Dwadzieścia lat po propozycji Sakakibary. Współczesne wyzwania dla projektu Azjatyckiego Funduszu Walutowego

Author(s): Sebastian Bobowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2017

The project of Asian Monetary Fund was established twenty years ago and is still under construction. ASEAN Plus Three states, led by China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, chose the path of gradualism, establishing regional architecture of financial cooperation on the base of the network of the swap agreements (replaced later by multilateral contract CMIM), mechanisms of policy dialogue and macroeconomic surveillance. The progress of institutionalization under crisis episodes of 1997-98 and 2007-09 increased the probability of AMF establishment, however, under the condition of meeting several criteria such as: de-linking CMIM and IMF, increase in the CMIM funds, enhancing effectiveness of AMRO activities, ensuring complementarity between CMIM/AMRO (AMF) and IMF’s actions to create synergy effects, enlargement of CMIM membership. The aim of the article is to indicate the circumstances of establishment of the project of Asian Monetary Fund, the evolution of financial cooperation in the Asian region after initial failure of AMF project, as well as the perspectives of AMF establishment, regarding key challenges faced by the region at the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century.

Innovation as an immanent attribute of an agile enterprise

Author(s): Agnieszka Rzepka,Andrzej Olak / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Motivation: Each organization faces the challenge of operating in an environment that is unpredictable and turbulent. Emergence of business era caused that change had become a key feature that determines the economic environment of an enterprise. Market environ-ment forces companies to seek strategic orientation that would allow them to use market opportunities and come to grips with growing customer demands. These goals can only be achieved by an organization that bears the hallmarks of agility. Therefore, one can assume that the condition of gaining competitive advantage and innovation of modern companies is possessing by them the attributes of agility. The agile organization is innovative, which means that it puts an emphasis on research and development, implements innovation, in-vests in new technologies and innovative programs. Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyse relationships between obtaining an ability to be innovative and agility attributes of an organization. Result: The presented research confirms that there is a connection be-tween having agility attributes by a company and obtaining by it a high level of innovation. Many authors also specify important role of IT system in introducing product innovations and innovation processes.

Tendencje rozwojowe w transporcie polskim na tle wyzwań stawianych przez gospodarkę

Author(s): Anna Mężyk,Stanisława Zamkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2016

Because of its vital role in society, transport is a key factor enabling the functioning of economies and the development of global cooperation. Efficient servicing of these growing and changing needs is, therefore, one of the crucial conditions for increased economic efficiency. The paper presents the most important factors influencing contemporary changes in transport needs, which include: the progress of globalization and integration, the development of e-commerce and logistics, the concentration of economic and social life in the cities and the emergence of various risks. The paper also contains a synthetic statistical profile of transport development in Poland after joining the European Union. One of the main trends in the development of Polish transport during this period is the growing share of road transport in the transport market, and a significant increase in its international competitiveness, which places it among the most important sectors of the Polish economy. However, further effective functioning of transport as a stimulus for economic development requires substantial expenditure on its technical equipment and infrastructure. The author aims to show the development trends in the Polish transport against the background of the challenges posed by the economy.

Perspektywy rozwojowe a system politycznogospodarczy. Studium przypadku wybranych państw europejskich

Author(s): Elżbieta Czarny,Paweł Folfas,Jerzy Menkes / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The author analyzes the relationship between the political and economic system and the development possibilities of a country. An interdisciplinary approach is used, including analytical tools from the fields of economics, law and politics. The author verifies the well-known assumption - lying at the roots of the transition in Central and Eastern Europe, that better results are achieved by open, free-market and democratic countries rather than closed and non-democratic ones. Basic macro indicators, such as GDP, GDP per capita, exports, trade balance and FDI inflows, are used to analyze the economic performance of Poland, Croatia, Belarus and Serbia in the years 2000-2014 (or 2000-2013). However, the verification of the abovementioned assumption has proved to be impossible due to the macro data illustrating the economic performance of Belarus and Croatia. Therefore, the popular conviction of a positive correlation between economic success and economic openness, free market policies, and democratic principles is either false, or there are some distorting factors.

Nierównowaga relacji a kształtowanie zrównoważonego łańcucha dostaw

Author(s): Agnieszka Leszczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The paper is concerned with the problem of imbalance in supply chain relations in the forming of a sustainable supply chain. Analysis of the purchaser-supplier relationship is conducted with the use of the case study method. It shows that the presence of an advantage enforces compliance with the requirements of sustainable development. The objectives and initiatives of SD are determined in an arbitrary way, but their costs and risks are transferred to suppliers. From a management perspective, the paper contributes to a better understanding of the influence of imbalance on implementing sustainable development.

