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Władysław Szafer as a palaeobotanist

Author(s): Piotr Köhler / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2021

Władysław Szafer (1886–1970) was one of the notable Polish botanists of the first half of the 20th c., palaeobotany being one of his main fields of interest, cultivated for over 60 years. Initially, he studied Quaternary floras and later on he expanded his interests to the Tertiary (Neogene) floras at the end of the 1930s. He published at least 80 different books and papers on palaeobotany, many of which still having scientific, not only historical, value. His organizational, teaching and editing activities in the field of palaeobotany were also remarkable, and influenced strongly the science in Poland. He contributed to the fast development of this field of knowledge in Poland, both in terms of research and in terms of staff number. 50 years after his death, we summarize the results of Władysław Szafer’s activity in palaeobotany.

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BOGĂȚIA ȘI SĂRĂCIA ÎN BIBLIE

Author(s): N. Grigorie Lăcrița / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 56/2023

Between the Old Testament and the New Testament there are striking contradictions in their approach to wealth and poverty. 1. In the Old Testament wealth is blessed: 1.1. God encouraged and was very generous with the offering of numerous and great riches, sometimes exorbitant, as in the case of Solomon, Job, Isaac, etc. 1.2. Wealth is not regarded as a hindrance to a man’s salvation, even if he puts his trust in it and is unwilling to give it up for the sake of the poor. 1.3. Poverty is not condemned, but it is not appreciated, and even more so, it is not glorified. 2. In the New Testament, poverty is blessed by Jesus Christ, from encouraging it, favoring it, to guaranteeing that the Kingdom of God belongs only to the poor. (See, for example, Luke 6:20; Matthew 5:3, etc.; 1 Timothy 6:8; Matthew 19:21). 2.2. Wealth is condemned. (See, for example, Matthew 19:23,24).

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CORNELIA-MAGDA LAZAROVICI – UN ARHEOLOG ALĂTURI DE MUZEU

Author(s): Senica Turcanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 42/2023

Acest volum este dedicat unuia dintre cei mai apreciați și fideli colaboratori ai Muzeului de Istorie a Moldovei din Iași, doamnei cercetător științific doctor habilitat Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici, la împlinirea vârstei de 70 de ani

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Acta Illyrica – Godišnjak udruženja BATHINVS

Author(s): Amina Šehović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 22/2023

Review of: Acta Illyrica – Godišnjak udruženja BATHINVS, godina VI, broj 6, Sarajevo: Udruženje za proučavanje i promoviranje ilirskog naslijeđa i drevnih i klasičnih civilizacija BATHINVS, 2022, 297 str.

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Грот Буздужаны 1 и проблемы среднего палеолита в междуречье Днестра и Прута

Author(s): Nikolai K. Anisyutkin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2023

This paper is a response to the monograph by L. B. Vishnyatsky and V. A. Burlacu “Buzdujeni 1. Multi-layer cave site of the Middle Paleolithic in the Prut River basin”. This paper criticizes a number of conclusions of the authors of the monograph, including the definition of the stone industry from this site. The earlier definition of industry as a denticulated Mousterian was based on the use of F. Bordes’ technique. The authors of the monograph, on the other hand, ignored Bordes’s method, using their own, devoid of exact definitions and rather based on intuitive estimates. According to them, all denticulated tools are regarded as pseudo-retouched stone artifacts. According to the authors of the monograph, this retouching occurred naturally in the layer. This point of view does not take into account the totality of facts, just ignores them. The counterarguments given in the paper point to the reality of the denticulated Mousterian. The monograph under consideration also proposes the idea of the simultaneous formation of all grottos in Moldavia with Middle Palaeolithic stone tools. This idea is based on an erroneous assumption about the simultaneous geomorphological formation of these grottos in the Riss-Würm interglacial. The authors of the monograph ignored the fact of the existence of a well-studied grotto with older deposits — Duruitoarea Veche.

