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Conversation between Dr. Anatoli Kanev and Prof. Dr. Miliyana Kaymakamova about Bulgarian history and role Politics played in different periods of it. There is one question to be answered and it is: How to make history "interesting" in suited in the modern society?
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Conversation between Dr. Anatoli Kanev and Prof. Ilia Todev about the role of historians and more specifically the history of Batak.
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Plus, the pope urges Turkey to open doors to Armenia, and a new Russian convoy enters eastern Ukraine.
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Tracking the terms „populism“ and „the people“ from the 19th century, Marco D’Eramo offers a striking new interpretation of their current applications—the first levelled indiscriminately at any political force that steps outside the bounds of convention, the second banished from the scene.
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The present work is an attempt to broaden the biography of the autonomous individual. Contrary to the conception of the inborn sociality of a person that deprives him of his uniqueness and refuted by various manifestations of mental disorders, the idea of an individual way of life could explain some contradictions and paradoxes in his behavior. Being alone in nature and without physical contact with similar individuals, he had not only to develop and improve his sensitivity and the way of perceiving reality, but also to change the metabolism of his own organism. Losing instincts by changing connections with reality, he manages to turn objects into a source of information, providing him certain and safe means of survival. That information will became his personal environment unattainable for animals. An environment, which purpose is to function as an untouchable, invisible „territory“, i.e. as a consciousness.
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In this article we share our experience in conducting lessons of collaboration with subjects as: Physics and Astronomy, Biology and Health Education, Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Geography and Economics, History and Civilization, Fine Art: “Medicine through the eyes of three sciences, three teachers and one class”, “Ionizing rays through the eyes of one class, three sciences and three teachers”, “Electrolysis and its applications”, “The world is small – science and technology everywhere”, “Living Conditions on Earth”, “Light and Colors”.
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The existence of a residence of the metropolitans of Gniezno in Cracow had been confirmed from the fourteenth till the end of the eighteenth century. Its beginnings, attested by documentary evidence, reach back to the foundation of Archbishop Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki (1342-1374) who erected a stonework mansion located extrawaros, probably to the south of Wawel Hill. The building, neglected in the following century, was eventually pulled down in 1498. In the fifteenth century, a new residence was constructed. It was located immediately outside the city walls, in front of Brama Poboczna [Lateral Gate], next to Wawels north slope, on the grounds acquired by Archbishop Mikołaj Kurowski (1402-1411) that had been in the possession of the Gniezno archbishops until 1523. According to a description from the beginning of the sixteenth century, there existed an extensive residential complex made up of episcopal offices, a few buildings which housed the living quarters and some utility buildings in a garden.Since the late Middle Ages until 1621, the archbishops of Gniezno had also owned a plot of land located intra warns, i.e. within the city walls, in Grodzka Street, to the south ofSt Martins church. There stood a stonework mansion, mentioned in documentary sources as curia arcfiicpiscopaiis, whose appearance, however, is unknown. In the sixteenth century the buildings that stood there were used by the canons of Gniezno during their stay inCracow. Archbishop fan Łaski (1510-1531), who in 1529 acquired a conveniently located plot of land on the corner of Grodzka Street in the neighbourhood of St Giles church, moved the residence to a different location. The new grounds were situated opposite the former plot owned by the archbishops, at the foot of Wawel Hill and the royal castle (adradices arczs), close to its north-east corner which housed the kings apartments. It was there that - apart from a brief interlude when the archbishops lodged in Kanonicza Street - since the mid-sixteenth century for the following 250 years the last residence of the Primates of Poland in Cracows history had been located.The architectural forms of the building were irretrievably lost in the course of radical