime. A communist country has a very numerous Diaspora, and despite the political opposition to the regime that some Chinese migrants manifest, the Diaspora is converted into a force strengthening the country. The Chinese may live far away, but the ties with their country remain very strong. The present article investigates some dimensions of this phenomenon, the vectors that made from the first modest Chinese migrants of the recent past, the global challenge that nowadays has all kind of implications for the destination countries and societies.

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The Golden Visa: Anatomy of making a long-term home in the UAE

Author(s): Emina Osmandzikovic / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

While traditionally governed by the ‘kafala’ system of sponsorship for non-nationals, the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) have diversified their visa portfolios in the past few years, in line with rising global trends. The launch of the Golden Visa in the UAE has marked a historic shift in the way the country approaches its non-national community. Building this research on the novel aspirations-capabilities nexus within the often-overlooked lifestyle migration theoretical corpus, I unpack the short-term impact of changing residency policies on the UAE’s Golden Visa recipients – medium- and high-skilled non-nationals from various backgrounds and industries. I employ semi-structured interviews with twenty-five recipients. My research inquiry finds that, while it does not provide a structural break in the whole-of-life approach to UAE’s non-residents, the Golden Visa does, indeed, act as an enabler of its recipients’ capabilities to fulfil their long-term aspirations and (re)construct their desired life(style) in the country. Hereby, this research dampens the paucity of inquiry on the backend processes before and after obtaining the Golden Visa through the lens of lifestyle migration, making a new mark on the GCC-focused literature as well.

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Parcels, Pills, and Pufuleți – Remittances as a Transnational Strategy of Migration between the Republic of Moldova and Germany

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Parcels, Pills, and Pufuleți – Remittances as a Transnational Strategy of Migration between the Republic of Moldova and Germany

Author(s): Jana Stöxen / Language(s): English Issue: 03-04/2023

Seasonal fruit, honey, tea, and even meat arrive from Moldova, while the parcels from Germany contain certain foodstuffs, clothes, medicine, and technical equipment. This exchange constructs reciprocal care relationships between a (grand-)mother in a small Moldovan-Transnistrian village and her daughter and granddaughter in a central German city. One of the ways they shape their relationship is through irregularly sent parcels, transported by minibuses. Using this empirical frame, I will explore the practices of remitting, the often informal movement of goods and the emotions involved, in terms of infrastructures and strategies, practices of reciprocal care, and the making of significance. I will show how remittances belong to a set of transnational strategies that bridge both physical and generational distance, and foster migrants’ maintenance of contact with the country of origin. Ultimately, this example can serve as a starting point for a discussion on the impact of remittances on joint development discourses, enabled by the underlying process logics of participation through care in transnational family contexts.

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Unia Europejska wobec kryzysu uchodźczego i humanitarnego na Ukrainie w latach 2022-2023

Author(s): Janusz Józef Węc / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1-2/2023

The aim of the article is to analyze the position of the European Union institutions and EU Member States towards the refugee and humanitarian crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. The analysis is limited to the legal status as of April 3, 2023. Two research hypotheses are presented by the author. The first one is based on the premise that, compared to the migration crisis of 2015-2016, the EU and its Member States fared much better in dealing with the refugee and humanitarian crisis caused by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The reason for this is that this time volunteers, national and local non- governmental organizations, civil society entities of the countries receiving refugees, but most importantly, the entire Polish society provided shelter to the Ukrainian population fleeing the war, with the Polish people even allowing Ukrainian refugees into their own homes. The second research hypothesis postulates that the already existing, but so far underestimated or inactive EU aid instruments, such as: the mechanism of temporary protection for refugees, the mechanism of integrated crisis response at the political level and the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, played a crucial role in coping with the massive influx of Ukrainian refugees. As a result, the author formulates the following research questions: 1. Which EU Member States have helped Ukrainian refugees the most, and why? 2. What was the impact of the highly effective EU legislative, institutional and aid tools indicated above? 3. What was the scale of the economic, financial and humanitarian assistance of the EU and its Member States to Ukraine?

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Criza migrației la granițele de sud-est ale Uniunii Europene

Author(s): Oana Simion / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023

This article analyses the main recent migration trends and policies, and provides an outlook on developments and events in the near future. Migration to Western Europe has always been an aspiration of the majority of the population from less developed countries. The current situation is difficult for the European Union's migration policy. The refugee crisis of 2015 has been recognised as a fundamental test of European politics and identity. According to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), over 60 million people fled war, violence and persecution in 2015. Seven years later, the outbreak of armed conflict in Ukraine has led to one of the fastest-growing displacement and humanitarian crises on record, forcing millions to seek refuge. Until almost the end of 2022, UNHCR registered around 4.8 million temporary asylum seekers, mainly in the Eastern EU, Poland, the Baltic countries, Romania, Slovakia and Germany. Depending on the progress of the war, this massive wave of refugees could increase even more. In Romania, starting from February 24, 2022, more than 2.46 million border crossings from Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova were registered. According to Romanian Government data, on December 27, 2022, a total of 106,542 refugees from Ukraine were present in Romania, and 101,641 refugees registered for temporary protection in Romania, of which women and children represent 80% of the refugee population.