Stopy bezrobocia wśród osób z różnym wykształceniem w województwach Polski – analiza wyników badania

Author(s): Beata Madras-Kobus,Józef Rogowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

The paper provides a brief review of various methodologies for calculating unemployment rates applied by Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Central Statistical Office) in Poland and proposes certain modifications to these methodologies. Unemployment rates for the provinces of Poland have been calculated based on the suggested methodology for the following levels of education: tertiary, postsecondary and secondary vocational, secondary general, basic vocational and lower secondary, primary and incomplete primary education. An analysis of the results is conducted. On this basis, the provinces of Poland are grouped into clusters according to the calculated unemployment rates.

Typologia miast na prawach powiatu według poziomu zadłużenia w Polsce, w latach 2007-2014

Author(s): Agnieszka Kozera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2016

Due to the dual character of towns with a county status, they function not only as communes but also have some functions of counties. They execute a wide range of welfare-related, social and infrastructural tasks, which affect socio-economic development in the region and quality of life in the local community. Every year the debt of entities in the local government sector increases dynamically. It is particularly noticeable in the biggest towns with the status of counties – metropolises. In 2007, the total debt of towns with a county status was 11.2 billion zlotys (7 billion zlotys in metropolises). In 2014, the debt was nearly three times as great: it increased to nearly 32.5 billion zlotys (more than 20 billion zlotys in metropolises). It amounted to more than 45% of the total debt of the local government sector in Poland. It seems important that analysis of the debt of entities in the local government sector, including towns with a county status, be conducted because they perform a wide range of activities and their debt is part of public debt. Therefore, the analysis is significant not only for a proper functioning of these entities but also for the financial security of the state. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the debt of towns with a county status in Poland between 2007 and 2014. The study is chiefly based on databases published by the Ministry of Finance – Indicators to Assess the Financial Situation of Local Government Units, and uses descriptive statistics and Ward's method.

Cykliczność czy antycykliczność cen w Polsce?

Author(s): Piotr Misztal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The aim of the article is to analyze the interdependence between changes in consumer and producer prices and production in Poland in the period 1995-2015. In the study were used a research methods based on the study of literature in the field of macroeconomics and international finance as well as statistical and econometric methods. The results of the study suggest the absence of the phenomenon of cyclical consumer prices and the phenomenon of cyclical production prices in the short and long run. Research results have important theoretical and practical implications. In the traditional approach to the relationship between prices and production usually it assumes that the price level is pro-cyclical, which means an increase in prices in the conditions of increase in production and a decline in prices in the situation of a fall in production. However, the results of the study indicate that the accepted assumption about the cyclicality of prices is not always appropriate. The results of the analysis are also important from the monetary policy point of view, as the absence of cyclical consumer price requires from the central bank's different reaction in response to fluctuations in economic activity in the country.

Kontrowersje związane z wskaźnikową oceną środowiska przyrodniczego – przyczynek do dyskusji

Author(s): Małgorzata Burchard-Dziubińska,Natalia Szubska-Włodarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2016

The article proposes the construction of a synthetic indicator which allows the classification of regions according to the achieved level of environmental governance based on the data available in the database BDL GUS. The comparison of results of own calculations and data from the OECD allows to assess, if the inference based on only one variable, as is in the case of OECD report, is consistent with the assessment of environment based on all available in BDL variables. Both approaches lead to very similar conclusions.

Złożoność koszyków eksportowych krajów

Author(s): Tomasz Serwach,Piotr Gabrielczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2016

Contemporary research into the theory of international trade focuses on introducing new qualitative, structural and institutional aspects. One of the topics that seems to be gaining popularity is the issue of the complexity of bundles of exported goods, its determinants, and the effects it has on other elements of national economies. This paper is devoted to the problem because it is still unexplored by the Polish literature. The first section serves as an introduction. The second one contains a survey of literature on the significance of complexity for the economy, especially economic growth and structural transformations. The third section presents the determinants of complexity. The fourth one presents modern trends of complexity distribution among countries and groups of goods. The final section provides a conclusion to the discussion.