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DATE PRELIMINARE ASUPRA PIESELOR REALIZATE DIN MATERII DURE ANIMALE DIN AȘEZAREA NEO-ENEOLITICĂ DE LA PARŢA (JUDEŢUL TIMIŞ)

Author(s): Cristian Oprean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The present article features the preliminary data obtained following the analyzes related to the use of hard animal materials to obtain objects by the prehistoric communities of Parţa. This analysis is part of the extended archaeozoological research carried out for the osteological fragments obtained from the numerous campaigns of archaeological research carried out by Gheorghe Lazarovici within the Neo‑Eneolithic settlement from Parţa. Starting from the description of the types, sources and methods of selection of the hard animal material, the paper presents the results of the analyzes obtained for the 50 objects made of animal bone, found so far in the archaeozoological research of the Parţa settlement. Although it is a small number of objects, the sample is diversified, the pieces can be classified into several groups: tools, objects of daily use (spoons), objects of clothing and personal ornament (pendants, clothing items etc.), as well as scraps debit.

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CERCETĂRI ARHEOLOGICE DE SUPRAFAŢĂ ÎN HOTARUL ADMINISTRATIV AL MUNICIPIULUI TIMIȘOARA ȘI ÎN ZONA PERIURBANĂ (II). REPERTORIUL ARHEOLOGIC AL COMUNEI SÂNMIHAIU ROMÂN (LOC. SÂNMIHAIU ROMÂN, LOC. UTVIN)

Author(s): Bogdan Alin Craiovan,Octavian-Cristian Rogozea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 33/2023

The archaeological surveys started in 2014 in the administrative boundary of the commune of Sânmihaiu Român, more precisely in the vicinity of Sânmihaiu Român and Utvin, revealed the existence of numerous human settlements. From the point of view of chronological classification, the first settlements can be dated to the Neolithic period. These are followed by Eneolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites. The Second Iron Age is also well represented with settlements from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Medieval finds are also well represented, especially those dating to the middle and later Middle Ages.

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Marian Grużewski and the “Homocratic Movement” in the Archives of the Polish Communist Department of Security

Author(s): Tomasz Krok / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper concerns Marian Grużewski (1885–1963), a spiritist painter, psychic medium and occultist associated with the Polish Metapsychic Society, who created homocracy, a socio-political movement based on occult and esoteric foundations, after the Second World War. The arti- cle discusses and analyses the most important features and standpoints of homocracy through materials (internal statutes and personal notes) confiscated by the Polish communist Security Service. The paper also describes a secret investigation against Grużewski and his supporters, which resulted in their arrest and conviction on charges of attempting to overthrow the People’s Republic of Poland.

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Finds of Gold and Silver Ornaments of the People of the Wielbark Culture From the Area of the So-Called Eastern Zone of the Przeworsk Culture

Author(s): Angelika Błażejewska / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2023

This paper presents finds of gold and silver ornaments characteristic of the Wielbark culture, originating from the eastern zone of the Przeworsk culture. The distinctiveness of the areas on the right bank of the Vistula occupied by the people of the Przeworsk culture has been repeatedly emphasised in the literature. This distinctiveness primarily manifests in a unique style, combining features typical of the Przeworsk culture with elements derived from other cultural areas, such as the Wielbark culture. The exceptional craftsmanship of goldsmiths is most evident in women’s ornaments, specifically in various forms of pendants and bracelets. The article provides descriptions of fifteen gold and electrum ball and pear-shaped pendants, focusing on their internal variations and decorative elements like granulation or filigree. Additionally, the findings of bracelets from the discussed area are briefly outlined. The issue of sourcing non-ferrous metals required for crafting these ornaments is also explored. No outcrops of these materials were identified in the area occupied by the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures. It is highly likely that these materials were obtained from the territories of the Roman Empire. However, it remains uncertain whether Roman coins could have been a source of these metals, considering the varying purity levels of coins during different emperors’ reigns. The identification of gold and silver objects within the grave goods of these cultures is hindered by the funeral practice of corpse-burning commonly employed during that era. Most findings exist in the form of small molten metal lumps, making identification impossible. Research and experiments involving the cremation of funeral pyres with grave goods have demonstrated that small non-ferrous metal ornaments almost entirely vanish, either fusing with the funeral pyre or melting to the point of becoming imperceptible. This underscores the possibility of such materials being present in the studied grave sites.

