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The aim of the article is to show the role of the Church in Old Polish society illustrated with the example of a specific area (the archdeaconry of Gniezno) at a specific time (the seventeenth century). It presents selected aspects of this subject: secular clergy and the function of the parish.The article discusses not only the social functions of the Church and their institutionalized effects, such as hospitals, schools and brotherhoods; it analyses the role of the Christian religion in developing culture as well. To perform those functions, the Church became involved in two formidable tasks associated with the age of reforms, initiated by the Council of Trent: the education of the whole society, and charity as a practical effect of mercy. The purpose of both those tasks was to educate society.
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According to the new definitions, marketing does no longer means to sale, but to understand the user needs and curiosity and to meet their expectations. Thus, marketing has an important role because of the competivive backround library works with. We may identify some stages or steps that must be followed in order to create a dynamic and functional marketing plan; the first, and probably the most important one, is the selection of a professional team work; then, it must be taken into considerration the library’s vision, goals and abilities, the users needs and expectations and find the way of making the best of them. The marketing plan itself must consist of some specific elements: the description of library’s mission and objectives, the actual marketing situation, the assessment of the main objectives and the assignation of marketing and advertising strategies, the working-out of the activity plan, the budget, and finally, the checking-up section.
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Library’ s marketing represents a special chapter of the managerial sciences, whose special role is to reveal the most appropriate ways of using advertising in promoting public services. Thus, it is close connected to the necessity to reinforce library’ position inside community. During the last decades, library has gradually changed; its importance for the community became more important and library seems to be prepared to pass into a new age, that of becoming an efficient centre of information and documentation. According to the new status, library is able to offer the best information community needs, although the information are used for documentation, education or just for pleasure. Considering nowadays realities, a world in which the information market has become the frame of communicational competition and informational power, the managers of public libraries might get some remarkable advantages, by organizing marketing centres that will answer to the beneficiary requests. Library’ marketing, as a special domain, is due to the necessity of consolidation the library role inside community and its role is to reveal to all beneficiaries the quality and the performances of the services library is offering to them. We must admit that the consolidation of library’ image inside community does request some directory lines that must be followed: • the getting out a market strategy, based on definite terms; • the mentioning of those services that will be offered to public; • the identification of readers profile; • the assignation of the content of those messages that will be communicated to the public; • the choice of the communicational channels; • the working-out of the teasers; • the identification of the most suitable places for the commercials. Marketing, as a separate field of activity, is based on these principles and it is conditioned by financial and human resources, specially assigned for this purpose. It must have, as a departure point, the identification of the interests the community that it serves has. We have to admit that it is our duty to get the most out of advertising and to pay attention to the posters and teasers, whose role in spreading the information about the services library offers is quite outstanding. In fact, the posters and the teasers represent an important aspect of an advertising system, which is very complex, and their role is to emphasize the performances of public libraries, both by turning to good account the collections and by promoting better cultural projects. According to Arthur W. Page, each institution whose purpose is to offer better services to its public, has to invest a lot in advertising, because „the perception of the public over the activity of an institution consists on 90 percent of what it is doing and 10 percent of what it is telling.” Information, in commercial conception, must have a specialized character and it comprehends some categories of information: • information about the library type and its objectives; • precise information about the library address; • some details information about the library services of study and documentation; • some aspects concerning the distribution of the books inside library and its branches; • some notes about the organization of the library catalogues. The information will be presented in such a way that the will emphasize the library status and the advantages of using the services it offers to its readers. Concerning the public library, the aspect that will be highlighted refers to its gratuitousness services, to its encyclopaedic collections and data bases. If the information is as concise and clear as possible, the public will better understand the library’ role, as an educative and cultural agent, inside community,. It is also very important for theteasers to emphasize the information concerning the high quality of the services library offers and the professional efficiency of the librarians. Library’ marketing includes a very complex system of means of communication and, by using them, we are able to explain the helpfulness of library’ services. With their help, we manage to use symbolic and textual arguments in order to emphasize the quality of the cultural, educational and informational goods library offers to its readers. Posters and teasers