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WOMEN, MIGRATION, DECENT WORK AND VULNERABILITIES IN AFRICA: AN INVESTIGATIVE ANALYSIS

Author(s): Solomon Ojo,Sola Aluko-Arowolo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This study investigated women, migration, decent work and vulnerabilities in Africa. Essentially, it is on record that for the last few years more female migrants have been migrating independently for work, education and as heads of households. Despite these impro- vements, female migrants may still face stronger discrimination, are more vulnerable to mistre- atment, and can experience double discrimination as both migrants and as women in their host country in comparison to male migrants. Nonetheless, male migrants are also exposed to vul- nerabilities in the migration processes. For example, records have it that every day, women across Libya who have been subjected to forced marriages, sexual abuse, and other dire situations, leave their home countries for the prospect of a better life and with longing for Europe’s safety, they are willing to face an equally perilous route ahead, with the constant risk of being returned to Libyan detention centres, where they are abused, starved, and tortured (Palmucci, 2021). It is based on this that this study was carried out using investigative analysis of women victims who are presently returnees to their home country (Nigeria). Through identified women returnees from some of these countries, most especially Libya, 15 women returnees interacted to share their experiences while outside the country for greener pastures. These 15 women returnees were able to link the authors of this study to other 29 women returnees to Nigeria in the last three to two years.

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НАЦІОНАЛЬНІ МЕНШИНИ У ПОЛІЕТНІЧНОМУ СУСПІЛЬСТВІ: ЛЮБЛЯНСЬКІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ ОБСЄ

Author(s): Volodymyr Bondar / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 33/2022

The article is devoted to the research of legal base of the European Union, particularly guidelines by the OSCE High Commissioners on National Minorities. On the issue regarding the development of the major aspects of the life of national minorities related to their self-identificati on. There in the study the structural-functional and analytical scientific methods been implemented. The OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies (2012) is as the subject of the study in general, with directions of integration of national minorities in a polytechnics society, in particular. The novelty of the article is to reveal the subject of research though the coverage of the theoretical foundations of the integration model of public policy, the phenomenon of acculturation. The aim is to consider the principles and provisions of the OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies as per the integration of diverse societies; to identify an areas of public policy, which in this document is the main emphasis; to clarify the provisions of the Guidelines aimed at regulating the development of a language of national minorities through the field of education, provision’s specific features. The peculiarities of the formation of the public sphere in Ukraine as the single ethnic country identified. The position and scientific vision of some domestic researchers on the prospects of further development of ethnic component highlighted. Briefly described the basic principles of the theory of acculturation and their differences. Assumptions been made regarding further implementation by the State the integration model of during the regulation and introducing the public policy in Ukraine. Conclusion been drawn on the promising areas of implementation the OSCE Ljubljana Guidelines on Integration of Divers Societies in Ukraine, taking into the account the peculiarities of the transit stage of the society.

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INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN THE SUPPORT MEASURES FOR REFUGEE CHILDREN

Author(s): Mihail Ciobanu / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

One of the consequences of regional conflicts across the globe is the population refugee crisis, in which children are in the most vulnerable position, being in a higher need of social, economic or other type of support. In order to identify the refugee children’s issues and solutions for them this paper has the following purposes: mapping population refugee crises, evolution of support measures for refugee children in historical aspect, analyzing current social, economic support measures for refugee children and proposing some ideas for further support in refugee crises. The paper will also cover the Ukrainian population refugee crisis, the focus being on refugee children from Ukraine.

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MIGRATION FROM BIHAR, INDIA: TREND, PATTERN, DURATION AND DESTINATION

Author(s): Kishlay Kirti,Raviranjan Kumar,Rikil Chyrmang / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The census is one of the key sources of migration data that provide insights on internal, interstate and international migration; researchers have often ignored it in internal and international migration studies despite its usefulness. It is primarily used to explore interstate migration. With this understanding, this study uses census data of India to explore all three kinds of migration (internal, interstate and international) in the context of Bihar, an Indian state known for the large outflow of migrants (Sharma, 2005). The study uses the data on migration from the 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses and provides insights into long-term migration behaviour. In that context, this study has explored the volume, streams, gender, origin, destination and reasons for migration. It also shows the implications of the bifurcation of the state on migration.