Adalék a nem IMF-konfom brazil stabilizációs program megítéléséhez

Author(s): Annamária Artner / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/1987

Нова реформа в административно-териториалното устройство на Република България – основа за прилагане на европейските принципи на регионализма

Author(s): Konstantin Kalinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2016

In the present study the author examines the administrative and territorial planning as a basic, immutable principle in the organization and administration of each country. The administrative and territorial planning reflects most completely and comprehensively the democratic character and content of the general government − through the combination of the perceived and established model of political organization of society and the principles and the nature of the existing state system.The author is for the realization of a new administrative and territorial division of the country, and proposes that territorial units (the planning regions) become administrative and territorial ones (such as are the provinces and municipalities at present), through amendment of the fundamental law − the Constitution. On that basis the planning regions will have their own administrative structure and budget. This circumstance will lead to a stronger realization of the process of decentralization and transparency in the management of the administrative and territorial units; the possibility to apply the European Charter of Regional Self-Government. Greatly reduced will be the negative impact of the „centre-periphery” issue caused now by the provinces (the former districts). There will be created conditions allowing us to reduce the socio-economic disproportions between the individual administrative and territorial units and, last but not least, to apply effectively the principles of regionalism laid down in the development of the European Union.

Междусекторен клъстерен подход за развитие на туризма и туристическата дестинация

Author(s): Genka Rafailova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2010

The aim of the study is working out a conception for the intersectoral cluster approach in tourism. The object under study is the intersectoral cluster with representatives in tourism (known as intersectoral cluster in tourism). The subject of the work is the nature and role of the intersectoral cluster approach for the development of competitive tourist sector in specific regions or tourist destinations along with achieving sustained socio-economic results of significance to the entire destination and also harmonized with the ecological processes and functions in the long run. In this connection there have been accomplished the following tasks:generalization and presentation of the characteristics of the intersectoral cluster in tourism;generalization and formulation of the necessary conditions and factors for creating the intersectoral cluster in specific regions and destinations;clarification of the role and the synergic importance of the intersectoral cluster for sustainable development;formulation of the guidelines for the development and use of the intersectoral cluster approach for the development of tourism in specific regions and tourist destinations in Bulgaria.

Ponowna analiza wymiaru południowego i wschodniego EPS z perspektywy ekonomii (politycznej) transformacji

Author(s): Katarzyna Żukrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2018

The article presents roots of ENP in two dimensions: eastern and southern. It discusses ENP evolution in two phases, which led to its contemporary shape. It characterizes conditions in which policy is conducted and is pointed at answering question if currently the policy is national or if the EU should make an effort to withdraw from it or the opposite: engage more. Should it change the approach in which more aid is offered for more changes, what in short is called “more for more”. As a proof that policy can be effective in supporting transformation an example of the east states after 1989 is given. It is suggested that ENP should create a FTA. The article shows an important ENP aspect linked with differences: of level of development, followed by labor costs, law and institutional arrangements, and by economies’ branch structures. Attention is turned to ICT resolution, which seem to be main condition bringing together consumption patterns despite differences in development.

Koncentracja przestrzenna powiatów Polski Zachodniej ze względu na poziom rozwoju zrównoważonego a infrastruktura instytucjonalna

Author(s): Mariusz Malinowski / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2018

This paper attempts to identify the spatial relationships between synthetic measures of sustainable development and synthetic measures of institutional infrastructure development levels in Western Poland districts. The territorial scope of this study covered 112 districts in five voivodeships: Dolnośląskie, Lubuskie, Opolskie, Wielkopolskie and Zachodniopomorskie. The timeframes for this study are limited to one year (2015). Because of the multidimensionality of categories covered by the analysis, this study used TOPSISbased taxonomic measures. In order to determine the strength of spatial relationships between the districts in terms of the subject matter of this study, the analysis of spatial autocorrelation (based on the developed proprietary measures of sustainable development and of the institutional infrastructure development levels) was performed with the use of the global and local Moran’s I statistics.

RELEVANCE OF WATER RESOURCE FOR THE NATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Anca Dinicu / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2017

The “security” concept has become extremely current, being used in the most varied fields of activity and expressing a state which, in the Cold War era, corresponded only to the state and the international environment in which it operated. With the disappearance of the system based almost exclusively on military confrontation, the old concept of security has been enriched by its imprinting with elements specific to other fields of activity, thus responding theoretically to the incredible transformations from the internal or international security environment. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the Copenhagen School according to which security has five dimensions (military, economic, political, social, ecological), but also the United Nations Development Program which, through the 1994 Human Development Report, signalled the obtuseness of the concept of security, by ignoring the individual’s daily needs. This reconsideration of the security issue has given rise to a new perspective, that of human security.The concept of “water security”, which is at the heart of this research, has become more and more used today, thanks to the reconsideration of the importance of the water resource and its use as a political tool aimed at achieving the economic and military objectives of a state. Thus, the paper aims to analyze the concept of “water security” and to present its significance in practical terms, by highlighting some challenges that, affecting it, have consequences for the national security itself.