have many functions to attend to: • to attract new readers; • to promote new cultural services; • to facilitate the communication to all the citizens; • to contribute to the better image library has inside community; • to augment the social status of the librarians. More than that, the message that will be transmitted using commercials has to create some connections to cultural archetypes, such as popular tradition and national specific, community’ s life, the relationships between men and women, different religious believes, social and educational status. Watching a poster, each beneficiary becomes an interpreter, because he must decide over the quality of the products he will buy. We are not allowed to ignore the importance of commercial instruments; we must consider them as quick-acting and effective communication means and among them, we should mention TV programmes, radio transmissions and cultural meetings. According to each communicational channel - radio, TV, Internet - there must be used different devices, in order to get the best results. Advertising requires different types of activities: • the assessment of the goals; • the choice of the best advertising instruments; • the project and the content of the teasers; • the expected results of the advertising campaign. There are also many types of advertising: • institutional advertising; • the advertising of a service or a product; • comparative advertising. As a result of advertising, there should be registered an ever-growing number of the readers and the perception of the library inside community - as one of the most important factors of permanent education, an institution whose capacity of collecting, processing and spreading information is quite impressive - changes in the most positive way. In fact, the most valuable cultural treasure of the library is information, although it is written on traditional support, on paper (such as books, serials etc.) or on electronic one, or even data bases. This treasure must be promoted at its best, by using the most appropriate means of advertising in order to serve the readers. Thus, we may conclude that library’ marketing is both art and science and it requires special skills in order to manage the advertising at its best. Readers must be convinced that there is nothing more mysterious than book and that the cultural activities’ goal is to underline new horizons of cultural, spiritual, scientific, economic and political knowledge.
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The success of public library services on the informational market depends on the library’s presence in the virtual space, more precisely, its visibility on web network. Thus, library must take most advantages of the Internet, not only by using the facilities it offers, but also by creating its own web-site. The creation of a web-site must respect some professional and welldefined rules; if it is well-designed, according to the beneficiars needs, it will increase the library’s prestige, because it is one of the best ways of promoting services.
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It is well-known that after 1989, libraries have changed their politics concerning the access to special collections - ancient books, manuscripts, maps, images etc. - that became easier to search and study. This could be possible first, because of the attempts of promoting the ancient values, and second, because of the changes that took place in the educational and scientific fields (the growing number of researchers, historians, writers, students etc., whose interest in research and scientific writing has lately increased). According to this bases, there are some directions that might be identified: a) finding of supplementary means of enriching the collections and communicate them to the readers, because it is well known that the quality of information offered to the public depends on the librarian’ s knowledge about the collection he is working with. We must also consider up to date electronic possibilities, that enable us to create digital library (data bases containing digitized documents, images etc.); b) making the most of local patrimony, that requests, first of all, the creation of a data base, containing all the information we may collect about our county: books, articles, maps, images, correspondence, official papers etc.; c) the involving of the readers, that must be determined to come to library and like it; and that requests the laying out of a special place for talking and making the best of our time.
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Notre démarche veut présenter, une fois de plus, les valeurs bibliophiles de la Bibliothèque Académique de Cluj-Napoca, notamment les livres représentatifs de certains typographes renommés pour les débuts de l’imprimerie parisienne: Jean Petit I-er (pour la première partie de l’ouvrage) et Josse Bade (pour la seconde). Ce sont des monuments de la typographie française de la Renaissance, présents dans notre bibliothèque, qui apportent du prestige à notre institution et leur mise en valeur nous a paru bien nécessaire. C’est une petite partie du trésor que nous voulons faire connaître à tous ceux qui apprécient les raretés bibliophiles dont nous sommes fiers.
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During the XVIth century, according to the Renaissance ideals, the written word, so as the typographies, became more important. In the first half of the century, the typographic production was continuously raising, while in the second half, there is a throw-back, because of the rules the Church established over the written texts. The study highlights the most important and productive typographies from Germany, Italy and France, by mentioning the most famous typographs and their activity during the XVIth century. The selection of the typographies presented is quite complex; the author emphasizes not only the results of their activity, their printings and methods of working; he also accentuates the influence those typographies had upon the development of the art of printing, the novelties they brought to this art, the type of the letters they used, the methods of adorning the books etc.