transformations the residence underwent at the beginning of the nineteenth century(it was dismantled down to the foundations, and replaced with a new construction that has survived to this day). Therefore it has remained virtually unknown because of the scarcity of iconographic evidence and insufficiently researched documentary sources from the period before the end of the eighteenth century. An interpretation of the newly discovered inventories from the years 1673,1767 and 1777, which contain the only known descriptions of the residence from the times when the Primates stayed in it, combined with an analysis of earlier source materials, has helped to recreate the architectural transformations of the building and precisely reconstruct its spatial and functional disposition, as well as to establish the dating and attribute its construction to particular founders.A particularly valuable source, which complements the inventories, is a survey of 1798, used as a basis for the reconstruction of the plan of the residence in the last phase before it was dismantled.The early modern forms of the residence (which since the second half of the seventeenth century had been known as a 'mansion) were shaped as a result of adaptation and extension of a house, formerly owned by a knightly family and later by the CracowChapter, which occupied the southern part of the plot acquired by the archbishops in 1529, facing the castle. The forms of the residence that had survived until 1670 arose mainly in the course of construction works undertaken by the Primates: Piotr Gamrat (1541-1545)and Wawrzyniec Gembicki (1615-1624). According to an inventory of 1673, the residence consisted of three one-storey buildings surrounding an internal courtyard: two stone workhouses (of medieval and sixteenth-century origins) joined on the corner, forming the south and west wings, and a wooden building on the east (erected in the mid-seventeenth century) which housed the main gateway opening to Grodzka Street. Between 1672 and1676 the complex was substantially remodelled in the course of a building campaign initiated by Primate Mikołaj Prażmowski (1666-1673) and completed by Andrzej Olszowski(1674-1677). The construction works, which cost 24 thousand zloty, were overseen by the Cracow city councillor Jan Pernus. The resulting complex consisted of a two-storey palace building made up of two wings meeting at the right angle with matching external elevations, but differing in plan and the spatial disposal of interiors. The third part of the complex - a one-storey wing facing Grodzka Street - was erected in 1765 by Archbishop Władysław Łubieński (1759-1767) and was the last element in this additive construction process. In the functional hierarchy of the residence it held the lowest rank, being merely a kind of outbuilding that housed the main gateway. The longest, one-aisle south wing played an important part in the communication system of the palace: it housed another gate and the stately main staircase leading from the courtyard up to the rooms on pńmonoMc. The largest, two-aisle west wing had the function of an actual corps de fog is -the main part of the palace - being at the same time its predominant element as far as its architecture and functions were concerned. It was on its upper storey that the apartment of the Primate (consisting of antechamber, bedroom and wardrobe) was located, together with a large reception hall (measuring 12 by 15 m) overlooking Wawel where Primate Olszowski hung a portrait gallery of his antecedent archbishops, including his own likeness provided with a following inscription: Andreas Olszowski, Sfernmate Prnsszns cam ^ascdn'sioannis iff. Coronator. Both the location and decoration of the stately hall in the residence of Polish Primates in the capital city of Cracow should be understood as the key elements of the iconographic programme of the palace: a seat of the interrex and at the same time primate-archbishop who crowned.
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Integration process in the region of East Asia is a relatively new phenomenon in comparison with Europe or America. The idea for deepening East-Asian regional cooperation emerged during 50s and 60s of XX century. Nevertheless, East Asian countries were not ready to take steps in that direction yet. Although a few South East Asian countries managed to establish in 1967 first successfully operating regional organization – ASEAN, real attempts for deepening regionalism and integration, including East Asian countries, appeared after the end of the Cold War. This study aims to outline Beijing, Tokyo, and Seoul’s basic views on development of East Asian integration and to analyze similarities and differences between them. The study also attempts to explain what really prevents East Asian countries to achieve comprehensive and effective integration of the region.