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Child Burial of the Przeworsk Culture From the Younger Pre-Roman Iron Age from Site 14 in Kobyla Miejska, Szadek Commune

Author(s): Łukasz Antosik,Magdalena Piotrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2023

The place, where the site is located, had been destroyed for a long time due to the uncontrolled removal of sand for the needs of local residents. In 2020, the remains of a grave of a Pomeranian culture was recorded. The aim of the fieldwork was to determine the degree of destruction of the cemetery and to capture its extent. The archaeological survey carried out at the site, allowed to discover, among others, one burial of the Przeworsk culture. A metal detector test was also carried out, however, no artefacts which could be associated with this culture were recovered.The plan of the presented feature was not clearly visible on the sandy soil. At the time of discovery, the vessel was not completely preserved and the fibula was located between fragments of pottery. The heavily corroded brooch was probably originally placed inside a cup which was a container for the burnt human remains. Both the vessel, due to its micromorphological characteristics – a thickened rim without faceting and a cylindrical handle, and fibula align with type B according to Kostrzewski and group 18 according to Gebhard, date to the A2 phase of the younger pre-Roman Iron Age.The presented grave might be the only remnant of a burial space of a population of the Przeworsk culture, or an isolated burial of a child located outside the cemetery or on its periphery. There must have been a settlement in the vicinity of the necropolis, which was characterised by its convenient location against the background of the hydrographic network.Irretrievably lost and destroyed materials of the Przeworsk culture could have contributed to a better knowledge of the Przeworsk settlement in this area, especially in the younger pre-Roman Iron Age, from which sources are less well represented than those from the first centuries AD.

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THE SECRET OF INDUS VALLEY SEALS UNSEALED

Author(s): Boris F. Hlebec / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 28/2023

Belief in goddesses helping mothers to have healthy and numerous offspring covered vast expanses of Europe and Middle East during several million years from the Neolithic to the period of early Christianity. In addition to material finds, this has been proven by reading many inscriptions from Lepenski Vir, Vinča, Byblos, and the territories of the present Portugal, France, Ukraine, and Russia, all written in a kind of Vinča ideographic/logographic script. Based on the previous readings of Vinča script, the article presents an interpretation of a large number of seals from Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa made in the third millennium BC by members of the Proto-Indian civilisation.

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SZTUKA EPOKI PALEOLITU W ŚWIETLE HIPOTEZY MÓZGU SPOŁECZNEGO

Author(s): Patrycja Wagner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The purpose of this article is to try to look at the phenomenon of Paleolithic cave art differently – through the prism of the assumptions of the social brain hypothesis. This paper will present the main assumptions of Robin Dunbar’s social brain concept, which assumes that the increase in the size of the social group influenced the development of the individual (both biologically and socio-culturally). Larger communities provided the impetus for the development of new cognitive qualities, which provided the opportunity for art to emerge.

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NOVEL ARCHAEOBOTANICAL INSIGHTS AND NEW AMS C14 DATING FROM THE SANCTUARY OARȚA DE SUS-GHIILE BOTII (MARAMUREȘ COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Author(s): Beatrice Daisa Ciută / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Oarța de Sus-Ghiile Botii archaeological site offers a comprehensive view into the ritual and agricultural practices of the Middle Bronze Age Wietenberg II and III cultures. Located in a strategically significant hilly terrain, the site consists of a unique sanctuary characterized by a circular ditch, numerous pits, and an external trench likely purposed for defence. Among the artefacts found in pits are ceramics, metal objects, osteological remains, but also an impressive quantity of charred seeds.Two pits offer particularly compelling data. Pit no. 18 contained 3.486 kg of carbonized seeds, and 10 % of whole sample was Claviceps purpurea (ergot), a potentially lethal harvest season. Pit no. 22, which also yielded the skeleton of a 4-year-old infant, contained a massive 10.590 kg kg of collected material. The charred grains from both pits are believed to have been burned intentionally, likely as ritualistic offerings. Such practices resonate with the broader religious and cultural contexts of the Bronze Age, specifically within the Wietenberg culture. They reflect a range of potential ritualistic intentions- from spiritual communication and purification to symbolic remembrance - thereby greatly enhancing our understanding of the socio-cultural and spiritual life of the communities inhabiting the region during the Bronze Age.

