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Surveys and references / G. St. Genov. The American Contribution to the Renaissance of the Bulgarian National Spirit with Particular Reference to Elias Riggs. Istoricheski Archiv, III, Vol. 9-10, Hovember 2000-May 2001
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Surveys and references / Al. Rostov. Switzerland and the Balkan States: Economic Ties (1830-1914). Contribution to the History of the International Migration of People, Goods and Capitals in Modern Time. Sofia, 2001. 244 p.
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The article offered to the readers is a synthetic presentation of the historical development of Bulgaria’s armed forces in a period levering more than 110 years, i.e. from the restoration of the State system in 1878 to the dissolution of the Warsaw Coalition in 1991. An attempt is made from such a standpoint to show the genesis and the basic characteristics of the Bulgarian Army during the two diametrically opposed political systems - monarchic and republican; to outline their images and parameters although in certain respects they coincide but they mostly differ. In this way a comparison and a comparative analysis should be made and the attitude of the contradictory ruling regimes towards the armed forces and hence to State defence be shown. Being acquainted with the image of the Bulgarian Army, the reader should be aware that the author has taken into account the considerably large stock of publications dedicated to its history during the monarchy. The facts about the republican Bulgarian People’s Army, especially from the fifties to the end of the eighties, are not known. From this point of view what is new and original in the article are the facts put into scientific circulation about the armed forces during this period of the country’s history, extracted from the hitherto highly confidential documents of the Politburo of the CC of the BCP. The accents in the article are the analysis and interpretation of the development of the normative regulations and the picture and features of tie armed forces they formed, making use of the chronological-problem approach. More specifically it is the question of the objectives, tasks and functions solved by them; the changes in the methods of their formation and hence of its character; the modernization of the organizational structure and the changes in their quantitative growth; the methods and ways of instructing the command, staff and the combat and moral training of the ranks. Within the context of comparisons concerning the armed forces, this is the author’s second, publication in which he draws the reader’s attention to a little known and discussed problem: the evolution of the Bulgarian military doctrine and. its political and strategic concepts during the different stages of Bulgaria’s modern history. Along with that the development of Bulgarian military strategic thinking and the influence of the different military schools are also subjected to comment. When looking into the mechanisms and methods of building up the republican armed, forces, the author considers the complex processes of their complete control by the Communist Party and their further ideologizing. Their turning not so much into a national but rather into a party power tool. In this respect he introduces into circulation numerous facts connected with the unification of the Bulgarian Army on a Soviet model...
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Both Bulgarian and foreign scholars are still confused about this country’s Constitution of 1879, usually defined as one of the most democratic constitutions in Europe at the time, and about the character of Ferdinand I.s reign, frequently referred to as .Ferdinand’s personal regime.. As a matter of fact, though, Bulgaria was the first constitutional and parliamentary monarchy in Europe to introduce universal male suffrage. True enough, the German Reichstag was also elected by all adult male citizens but unlike, Bulgaria, the executive in Germany was not accountable to the legislature. Similarly to the other constitutional and parliamentary monarchies no act of the Bulgarian ruler had legal force unless countersigned by the ministers. Until World War I Bulgaria was among the European countries with the highest percentage of people, entitled to vote. From 1887 to 1918 the opposition succeeded in winning the parliamentary elections twice, while there were seven changes of the ruling parties or coalitions. It should be noted in this regard that Belgium, for instance, was governed by the Clericals during the whole period from 1880 to 1940. Bulgaria’s crowned democracy seems to be a remarkable achievement, even if compared to Europe as a whole.
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