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Suite aux rapports de longue date avec le monde grec, le roumain s’est enrichi de nombreux emprunts lexicaux, qui ont été adoptés à différentes époques de son histoire. Aucune autre langue romane, sauf les dialectes italiens méridionaux, n'a jamais eu des relations tellement étroites avec le grec, qui a joué un rôle extrêmement important dans le sud-est de l’Europe.La plus ancienne couche de mots grecs en roumain provient du grec... ancien: il s’agit des mots entrés en roumain par l’intermédiaire du latin (1er-6es.). Ces hellénismes latins, qui se sont conservés en roumain jusqu’au d’aujourd’hui, représentent deux catégories distinctes: des hellénismes latins généralement romans (biserică „église” < basilica,(a) blestema „maudire” < blastemare, (a) boteza baptiser” < baptizare,etc., 42 mots au total) et des hellénismes adoptés oralement dans le latin danubien (broatec „rainette verte”, frică „peur”, mic „petit”, proaspăt „frais”, spân „glabre, imberbe”, stup „ruche”, sturz „grive”, trufă „arrogance”).Il est difficile de préciser si les emprunts appartenant à la deuxième couche, c'est-à-dire à la période byzantine (7e-14es.), datent vraiment de cette époque ou bien de l’époque néogrecque. Au début du 11e siècle la frontière de l’Empire byzantin touchait le bord du Danube. Les noms des villes - ports danubiennes – Sulina, Calafat, Maglavit –constituent un témoignage important de l’activité de la flotte byzantine sur la rive roumaine du Danube. C'est probablement à cette date que sont entrés en roumain, sans intermédiaire,des mots comme (a) agonisi „épargner”, cort „tente”, folos „profit”. Par l’entremise des langues slaves le roumain a aussi acquis des mots, tels que busuioc „basilic”, cămin „foyer”, corabie „navire”. La culture byzantine n’a pas pénétré dans le milieu rural.Les éléments néogrecs sont entrés en roumain notamment à l’époque dite «phanariote» (1711-1821), mais L. Galdi a constaté que sur environ 1200 emprunts seulement 100 - 150 sont fréquents aujourd’hui encore (agale „lentement”, alandala „pêle-mêle”, anapoda „à rebours”, calapod „embauchoir”, etc.).Mon maître, le professeur Al. Graur, avait sélecté 17 mots d'origine grecque qui faisait partie du lexique fondamental du roumain à la moitié du siècle passé.Trente ans plus tard, dans un ouvrage collectif coordonné par moi, sur la liste des mots d'origine grecque appartenant au vocabulaire représentatif du roumain il y avait 22 mots.
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The author examines the South Slavic Boarding School in the town of Nikolaev under the direction of the Bulgarian Todor Minkov and reveals its contribution for the education and shaping of the Bulgarian national elite in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. From a statistical and historical perspective, he has collected and summarized valuable data on the biography, study and future professional realization of dozens of Bulgarians, many of which joint the intellectual and political elite of free Bulgaria.
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A major objective of this article is to reveal the essence of the concept of Bulgaria’s healthcare policy in the period from 1879 to 1912. It is based on a detailed study of the debates accompanying the preparation, discussion and adoption of all laws related to healthcare in post-liberation Bulgaria. Their analysis makes it possible to conclude that the formation of the basic concept of this kind of policy began already with the establishment of the first governing structures in the territories liberated by the Russian troops. At its core were the aspirations of the authorities to regulate all the necessary care that the state had to take to improve the health and to reduce the mortality among the population. It was of decisive importance for the realization of this process and for the gradual increase of the life expectancy of the population inhabiting the country.
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Despite the popular feature of Bulgaria as the most faithful satellite of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Sofia used cleverly different mechanisms to attract Moscow’s support to ensure national security. One of them was the emphasis on the image of the most loyal Soviet ally, and in the practice of Bulgarian diplomacy one could see the subtle impact by referring to common goals with the global strategic plans of the USSR. The article highlights some of the outstanding issues on the Balkans and follows the arguments that the Bulgarian political leadership handled, as well as the acceptable compromises it was willing to make to ensure Soviet support in favor of national interests in the years of the preparation and conduct of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe.
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In this paper it is not so much about the epistemology of waste, but about the epistemology of science from the standpoint of the system theory. Although science meant from its beginning the search for causes and correlations –thus necessarily considering the systems it has focused on – its modern history presents rather a kind of dialectic of holistic and fragmentary approach. In other words, the inherent analytical approach in the construction of scientific theories, the deepening of the professional character of science and special disciplines have seemed to leading to the separation of the main results from the aggregate of results and phenomena. No one has aimed at discussing the residual/secondary phenomena, because what seemed to be respectable in the scientific research was the correlation between the laws or regularities, emphasised through difficult measuring and arguments, and the main phenomena “reflecting” the laws or regularities and targeted and pursued by the scientists. As we know, the accumulation of data, information and aimed theories emphasises the shortcomings and contradictions in the given corpus of science. At the same time, the coherence of theories is confronted with the real phenomena, irrespective here of the definitions we forge for “reality”. In the middle of the last century, the current of the integrationof fragmentary theories related to the sub-systems targeted by scientists into a general system theory has appeared and, obviously, has shaped the scientific outlook on the world, with all the inertial continuation of fragmentary research.Nevertheless, the systemic tackling had –and still has –a serious deficiency: the much weaker attention to the residual/”unintentional”results. But the thesis of the paper is that this deficiency is not so much generated by the internal logic of science than by the extra science logic of decision-makers who control science. Illustrating this thesis, the scientific view of Aristotle-Ludwig von Bertalanffy line is counter-posed to the present distortion of the real world full of all kinds of waste.The epistemological conclusion is that the problem of waste/consequences imposes the re-thinking and transformation of the whole model of input-processing-output system.