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The study deals with some of the valorous books from Satu Mare County Library special collection, that were printed at Venice, one of the most important typographic center, during the XVIth century. There are also very important information about the typographic activity of Aldus and Paulus Manutius, whose contribution to some of the books the study deals with, is evident: the first edition of Titus Vespasianus and Hercules Strozzius’ poems, published in 1513, and Cicero’ s correspondence, first printed in 1559. Finally, the study presents Dialogo della degnita dell huomo, published in 1575, but still unknown to many of the researchers; and the last book the study deals with, is a selection of fables, most of them written by Esop, but there is also the contribution of other writers.
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In the patrimony of the Library of the Saint Synod there is also a Four-Gospels Book, wich was aquired in 1958. It is a Slavonic manuscris, written on a parchement, in Moldavia, in the XVIth century, having the dimensions of 21,5 X. 29 cm and 260 unnumbered pages. The bound manuscris, made of wooden covers and dressed in green velvet, is more recent. The text is written in black ink and the suggestions of how the gospels should be read are written in gold on the borders of the pages. In the writing of the initial letters and of the commas, there are four colours used namely: black, red, blue and gold. The last page contains the facts from which we find that: „during the days of Petru Rares, the voivode of Moldavia, in the year of 1535, the treasurer Mateias and his brother, Sima, paid for the copy of the four gospels to be donated to the St.Monastery of Dobrovat.” We know few things about the doners: Mateiaş was the voivode Petru Rareş’s trustful man, appreciated for his diplomatic skills. He founded two holly churches: the monastery Coşula (1535) and the church from the village of Horodniceni (1539). We do not know other details about his brother, Sima. The Four-Gospels Book is one of the most beautiful and rare book from the Library of the Saint Synod.
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Between 1805-1816, Boghici brothers have edited close to 21 Romanian books, both on religious and educational purpose. Their activity was based on an agreement, according to which, the Romanian section of the typography was rented to Johann Georg Edler von Schobeln from Braşov, a German senator; but Boghici brothers have also made some financial investments in innovating the tipographic tools. Romanian books have been translated and published both by the efforts of the clergy and the laymen. Among them, we mention Michael Dürr, J. Friederich Herfurt and Ioan Henning, whose activity consisted on editing the Romanian books. Based on Axente Banciu’ s work, the study is offering a site plan over Boghici brothers editorial activity, their efforts in supporting cultural development and commercial improvement of printings.
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Review of: Victor Petrescu, Biblioteconomie: miscellanea, Târgovişte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2006, 146 p
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The role of humour in social communication in the librarian field is stated by the author in the following sentence - to communicate with humour, by using humour, in a field where communication is very serious is a great advantage for the institution and for the person that is practicing it. Starting with the theoretical approach of using humour as a remedy for improving the process of communication, the author refers to some examples used in the librarian environment (within the manager-collaborator relation, in the personal and professional relations, and in all the communication activities - debates, dialog, presentations etc). The author identifies several advantages of using humour in communication stressing up the idea that the librarian must develop his humorous skills and the institution must encourage the development and the preservation of these feature by providing models.
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Considerring the library’s main purpose of preserving culture, we may say the it is an institution that is permanently adapting to the changes that may be observed on international plane, both on economic, political or social level. Total Quality Management (TQM), and its basic ideas are trying to elaborate an acquisition policy for libraries, on adequate bases. The acquisitions are dictated by the criteria of completing the collections; but before establishing any acquisition plan, an analisys of the collection, both on qualitatively and quantitatively criteria is absolutely necessary. There are some methods we should use in making this analisys, such as Conspectus Method, SWOT etc. Meanwhile, the readers expectancy may be considered as another main criteria and it may be highlighted by using Delphi Method, NGT Method. Lately, we may notice some attempts in order to avoid the economic negative problems of acquisitions; among them, we have to mention the libraries close cooperation, the creation of common data bases etc., all of them being prefigured by the Scandia Plan, Farmington Plan, NPAC Program. All these plans, programmes and tendencies that may be noticed lately are quite necessary, because they emphasise the quality of reading; it is important to read, but we have to pay attention on what we are reading.