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Mültecilerin Geri Dönüşü ve Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği

Author(s): Durdu Mehmet Özdemir,Gökmen Kantar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec. Iss./2023

Refugee movements have started to be one of the main issues on the international agenda as a phenomenon that has started to be securitized by the states, especially in the post-cold war period. In the face of this situation, various policies have been tried to be implemented by the main actors in the international system in order to eliminate or minimize the risks and threats posed by them in national, regional and global terms with regard to the phenomenon of refugees. In this sense, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has come to the fore as one of the most influential actors working in this field. UNHCR has tried to contribute to the solution of the problem and to put forward certain standard practices by producing important political approaches, especially in terms of ensuring refugee returns and how it should take place. In this study, answers were sought to questions about what the return of refugees means, how these returns should be, what factors affect returns, and what roles UNHCR plays in these processes.

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Image of Migrants and Refugees in Sweden in 2015 and the Following Years as Emerging from the Opinions of Political Elites and the Media Discourse

Author(s): Dariusz Wybranowski / Language(s): English Issue: 46/2023

The basis for the current analysis and the case- study method applied herein is provided by press reports, scholarly articles and books, both in the paper and online forms, containing the positions and statements by politicians from Sweden and elsewhere, the media community, public service officials, as well as average residents of Sweden who had encountered problems that resulted from the 2015 refugee crisis and the uncontrolled influx of migrants and refugees, especially those hailing from the Islamic world. Some of the research questions posed by the author are which Swedish political forces and circles supported this influx and which were against it, and how this was re- flected in the political and media discourse. Other research questions concern the attitudes towards refugees and migrants presented by the country’s native residents and by persons of other origins who have lived there for a long time, as well as the factors influencing the media portrayal and the existing evaluation of events, in relation to the escalation of violence that occurred in some Swedish cities in the years 2016 and 2017. This issue is examined through an analysis of various statements made by residents of the Kingdom of Sweden: political figures, scholars, and ordinary people. The closing caesura is the year 2018 and the state of affairs after the parliamentary elec- tions, in which the right-wing Sweden Democrats achieved a significant success. The analysis of the events of 2015–2018 as reflected in the media and political discourse, which is presented in the article, indicates how the massive influx of migrants and refugees has changed the sense of social security of the Swedes and what effects this “clash of civilisations” has already had and may have in the future.

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THE REFUGEE CRISIS IN THE AEGEAN SEA: AN ANALYSIS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX

Author(s): Tolga Öztür,Seda ERKAN / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The phenomenon of migration varies according to factors in many different dimensions, this study deals with irregular migration and the events that occur in this context. Turkey, due to its geopolitical position, is a transit country in the irregular migration issue, in comparison with neighboring countries, Turkey has become a transit country for migrants due to its relatively higher level of development compared to Middle Eastern countries located to its south and east, and its lower level of development compared to European countries. In this study, the results and reasons for Syrian refugee’s attempts to use Turkey as a transit country and cross to Greece over the Aegean Sea will be analyzed from the perspective of Barry Buzan’s ‘Regional Security Complex Theory. This study focuses on the problem of whether a regional security complex has emerged in the Balkans due to the migration movement resulting from the Syrian Civil War, using Buzan’s theory as a framework, between Turkey and Greece.

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The role of ideology in the Polish political debate over the 2015 migration crisis

Author(s): Łukasz Łotocki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the main ideological assumptions present in the Polish political debate about the migration crisis in Europe in 2015. The article also poses research questions aboutthe extent to which the ideological beliefs manifested by the participants in the debate posed a risk of distorting reality, as well as questions about the ways in which specific ideological beliefs were imposed on the public and political opponents. The main method used in the article is a qualitative discourse analysis based on elements of the mediation approach proposed by Tomasz Piekot. The identification of the main ideological assumptions present in linguistic political messages was conducted taking intoaccount the generalised division between supporters and opponents of Polish participation in the relocation and resettlement mechanism established in 2015 at the forum of the European Union. The analysis was based on theoretical considerations concerning the concept of ideology, as well as the relationships between politics, ideologies, language, and political debate. The analysis shows that in the case of both of the principal sides of the political dispute on the topic addressed, there were simplifications, generalisations ,metaphors and examples of hyperbole distorting the picture of reality caused by ideological assumptions. Both supporters and opponents of relocation and resettlement utilised ideologically motivated instrumental linguistic behaviours in order to achieve their assumed political goal. The issue of Polish participation in the relocation mechanism was automatically and excessively simplified by attempts to identify it with such issues as humanitarianism, security, and European solidarity.

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