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THE BRONZE AXE FROM MIHALŢ (ROMANIA) AND SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO HYBRID “LARGA” TYPE AXES

Author(s): Cristian Ioan Popa / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2023

Along with the well-known metal artefacts produced in series specific to the Bronze Age, unique, prestige products were also manufactured in the Carpathian area. Among them the Larga type axes stand out both by their very small number and by their beauty. Summing up specific elements, found individually and in the case of other axes (semi-calotte flat, curved blade, decoration on the sleeve and so on), the use of the term hybrid axes is justified. Their similarity with Drajna-type axes is obvious, supporting their symbolic value. The last known axe, discovered in Mihalţ, in a gravel pit, is also the only Transylvanian piece, the rest of the discoveries being known from Maramureş and Ukraine. Their dating is relative, with no specific context, but they can be dated in the Late Bronze and associated / contemporary with Wietenberg, Gligoreşti or Komarow manifestations.

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An elemental exploration of the metal contents of an early 13th­century craft box from Lõhavere, using pXRF

Author(s): Esmee J. Hummel,Marcus Adrian Roxburgh,Hans D. J. Huisman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The craft box recovered from a 13th­century hillfort at Lõhavere, Estonia, contained a wellpreservedselection of copper­alloy objects. The limited corrosion on these objects allowed amore accurate estimation of their compositions through non­destructive surface measurements.Using the resulting pXRF database, this study explored a possible correlation between the typesof objects and their material composition. By comparing the most common contaminants withthe alloying metals, a qualitative estimation of the material quality was conducted. The resultsshowed that despite a considerable overlap between object types, the material composition dif feredbased on the items’ appearance and function. A shift from brass to bronze and tinnedobjects coincided with a greater availability of tin at the hillfort, as well as a rise in silver smith ing.Moreover, objects with a silver appearance seemed to be more desirable in this period, apartfrom some high­status personal ornaments and traditional spiral tube decorations. The resultspossibly reflect different metalworking practices compared to earlier periods and contempo rarysites. Some evidence of recycling is present among the spiral tubes, suggesting that theyoriginated from different raw material sources, possibly removed from obsolete clothing.Alternatively, this could indicate a varying quality of imported copper­alloy, including wire,along the Hansa trade routes.

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Каменная индустрия слоя 7г Барун-Алана-1 и проблема вариабельности начального верхнего палео¬лита Западного Забайкалья

Author(s): Vasilii I. Tashak,Yuliya E. Antonova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

A distinct group of the Initial and Early Upper Palaeolithic sites identified in Western Transbaikalia is known as the Tolbaga archaeological culture. The paper deals with the materials from layer 7г of the multilayered site Barun-Alan-1 situated in the eastern part of the region. The archaeological materials from layer 7г are coeval with the Tolbaga culture. The primary flaking technology of layer 7г is oriented at the production of blades, as is also the case with the stone industry of the Tolbaga culture. At the same time, the Barun-Alan-1 7г assemblage presents numerous features which are absent or rare in the Tolbaga industries, but find clear analogies in the Upper Palaeolithic of Northern and Central Mongolia.

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Развитый верхний палеолит в Восточном Казахстане (по материалам стоянки Ушбулак)

Author(s): Galina D. Pavlenok,Ekaterina N. Bocharova,Evgeny Yu. Girya,Zhaken K. Taimagambetov,Anton A. Anoikin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

This article focuses on the Upper Paleolithic lithic industries from layers 5.1—4 of the Ushbulak site in Eastern Kazakhstan. These assemblages, dated approximately to ~24—21 kyr BP, show the appearance of pressure flaking technique, being thus chronologically consistent with the earliest manifestations of this knapping technique known in South Korea and Northeast China. The primary reduction and toolset composition of the Late Upper Paleolithic assemblages at Ushbulak show fundamental differences from both the preceding Initial Upper Paleolithic of layers 7—6 and the subsequent Final Upper Paleolithic assemblages of layers 3—2. Moreover, no direct analogies with the synchronous industries in Kazakhstan and its immediate neighboring regions (Russian Altai) can be identified for the time being. The available data suggest that the materials from layers 5.1—4 mark an episode of population replacement in this part of Kazakhstan, possibly associated with a migration from the Northern China.