Current Decentralisation Issues on Sub-Central Government Levels in OECD Countries

Author(s): Peter Halmosi / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2015

After the economic crisis of 2008, local governments performed crisis management on their own since central governments’ actions restricted individual local government actions in most countries. Thus, local policy actions brought significant results only later. In the second period – after 2011 – local government policy actions helped to overcome the negative effects of the crisis and – in some cases – paved the way for the modernisation of the local government system. This became a central issue for countries since ageing of population, shifting within the demand of local public goods and inefficient operation called for structural changes. Modernisation of local public system is a complex phenomenon and reaches far beyond the scope of this paper thus we make an attempt to summarize the general state of local decentralisation after 2008, introduce some new theoretical findings of OECD’s researches and its positive implications in member states. We argue that diverse national policy changes do not support widescale comparisons but pioneers of local government reforms will gain the most benefits of modernisation. Local government systems shall – very soon – not only bear the burden of central governments’ task and revenue sharing issues but more and more incorporate long term sustainable correlations with the educational system and local economic development – probably the most effective tools for raising competitiveness at the sub-central level.

Uwarunkowania ekonomiczne możliwości komercyjnego świadczenia usług medycznych przez polskie szpitale publiczne

Author(s): Waldemar Malinowski,Ewelina Nojszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2017

The article shows the economic basis for the introduction of the possibility of commercial treatment of patients in Polish hospitals. Health security will be guaranteed by the introduction of proper legal regulation. The first theoretical part presents the determinants of effective funding of hospitals resulting from the literature. In the second empirical part of the article were calculated costs caused by non using beds in general hospitals in Poland, Lower Silesia and general surgery wards in Poland. In the last part of the article there is a proposal how to solve the problem of a large number of unused hospital beds in Poland.

Finansowanie społecznościowe innowacji w klastrach medycznych

Author(s): Bogusław Bembenek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2017

The article comprises four parts which characterize multi-faceted nature of the market of medical services, activity of medical clusters, strategic dimension of crowdfunding, and its using within innovative process of medical clusters. Scientific considerations have been conducted on management sciences area on the basis of literature review and desk research. Taking into consideration holistic approach towards contemporary medicine as a science of health, illnesses, and human treatment, it has been proven that the concept of medical cluster is very broad and concerns clusters of health resort and medical tourism. One of the key strategic objectives of medical clusters is the development of innovative medicines, ways of treatment and diagnosis. Their advanced R&D works influencing medicine development, requires diversified funding sources among others based commercial and/or noncommercial (philanthropic) crowdfunding.

Adaptacja międzynarodowego doświadczenia do systemu gwarantowania wkładów na Ukrainie

Author(s): Ihor Alyeksyeyev,Andriana Mazur / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The research objective of the article is the substantiation of methodological and applied recommendations for improving deposit guarantee system in Ukraine in view of the international experience. The study object is the deposit guarantee system management in the framework of reforming the Ukrainian legislation aimed at establishing a mechanism of deposits guaranteeing. During the research there were used such methods as: dialectical method and methods of analysis and synthesis – to study the features of deposit guarantee systems of developed countries, the characteristics of mechanism for returning deposits and international law peculiarities; statistical method – to analyze the indicators of banking system in Ukraine and credit unions (CU), for empirical determining CU to banks indicator ratio as well; structural and logical analysis – to develop theoretical and methodological principles of forming effective deposits guaranteeing mechanism in Ukraine. The need to ensure the system of deposits guaranteeing not only to individuals but also to individual-private entrepreneurs and legal entities was established. This will facilitate the development of small and medium businesses in the country. There were analyzed peculiarities of credit unions activity in Ukraine in the context of reforming the banking system. The possibility of including the credit unions to the deposit guarantee system of Ukraine by the example of the EU countries and the world was substantiated. There were characterized necessary amendments to the national legislation in the field of deposit guaranteeing and the effective mechanisms for their implementation were proposed.