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With interdisciplinary and deeply original and pioneer scientific contributions, Emil Racoviţă was a Romanian biologist and bio-speleologist, founding father of this later discipline, well known all around the world. Hard-worker, with an exemplary scientific probity, with unusual analytical intellect, both in laboratory and in the field investigations, he proved to be a visionary explorer of oceans and caves, and author of general concepts in the evolutionary thought. We celebrate in 2018,150 years since Racoviţă was born. The scientists from the Institute of Speleology (founded by him), together with all biologists from the country, are grateful and proud to continuing his ideal of scientific research of living beings, and to working in their morphology, systematics, ecology, origin, evolution and distribution.
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Book Review: "Naimushin, I. N. Naval Engineering School of Emperor Nicholas I, 1898-1919."
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The present paper aims at research of relations between Assyria during the reign of Ashurnasirpal II and three Neo-Hittite kingdoms – Carchemish, Patina and Kummuhu, situated in North-western Syria and neighbouring parts of Turkey. The first part of the study is dedicated to the political events in the relations, marked by the campaigns of the Assyrian ruler in the first half of IX century BCE. The analysis here is based mainly on written sources – Assyrian royal inscriptions, which describe events in terms of campaigns, subjugation and tributes, received from Neo-Hittite kings. The second part of the study is dedicated to the cultural interaction between Assyria and the three kingdoms mentioned above, as result of their subjugation. Here the analysis is based on artifacts, mainly stone slabs with reliefs and some cylinder seals. Some new observations on the chronology of the monuments and their scenes are added, as also some new conclusions on the direction of influence in some artifacts and their elements. The question about the role of Assyria in the process of cultural interaction is especially discussed in the light of new observations. It is concluded, that the cultural interaction in this period is a bilateral process with long-term consequences in the art and politics.
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Scholars have relied upon diverse methodologies and sources to produce a new corpus of studies about Salonica’s Jews that explores the impact of the end of the Ottoman Empire and the consolidation of the Greek nation-state. Much of the newer scholarship, however, reinforces the perception that Salonica’s Jews experienced a period of “decline” after the city’s incorporation into the Greek state (1912 – 1913) that culminated in their deportation to Auschwitz (1943). This study investigates why such a lachrymose and teleological interpretation of Salonican Jewish history persists today. By reference to new sources and a different interpretive lens, this article also challenges conventional wisdom concerning key turning points in the narrative of the city’s Jews: a major fire (1917), a compulsory Sunday closing law (1924), and the first major act of anti-Jewish violence (1931). The article thus offers a new approach to assessing the encounters between the multiplicities of Jews in Salonica and the Greek state.
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Bouena Sarfatty was born in Salonika in 1916 to a Sephardi family. After World War II, she memorialized her birthplace by composing hundreds of Ladino verses (coplas) about Jewish life in the twentieth century. Her phenomenal memory and personal insights provide a poetic mirror that reflects the multi-cultural environment which she experienced personally. The poems appearing below reflect her thoughts about the process of modernization, whether of language, education, dress or mentalité. European influences created a cosmopolitan city that clearly affected Jewish life. The changes that transpired following the devastating fire of 1917 often harmed the development of this community that had been so vibrant and essential for centuries. Be that as it may, the poems written by this native Salonikan present a unique glimpse into the mindset and experiences of multilingual Jews attempting to adapt to the twentieth century and life in a multi-cultural city.
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