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Ранний этап кокоревской культуры на территории Красноярского археологического района (Средний Енисей)

Author(s): Elena Vasilievna Akimova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The idea of the specificity of the early stage of Kokorevo culture of the Middle Yenisei appeared in the 1980s—90s, and was based on the materials from the sites of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir (Kokorevo I, Kokorevo IVb, Novoselovo XI, Novoselovo XIII). The age of the early stage was determined within the period of 16,500—15,000 years bp. Cultural layer 15A of Listvenka site and the southern sector of Ovrazhnaya site (“Afontova Gora IV”), both located in the Krasnoyarsk archaeological district and dated to the time interval between 17 000 and 15 500 years bp, are thaught to be the earliest assemblagess of Kokorevo culture. Characteristic of the stone and bone inventory of these sites are diminutive wedge-shaped cores, large blades of irregular outlines, small numbers of points, burins and end scrapers on blades, thin antler and bone insert tools with narrow grooves. The fact that the Novoselovo and Krasnoyarsk groups are very distant from each other and separated by the highlands of the Eastern Sayan may account for the formation of regional differences during the evolution of Kokorevo culture of the Middle Yenisei.

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Стоянка Солнечный: облик культуры начала поздней поры верхнего палеолита на Среднем Енисее

Author(s): Dmitry A. Gurulev,Aleksandr Victorovich Kolesnik,Alexey M. Klementiev,Viktor A. Golubtsov,Marina Yu. Opekunova,Alexey V. Petrozhitskii,Danil N. Lysenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The Palaeolithic site of Solnechny was discovered in in the city of Krasnoyarsk (Middle Siberia) in 2017. The site is located on the high terrace levels of the left side of the Yenisei River valley, at a considerable distance from the modern river bed. During the salvage excavations in 2019 and 2020 the site was studied over an area of more than 3500 square meters. The rich Paleolithic cultural layer was included in the profile of modern chernozem and has been significantly disturbed by modern agricultural and industrial activities. Based on complex studies including morpho-typological, refitting and technological methods, a conclusion was made about the homogeneity of the lithic industry and its affiliation with the Afontovo culture. According to the series of radiocarbon dates the age of the site is in the range of 17.2—15.7 14C thousand yr BP (21.0—18.8 thousand ka BP). This allows us to attribute it to the earliest known stage of the Late Upper Paleolithic of the Middle Yenisei. In addition, a Middle Holocene pit interpreted as a hunting trap and sporadic artifacts of the Middle Ages — Modern times were found at the site. The underlying sediments of the Late Karga (MIS-3) and Early Sartan (MIS-2) ages gave some faunal remains without identifiable traces of human impact.

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Предметы вооружения из верхнего мезолитического слоя стоянки Алимовский навес в Крыму

Author(s): Mikhail G. Zhilin,Anton A. Simonenko,Vladimir L. Ruev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents weapons from the upper Mesolithic layer of the Alimovskiy rockshelter excavated by A. D. Stolyar in 1955. The collection is kept in the State Hermitage museum. The trench excavated in 2022 by M. G. Zhilin confirmed the stratigraphy exposed in the eastern part of the 1955 trench and enriched the archaeological collection. The site contains four Mesolithic layers dated to the Early, Middle, Late and Final Mesolithic. About one hundred trapezes and several segments were found in the upper Mesolithic layer. The faunal collection is dominated by red deer and wild boar bones. Weapons from this layer were identified by the authors on the basis of use-wear and experimental analyses for the first time. Transverse arrowheads are numerous. Trapezes and segments were used for this purpose. No other weapons were found. Despite good preservation of bone and careful excavations, no bone weapons were found in 1955 and 1922, though several small bone awls were discovered. Flint inserts of composite weapons are absent too. Such inserts are normally met at sites where such weapons were used. These facts lead to the conclusion that bow and arrows with transversal arrowheads were the universal weapons of the population which left the upper Mesolithic layer of the Alimovskiy rockshelter site.

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