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Cataloguing is a specific branch of the bibliographical processing documents, that establishes the rules of creating the necessary instruments for finding the documents in a library collection. The use of collocation „management of organizing library’s collection” is due to the complexity of cataloguing - that refers to following of some rigorous rules and it is based on strictly description rules, established both on national and international level. According to effectual standards, each recording is made of three distinctive elements: 1. the properly bibliographical description - that includes the particular elements of each document; 2. the establishing of those specified elements that will be the main entrances: headings for alphabetic catalogues and classification index; 3. topographic quota, that will indicate the place of documents in library’ depository. Thus, one of the most important jobs a librarian that works on processing documents must do refers to the bibliographical description. We have to clarify a very important aspect from the very beginning: there is no synonymy between the two terms: cataloguing and bibliographical description; it is more like subordinate relation, because each bibliographical description is part of a catalographic registration. Cataloguing registrations are more complex, more extensive as compared bibliographical description and they include some supplementary elements, such as: main and secondary headings, books quota and classification index; each element may be used as a criteria for searching and for the bibliographical card organization. The main headings thus become entrance elements for the systematicalphabetic catalogue and also for the intern catalogue, while classification index is used for an easier searching for books, according to their content. But it is obvious that the use of on-line catalogues makes easier the searching, according to many criteria. Each record of a document contains the following documents: a. heading; b. description; c. access elements; d. codification elements. Cataloguing is only a small part of the process that takes place in a library, more precisely at the cataloguing department. But this domain is so vast, that could hardly be comprised in just one study; in fact, we might consider each stage of the cataloguing process may be the subject for an independent study. Our analysis was not intended to identify each methodological stage of cataloguing; our intention was to present some delicate aspects of this process and we have emphased some of them: • bibliographical description of current monographies; • description in automation system. The examples offered by this study have proved that the management of organizing collections, that also includes cataloguing and bibliographical description, is a complex process that must be treated with responsability, because by a proper administration of the documents recently bought by the library, librarians concure to a higher quality of services.
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According to the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto - that emphasis the role of public library in rendering free access to information - Mureş County Library had initiated a project, called Moveable Library, which proved to be very well received by the target. The project has been initially created for two different social groups: the old people, that had been accomodated to the Elder People Care Center and the detainees from Târgu-Mureş Penitentiary, aged between 16-21; later, we have enlarged our activities, by adding two more targets: the Hospital of Pediatrics and Oncology from Târgu-Mureş and the Caritas Foundation. The results of our project were quite visible, especially because we have chosen to work with the same group every time, in order to quantify its evolution. At the beginning, those young people were not able to work very well, they hardly knew the letters; now, they can read poetry, novels and even manage to put on Eminescu’s Scrisoarea III… Since the beginning of the project, we tried to the target group a variety of activities and programmes, such as: library and its place inside community; Romanians coats of arms, their evolution and significance; winter holydays - Christmas; our national poet, Mihai Eminescu; the French novelist, Jules Verne; Valentine’s Day - love; the importance of water in everyday’s life; gipsies and their way of living; Easter holyday; pernicious drogs; the teacher’s portrait; practical workshops, and the results of their work have been exhibited at our library. The results of our project were also visible in the contest “Who knows… wins”; the detainees proved their knowledge in reading, writing and learning. We are convinced that the best benefit of our project is neither ours, nor of the detainees, but of the Society! Helping those young men to be readmitted in our society, we are actually helping them not to dwindle again. We know we can not “bring over” all of them; but those who are interested in a second chance, will have one.
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Weil wir in eine multikulturelle Gesellschaft leben, geprägt von internatilnellen Migration, sollen die Bibliotheken mit flexiblen Konzepten positiv auf die Herausfforderungen der kulturellen Vielfalt reagieren. Gemäß dem Manifest der UNESCO: „Die Dienstleistungen Öffentlichen Bibliotheken bassieren auf der Gleichheit des Zugangs für alle unabhängig von Alter, Rasse, Geschlecht, Religion, Nationalität, Sprache oder sozialem Status. Spezielle Dienstleistungen und Materialien müssen angeboten werden für die Benutzer, die, aus welche Gründe auch immer, nicht die regulären Dienstleistungen und Materialien benutztn können; zum Beispiel sprachliche Minderheiten, Bihinderte und Personen, die sich im Krankenhaus oder im Gefängnis befinden.” Dieses Referat presentiert einige Beispiele aus den Dienstleistungen der Öffentlichen Bibliotheken von Italien (Edmondo De Amicis aus Genua; Zentral Bibliothek für Erwachsene aus Bario; A. Lazzerini Bibliothek aus Florenza); Deutschland (International Bibliothek aus Frankfurt), und Australien (Staatsbibliothek aus Queensland; Staatsbibliothek aus Victoriastadt).
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This study is based on the idea of presenting Malta National Library - which is one of the oldest libraries from Europe - on three levels: historical and architechtural dimension, geographical dimension and the cultural one. The history of Malta National Library begins in 1555 and it is close connected to Claude de Sengle. First, it had the aspect of an archivistic fond, by collecting the documents of the Order of Knights of Malta; then, in 1776, a knight, Fra' Louis Guérin de Tencin, offered his documents to the library, in order to be known by all those interested; thus, it became public library, for a long time known as Bibliotheca Tanseana. At the beginning of the XIXth century, library’s fond totalized around 80.000 volumes and its character was already an encyclopaedic one; since 1976, it is known as the National Library of Malta. Malta National Library has very valiant special collections, divided into four categories: incunabula - that consists on 60 volumes, the most important being those who offer information about the history and structure of the Order of Knights of Malta; manuscripts - about 1.600 documents from different domains, such as literature, arts, history, chemistry and geography; Melitensia Collection - that consists on ancient newspapers and magazines, published in Malta, Gozo and Comino; finally, the collection of cartographic and topographic documents - comprising maps published between the XVIth-XXth centuries and topographic plans of different geographical areas. Considering the specific services offered to its readers, Malta National Library may be included in the European library’s system. It is organized according to general rules of bibliotheconomy, who’s purpose is to respond, in an appropriate way, to the requests of its public. Its interest for the editorial activity is also outstanding. We also have to mention the annual tradition of organizing the international book trade, a specific way of promoting the passion of reading.
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Après un court aperçu sur la collection des incunables de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Roumanie, l’auteur nous présente quatre incunables imprimés en France, importants par leur rarité. Les deux premiers incunables, imprimés in octavo, 15 cm en hauteur, liés ensemble dans un seul volume, n’ont aucune mention sur les données de publication, mais les recherches ont établi qu’ils ont été publiés à Lyon, par le même typographe, dont on ne connait pas exactement le nom, l’un le 24 mars 1497 (date mentionnée dans le colophone), l’autre vers 1499. Les deux incunables ont plusieurs éditions in quarto, mais les exemplaires in octavo, qui se trouvent dans les collections de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Roumanie, sont des secondes exemplaires signalés jusqu’à présent. Le troisième incunable, imprimé à Paris, par Felix Baligault, le 18 février 1493, sauf une sommaire mention dans le Répertoire de Hain (H 12684), ne figure dans aucune collection des incunables, dont nous disposons des catalogues (34 catalogues consultés). Conformément à une enquette faite par Gesamtkataloque der Wiedendrucke, du quatrième incunable, dans l’édition décrite, il n’y a que sept exemplaires connus dans le monde entier, l’éxemplaire de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Roumanie étant, semble-t-il, le huitième.
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In Romanian Academy Library of Cluj-Napoca patrimony there are 33 Slavonic manuscripts from the XVth to XVIIIth centuries, written on paper or parchment and having elements of stylized adornments, more or less ample. All of them are having wooden bindings, covered by leather or velvet, and considering the content, there are religious and theologycal books, hagiographic writings, grammatics and some apocryphal textes. The filigrees marks of those manuscripts are very interesting from the scientific point of view, because they sometimes represent the only source of establishing the date a text has been writen, a text whose provenence is still unknown. There are about 53 types of filigrees that may be identified on the Slavonic manuscripts from ClujNapoca and the images they represent are quite divers: anchors inside of a cercle; half moons; simple or countermarked trefoil; capital or initial letters, simple or accompanying some figurines; lilies in cercle; hands and stars; crosses, horseshoes; axes; crossing swords; oxes heads; shields; coats of arms; boars; embattled towers; royal crowns; hearts; cavaliers in armour; keys; boats etc., all of them being stylyzed in various ways. A more profound study of these wattered filigree marks may reveal information on the moment a manuscript has been writen, information about the provenance territory and even about the spreading area of this sort of paper. The study may also be the starting point in establishing the political and commercial relations between states or provinces in certain ages.
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